Effect of mixed fillers on positive temperature coefficient of conductive polymer composites

References

• E. Bilotti, R. Zhang, H. Deng, M. Baxendale and T. Peijs: ‘Fabrication and property prediction of conductive and strain sensing TPU/CNT nanocomposite fibres’. J. Mater. Chem., 2010, 20, (42), 9449–9455.10.1039/c0jm01827a
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Villmow, S. Pegel, P. Pötschke and G. Heinrich: ‘Polymer/carbon nanotube composites for liquid sensing: model for electrical response characteristics’. Polymer, 2011, 52, (10), 2276–2285.10.1016/j.polymer.2011.03.029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Kumar, M. Castro and J.-F. Feller: ‘Quantum resistive vapour sensors made of polymer coated carbon nanotubes random networks for biomarkers detection’. Chem. Sens., 2013, 3, (20), 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• H. Zhang, Y. Liu, M. Kuwata, E. Bilotti and T. Peijs: ‘Improved fracture toughness and integrated damage sensing capability by spray coated CNTs on carbon fibre prepreg’. Compos. Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf., 2015, 70, 102–110.10.1016/j.compositesa.2014.11.029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. T. Thostenson and T.-W. Chou: ‘Carbon nanotube networks: sensing of distributed strain and damage for life prediction and self healing’. Adv. Mater., 2006, 18 (21), 2837–2841.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Zhang, E. Bilotti and T. Peijs: ‘The use of carbon nanotubes for damage sensing and structural health monitoring in laminated composites: a review’. Nanocomposites, 2015, 1, (4), 167–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. Mai, Y. Habibi, J. M. Raquez, P. Dubois, J. F. Feller, T. Peijs and E. Bilotti: ‘Poly(lactic acid)/carbon nanotube nanocomposites with integrated degradation sensing’. Polymer, 2013, 54, (25), 6818–6823.10.1016/j.polymer.2013.10.035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Ohe and Y. Naito: ‘A new resistor having an anomalously large positive temperature coefficient’. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 1971, 10, (1), 99–108.10.1143/JJAP.10.99
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. J. Luo and C. P. Wong: ‘Study on effect of carbon black on behavior of conductive polymer composites with positive temperature coefficient’. IEEE Trans. Compon. Packag. Technol., 2000, 23, (1), 151–156.10.1109/6144.833054
   Google Scholar
• Z.-M. Dang, W.-K. Li and H.-P. Xu: ‘Origin of remarkable positive temperature coefficient effect in the modified carbon black and carbon fiber cofillled polymer composites’. J. Appl. Phys., 2009, 106, (2), 024913.10.1063/1.3182818
   Google Scholar
• J. Feng and C. M. Chan: ‘Double positive temperature coefficient effects of carbon black-filled polymer blends containing two semicrystalline polymers’. Polymer, 2000, 41, (12), 4559–4565.10.1016/S0032-3861(99)00690-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Kono, K. Shimizu, H. Nakano, Y. Goto, Y. Kobayashi, T. Ougizawa and H. Horibe: ‘Positive-temperature-coefficient effect of electrical resistivity below melting point of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) in Ni particle-dispersed PVDF composites’. Polymer, 2012, 53, (8), 1760–1764.10.1016/j.polymer.2012.02.048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Meyer: ‘Stability of polymer composites as positive-temperature-coefficient resistors’. Polym. Eng. Sci., 1974, 14, (10), 706–716.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. Bueche: ‘A new class of switching materials’. J. Appl. Phys., 1973, 44, (1), 532–533.10.1063/1.1661934
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Rybak, G. Boiteux, F. Melis and G. Seytre: ‘Conductive polymer composites based on metallic nanofiller as smart materials for current limiting devices’. Compos. Sci. Technol., 2010, 70, (2), 410–416.10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.11.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. stru¨mpler, J. Glatz-Reichenbach, Feature article conducting polymer composites, J. Electroceram., 1999, 3, (4), 329–346.10.1023/A:1009909812823
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. P. Wong, S. Luo: ‘Conductive polymer composites with large positive temperature coefficients, encyclopedia of smart materials’, 2002, Wiley Online Library.
   Google Scholar
• S. Isaji, Y. Bin and M. Matsuo: ‘Electrical conductivity and self-temperature-control heating properties of carbon nanotubes filled polyethylene films’. Polymer, 2009, 50, (4), 1046–1053.10.1016/j.polymer.2008.12.033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Lu, X. N. Hu, Y. X. He, X. Huang, J. C. Liu and Y. Q. Zhang: ‘Triple percolation behavior and positive temperature coefficient effect of conductive polymer composites with especial interface morphology’. Polym. Bull., 2012, 68, (7), 2071–2087.10.1007/s00289-012-0723-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Lu, R. Wang, X.-N. Hu, Q.-Q. Cao, X.-H. Huang, Y.-X. He and Y.-Q. Zhang: ‘Influence of morphology on PTC effect for poly (ethylene-co-butyl acrylate)/nylon6 blends with multiwall carbon nanotubes dispersed at interface and in matrix’. Polym. Bull., 2014, 71, (3), 545–561.10.1007/s00289-013-1076-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. A. H. Pour, B. Pourabbas and M. S. Hosseini: ‘Electrical and rheological properties of PMMA/LDPE blends filled with carbon black’. Mater. Chem. Phys., 2014, 143, (2), 830–837.10.1016/j.matchemphys.2013.10.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. Gubbels, R. Jerome, P. Teyssie, E. Vanlathem, R. Deltour, A. Calderone, V. Parente and J. L. Bredas: ‘Selective localization of carbon black in immiscible polymer blends: a useful tool to design electrical conductive composites’. Macromolecules, 1994, 27, (7), 1972–1974.10.1021/ma00085a049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Droval, J. F. Feller, P. Salagnac and P. Glouannec: ‘Conductive polymer composites with double percolated architecture of carbon nanoparticles and ceramic microparticles for high heat dissipation and sharp PTC switching’. Smart Mater. Struct., 2008, 17, (2), 025011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Bao, L. Xu, H. Pang, D. X. Yan, C. Chen, W. Q. Zhang, J. H. Tang and Z. M. Li: ‘Preparation and properties of carbon black/polymer composites with segregated and double-percolated network structures’. J. Mater. Sci., 2013, 48, (14), 4892–4898.10.1007/s10853-013-7269-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Isaji, Y. Bin and M. Matsuo: ‘Electrical and self-heating properties of UHMWPE-EMMA-NiCF composite films’. J. Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys., 2009, 47, (13), 1253–1266.10.1002/polb.v47:13
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Nagata, M. Inaba, N. Toge, K. Takahashi and Y. Aoki: ‘Localization of carbon black particles in polypropylene/polyethylene polymer blend and its electrical resistivity’. Kobunshi Ronbunshu, 2002, 59, (11), 694–701.10.1295/koron.59.694
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Pang, Q. Y. Chen, Y. Bao, D. X. Yan, Y. C. Zhang, J. B. Chen and Z. M. Li: ‘Temperature resistivity behaviour in carbon nanotube/ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene composites with segregated and double percolated structure’. Plast. Rubber Compos., 2013, 42, (2), 59–65.10.1179/1743289812Y.0000000031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Pang, L. Xu, D.-X. Yan and Z.-M. Li: ‘Conductive polymer composites with segregated structures’. Prog. Polym. Sci., 2014, 39, (11), 1908–1933.10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2014.07.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Wei, Z. Li, X. Liu, K. Dai, G. Zheng, C. Liu, J. Chen and C. Shen: ‘Temperature-resistivity characteristics of a segregated conductive CB/PP/UHMWPE composite’. Colloid Polym. Sci., 2014, 292, (11), 2891–2898.10.1007/s00396-014-3334-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Wen, X. Sun, L. Su, J. Shen, J. Li, S. Guo: ‘The electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube/carbon black/polypropylene composites prepared through multistage stretching extrusion’. Polymer, 2012, 53, 1602–1610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Fang, J. Zhao, J. W. Zha, D. R. Wang and Z. M. Dang: ‘Improved stability of volume resistivity in carbon black/ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer composites by employing multi-walled carbon nanotubes as second filler’. Polymer, 2012, 53, (21), 4871–4878.10.1016/j.polymer.2012.08.035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Kar, S. Maiti, N. K. Shrivastava, S. Dhibar and B. B. Khatua: ‘Positive temperature coefficient to resistively characteristics of polystyrene/nickel powder/multiwall carbon nanotubes composites’. Polym. Compos., 2012, 33, (11), 1977–1986.10.1002/pc.v33.11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. H. Lee, S. K. Kim and N. H. Kim: ‘Effects of the addition of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the positive temperature coefficient characteristics of carbon-black-filled high-density polyethylene nanocomposites’. Scr. Mater., 2006, 55, (12), 1119–1122.10.1016/j.scriptamat.2006.08.051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M.-K. Seo, K.-Y. Rhee and S.-J. Park: ‘Influence of electro-beam irradiation on PTC/NTC behaviors of carbon blacks/HDPE conducting polymer composites’. Curr. Appl. Phys., 2011, 11, (3), 428–433.10.1016/j.cap.2010.08.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K.-Y. Tsao, C.-S. Tsai and C.-Y. Huang: ‘Effect of argon plasma treatment on the PTC and NTC behaviors of HDPE/carbon black/aluminum hydroxide nanocomposites for over-voltage resistance positive temperature coefficient (PTC)’. Surf. Coat. Technol., 2010, 205, Supplement 1(0), S279–S285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Luo, G. Wang, B. Zhang and Z. Zhang: ‘The influence of crystalline and aggregate structure on PTC characteristic of conductive polyethylene/carbon black composite’. Eur. Polym. J., 1998, 34, (8), 1221–1227.10.1016/S0014-3057(98)00099-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. J. Luo, C. P. Wong: ‘Conductive polymer composites with positive temperature coefficient’. Proceedings of IEEE, International Symposium on Advanced Packaging Materials: Processes, Properties and Interfaces, 1999, 311–316.
   Google Scholar
• W. Bauhofer and J. Z. Kovacs: ‘A review and analysis of electrical percolation in carbon nanotube polymer composites’. Compos. Sci. Technol., 2009, 69, (10), 1486–1498.10.1016/j.compscitech.2008.06.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. Asare, J. Evans, M. Newton, T. Peijs and E. Bilotti: ‘Effect of particle size and shape on positive temperature coefficient (PTC) of conductive polymer composites (CPC) — a model study’. Mater. Des., 2016, 97, 459–463.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Karásek, B. Meissner, S. Asai and M. Sumita: ‘Percolation concept: polymer-filler gel formation, electrical conductivity and dynamic electrical properties of carbon-black-filled rubbers’. Polym. J., 1996, 28, (2), 121–126.10.1295/polymj.28.121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• X. Jing, W. Zhao and L. Lan: ‘The effect of particle size on electric conducting percolation threshold in polymer/conducting particle composites’. J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 2000, 19, (5), 377–379.10.1023/A:1006774318019
   Google Scholar
• P. Banerjee and B. M. Mandal: ‘Blends of HCl-doped polyaniline nanoparticles and poly(vinyl chloride) with extremely low percolation threshold - a morphology study’. Synth. Met., 1995, 74, (3), 257–261.10.1016/0379-6779(95)03370-Y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Ota, M. Fukushima, Y. Ishigure, H. Unuma, M. Takahashi, Y. Hikichi and H. Suzuki: ‘Control of percolation curve by filler particle shape in Cu-SBR composites’. J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 1997, 16, (14), 1182–1183.
   Google Scholar
• M. O. Lisunova, Y. P. Mamunya, N. I. Lebovka and A. V. Melezhyk: ‘Percolation behaviour of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene/multi-walled carbon nanotubes composites’. Eur. Polym. J., 2007, 43, (3), 949–958.10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2006.12.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Q. Li, Siddaramaiah, N. H. Kim, G. H. Yoo, J. H. Lee: ‘Positive temperature coefficient characteristic and structure of graphite nanofibers reinforced high density polyethylene/carbon black nanocomposites’. Compos. Part B: Eng., 2009, 40, (3), 218–224.10.1016/j.compositesb.2008.11.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. Socher, B. Krause, S. Hermasch, R. Wursche and P. Pötschke: ‘Electrical and thermal properties of polyamide 12 composites with hybrid fillers systems of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and carbon black’. Compos. Sci. Technol., 2011, 71, (8), 1053–1059.10.1016/j.compscitech.2011.03.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. W. Zha, W. K. Li, R. J. Liao, J. B. Bai and Z. M. Dang: ‘High performance hybrid carbon fillers/binary-polymer nanocomposites with remarkably enhanced positive temperature coefficient effect of resistance’. J. Mater. Chem. A, 2013, 1, (3), 843–851.10.1039/C2TA00429A
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Nuzzo, E. Bilotti, T. Peijs, D. Acierno and G. Filippone: ‘Nanoparticle-induced co-continuity in immiscible polymer blends – A comparative study on bio-based PLA-PA11 blends filled with organoclay, sepiolite, and carbon nanotubes’. Polymer (Guilford), 2014, 55, (19), 4908–4919.10.1016/j.polymer.2014.07.036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Sumfleth, X. C. Adroher and K. Schulte: ‘Synergistic effects in network formation and electrical properties of hybrid epoxy nanocomposites containing multi-wall carbon nanotubes and carbon black’. J. Mater. Sci., 2009, 44, (12), 3241–3247.10.1007/s10853-009-3434-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. Bilotti, H. Zhang, H. Deng, R. Zhang, Q. Fu and T. Peijs: ‘Controlling the dynamic percolation of carbon nanotube based conductive polymer composites by addition of secondary nanofillers: The effect on electrical conductivity and tuneable sensing behaviour’. Compos. Sci. Technol., 2013, 74, 85–90.10.1016/j.compscitech.2012.10.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar