Publication Cover
PaleoAmerica
A journal of early human migration and dispersal
Latest Articles
275
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Report

Stemmed Points and the Ice-Free Corridor

ORCID Icon
Received 21 Feb 2024, Accepted 01 Apr 2024, Published online: 14 May 2024

References

  • Admiraal, M. 2013. “The Origin and Evolution of the Mesa Projectile Point.” MA thesis, Groningen University/Smithsonian Institution.
  • Amick, D. S. 2013. “Way Out West. Cody Complex Occupations from the Northwestern Great Basin.” In Paleoindian Lifeways of the Cody Complex, edited by Edward J. Knell and Mark P. Muñiz, 215–245. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
  • Baker, J., S. Rigaud, D. Pereira, L. A. Courtenay, and F. d’Errico. 2024. “Evidence from Personal Ornaments Suggest Nine Distinct Cultural Groups between 34,000 and 24,000 Years Ago in Europe.” Nature Human Behaviour 8: 431–444. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-023-01803-6.
  • Beaudoin, A. B., and G. A. Oetelaar. 2003. “The Changing Ecophysical Landscape of Southern Alberta during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene.” Plains Anthropologist 48 (187): 187–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/2052546.2003.11949259.
  • Beaudoin, A. B., M. Wright., and B. Ronaghan. 1996. “Late Quaternary Landscape History and Archaeology in the ‘Ice-Free Corridor’: Some Recent Results from Alberta.” Quaternary International 32: 113–126. http://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(95)00058-5.
  • Becerra-Valdivia, L., M. R. Waters, T. W. Stafford Jr, S. L. Anzick, D. Comeskey, T. Devièse, and T. Higham. 2018. “Reassessing the Chronology of the Archaeological Site of Anzick.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115 (27): 7000–7003. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1803624115.
  • Bellissimo, N. S. 2013. “Origins of Stable Isotopic Variations in Late Pleistocene Horse Enamel and Bone from Alberta.” Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository, 1273. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/1273.
  • Bever, M. R. 2006. “Rethinking the Putu Site: Results of a Spatial Analysis of a Fluted Point Site in Northern Alaska.” Arctic Anthropology 43 (1): 20–39. https://doi.org/10.1353/arc.2011.0014.
  • Brink, J. W. 2011. “A 9,400 Year Old Stone Tool from Southeastern Alberta.” Alberta Archaeological Review 52: 5–9.
  • Brink, J. W., C. I. Barrón-Ortiz, K. Loftis, and R. J. Speakman. 2017. “Pleistocene Horse and Possible Human Association in Central Alberta, 12,700 Years Ago.” Canadian Journal of Archaeology 41 (1): 79–96.
  • Bryan, A. L. 1980. “The Stemmed Point Tradition: An Early Technological Tradition in Western North America.” In Anthropological Papers in Memory of Earl H. Swanson, Jr., edited by L. B. Harten, C. N. Warren, and D. R. Tuohy, 77–107. Pocatello, ID: Special Publication of the Idaho State Museum of Natural History.
  • Bryan, A. L. 2000. “The Lindoe Site, Southeastern Alberta.” Report on file with the Archaeological Survey of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
  • Burch Jr, E. S. 1970. “The Eskimo Trading Partnership in North Alaska: A Study in ‘Balanced Reciprocity’.” Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 15 (1): 48–80.
  • Butler, B. R. 1965. “A Report on Investigations of an Early Man Site Near Lake Channel, Southern Idaho.” Tebiwa 8 (2): 1–20.
  • Buvit, I., J. T. Rasic, S. R. Kuehn, and W. H. Hedman. 2019. “Fluted Projectile Points in a Stratified Context at the Raven Bluff Site Document a Late Arrival of Paleoindian Technology in Northwest Alaska.” Geoarchaeology 34: 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/gea.21693.
  • Carlson, R. L., and M. P. R. Magne. 2008. Projectile Point Sequences in Northwestern North America. Burnaby: Archaeology Press, Simon Fraser University.
  • Clark, D. W. 1974. “Filaments of Prehistory on the Koyukuk River, Northwestern Interior Alaska.” In International Conference on the Prehistory and Paleoecology of Western North American Arctic and Subarctic, edited by Scott Raymond and Peter Schledermann, 33–46. Calgary: University of Calgary Archaeological Association.
  • Clark, D. W., and A. MacFadyen Clark. 1993. Batza Téna: Trail to Obsidian. Archaeology at an Alaskan Obsidian Source. Archaeological Survey of Canada Mercury Series Paper 147. Gatineau: Canadian Museum of Civilization.
  • Clarke, D. L. 1968. Analytical Archaeology. London: Methuen.
  • Clarke, G. M., B. M. Ronaghan, and L. Bouchet. 2017. “The Early Prehistoric Use of a Flood-Scoured Landscape in Northeastern Alberta.” In Alberta’s Lower Athabasca Basin: Archaeology and Palaeoenvironments, edited by B. M. Ronaghan, 115–159. Edmonton: Athabasca University Press.
  • Collins Jr, H. B. 1963. “Paleoindian Artifacts in Alaska: An Example of Cultural Retardation in the Arctic.” Anthropological Papers of The University of Alaska 10 (2): 13–18.
  • Cybulski, J. S., A. D. McMillan, R. S. Malhi, B. M. Kemp, H. Harry, and S. Cousins. 2007. “The Big Bar Lake Burial: Middle Period Human Remains from the Canadian Plateau.” Canadian Journal of Archaeology/Journal Canadien d'Archéologie 31 (1): 55–78.
  • Dalton, A. S., H. E. Dulfer, M. Margold, J. Heyman, J. J. Clague, D. G. Froese, M. S. Gauthier, et al. 2023. “Deglaciation of the North American Ice Sheet Complex in Calendar Years Based on a Comprehensive Database of Chronological Data: NADI-1.” Quaternary Science Reviews 234: 108345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108345.
  • Dalton, A. S., M. Margold, C. R. Stokes, L. Tarasov, A. S. Dyke, R. S. Adams, S. Allard, et al. 2020. “An Updated Radiocarbon-Based Ice Margin Chronology for the Last Deglaciation of the North American Ice Sheet Complex.” Quaternary Science Reviews 234: 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106223.
  • Davis, L. G., D. B. Madsen, D. A. Sisson, L. Valdivia-Becerra, T. Higham, D. Stueber, D. W. Bean, et al. 2022. “Dating of a Large Tool Assemblage at the Cooper’s Ferry Site (Idaho, USA) to ∼15,785 Cal Yr B.P. Extends the Age of Stemmed Points in the Americas.” Science Advances 8 (51): eade1248. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ade1248.
  • Dawe, R. J. 2013. “A Review of the Cody Complex in Alberta.” In Paleoindian Lifeways of the Cody Complex, edited by E. J. Knell and M. P. Muñiz, 144–187. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
  • Devièse, T., T. W. Stafford Jr, M. R. Waters, C. Wathen, D. Comeskey, L. Becerra-Valdivia, and T. Higham. 2018. “Increasing Accuracy for the Radiocarbon Dating of Sites Occupied by the First Americans.” Quaternary Science Reviews 198: 171–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.08.023.
  • Dixon, E. J. 2008. “Bifaces from on Your Knees Cave, Southeast Alaska.” In Projectile Point Sequences in Northwestern North America, edited by R. L. Carlson and M. P. R. Magne, 11–18. Burnaby: Archaeology Press, Simon Fraser University.
  • Dixon, E. J. 2015. “Late Pleistocene Colonization of North America from Northeast Asia: New Insights from Large-Scale Paleogeographic Reconstructions.” In Mobility and Ancient Society in Asia and the Americas, edited by M. D. Frachetti and R. N. Spengler III, 169–184. Cham: Springer.
  • Driver, J. C. 1999. “Raven Skeletons from Paleoindian Contexts, Charlie Lake Cave, British Columbia.” American Antiquity 64 (2): 289–298.
  • Driver, J. C., M. Handly, K. R. Fladmark, D. E. Nelson, G. M. Sullivan, and R. Preston. 1996. “Stratigraphy, Radiocarbon Dating and Culture History of Charlie Lake Cave, British Columbia.” Arctic 49 (3): 265–277. https://doi.org/10.14430/arctic1202.
  • Duke, D. G. 2015. “Haskett Spear Weaponry and Protein-Residue Evidence of Proboscidean Hunting in the Great Salt Lake Desert, Utah.” PaleoAmerica 1 (1): 109–112. https://doi.org/10.1179/2055556314Z.0000000002.
  • Dyke, A. S. 2005. “Late Quaternary Vegetation History of Northern North America Based on Pollen, Macrofossil, and Faunal Remains.” Géographie physique et Quaternaire 59 (2-3): 211–262. https://doi.org/10.7202/014755ar.
  • Eldridge, M., V. Thiesson, R. Eldridge, A. Parker, A. Eckert, and A. Blackburn. 2012. “Permits 2008-0179 and 2011-0127 BC Hydro. 2011. Williston Dust Abatement Project: Annual Report on Archaeological Impact Assessments and Site Alterations.” Report on file, Victoria: British Columbia Archaeology Branch.
  • Eldridge, M., V. Thiesson, A. Parker, and R. Eldridge. 2010. “Archaeological Impact Assessment, Final Report, BC Hydro 2010 Williston Dust Abatement Project. Permit 2008-0179.” Report on file, Victoria: British Columbia Archaeology Branch.
  • Fedje, D. 1988. “The Norquay and Eclipse Sites: Trans-Canada Highway Twinning Mitigation in Banff National Park.” Microfiche Report Series 395. Environment Canada, Parks Service, Ottawa.
  • Fedje, D. 1996. “Early Human Presence in Banff National Park.” In Early Human Occupation in British Columbia, edited by R. L. Carlson and L. Dalla Bona, 35–44. Vancouver: UBC Press.
  • Fedje, D., Q. Mackie, D. McLaren, B. Wigen, and J. Southon. 2021. “Karst Caves in Haida Gwaii: Archaeology and Paleontology at the Pleistocene-Holocene Transition.” Quaternary Science Reviews 272: 107388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107221
  • Fedje, D. W., J. M. White, M. C. Wilson, D. E. Nelson, J. S. Vogel, and J. R. Southon. 1995. “Vermilion Lakes Site: Adaptations and Environments in the Canadian Rockies During the Latest Pleistocene and Early Holocene.” American Antiquity 60 (1): 81–108. https://doi.org/10.2307/282077.
  • Forbis, R. G. 1961. “Early Point Types from Acasta Lake, Northwest Territories, Canada.” American Antiquity 27 (1): 112–113. https://doi.org/10.2307/278244
  • Frison, G. C., and D. J. Stanford. 1982. “Agate Basin Components.” In The Agate Basin Site. A Record of the Paleoindian Occupation of the Northwestern High Plains, edited by G. C. Frison and D. J. Stanford, 76–135. New York: Academic Press.
  • Froese, D. G., J. M. Young, S. L. Norris, and M. Margold. 2019. “Availability and Viability of the Ice-Free Corridor and the Pacific Coast Routes for the Peopling of the Americas.” SAA Archaeological Record 19: 27–33.
  • Galm, J. R., and S. Gough. 2008. “The Projectile Point/Knife Sample from the Sentinel Gap Site.” In Projectile Point Sequences in Northwestern North America, edited by R. L. Carlson and M. P. R. Magne, 209–220. Burnaby: Archaeology Press, Simon Fraser University.
  • Gómez Coutouly, Y. A., and C. E. Holmes. 2018. “The Microblade Industry from Swan Point Cultural Zone 4b: Technological and Cultural Implications from the Earliest Human Occupation in Alaska.” American Antiquity 83 (4): 735–752. https://doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2018.38
  • Gordon, B. C. 1996. “People of Sunlight, People of Starlight: Barrenland Archaeology in the Northwest Territories of Canada.” Archaeological Survey of Canada, Mercury Series Paper No. 154, Hull, Quebec.
  • Graf, K. E., L. M. DiPietro, K. E. Krasinski, A. K. Gore, H. L. Smith, B. J. Culleton, D. J. Kennett, and D. Rhode. 2015. “Dry Creek Revisited: New Excavations, Radiocarbon Dates, and Site Formation Inform on the Peopling of Eastern Beringia.” American Antiquity 80 (4): 671–694. https://doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.80.4.671
  • Gryba, E. M. 1988. “An Inventory of Fluted Point Occurrences in Alberta.” Report on File, Archaeological Survey of Alberta, Edmonton.
  • Halffman, C. M., B. A. Potter, H. J. McKinney, T. Tsutaya, B. P. Finney, B. M. Kemp, E. J. Bartelink, et al. 2020. “Ancient Beringian Paleodiets Revealed Through Multiproxy Stable Isotope Analyses.” Science Advances 6 (36): eabc1968. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc1968
  • Harp Jr, E. 1958. “Prehistory in the Dismal Lake Area, N.W.T., Canada.” Arctic 11 (4): 197–264.
  • Heintzman, P. D., D. Froese, J. W. Ives, A. E. R. Soares, G. D. Zazula, B. Letts, T. D. Andrews, et al. 2016. “Bison Phylogeography Constrains Dispersal and Viability of the Ice Free Corridor in Western Canada.” PNAS 113 (29): 8057–8063. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601077113.
  • Ives, J. W. 1993. “The Ten Thousand Years before the Fur Traders.” In Proceedings of the Fort Chipewyan and Fort Vermilion Bicentennial Conference, edited by P. A. McCormack and R. G. Ironside, 33–38. Edmonton: Occasional Publication No. 28, Boreal Institute for Northern Studies.
  • Ives, J. W. 2006. “13,001 Years Ago—Human Beginnings in Alberta.” In Alberta Formed, Alberta Transformed, Volume 1, edited by M. Payne, D. Wetherell, and C. Cavanaugh, 1–34. Calgary/Edmonton: University of Calgary/University of Alberta Presses.
  • Ives, J. W. 2015. “Kinship, Demography and Paleoindian Modes of Colonization: Some Western Canadian Perspectives.” In Mobility and Ancient Society in Asia and the Americas, edited by M. D. Frachetti and R. N. Spengler III, 127–156. Cham: Springer.
  • Ives, J. W. 2017. “Early Human History of the Birch Mountains.” In Alberta’s Lower Athabasca Basin: Archaeology and Palaeoenvironments, edited by B. M. Ronaghan, 285–330. Edmonton: Athabasca University Press.
  • Ives, J. W. 2023. “The PaleoIndigenous Component of the Ahai Mneh Site (FiPp-33), Lake Wabamun, Alberta.” In Archaeology on the Brink, Papers in Honour of John W. Brink, edited by M. P. R. Magne and E. R. Damkjar, 95–115. Archaeological Survey of Alberta Occasional Paper 42.
  • Ives, J. W. 2024a. “‘My Uncle Was Resting His Country’: Dene Kinship and Insights into the More Distant Past.” In Natural Science and Indigenous Knowledge. The Americas Experience, edited by E. A. Johnson and S. M. Arlidge, 32–106. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ives, J. W. 2024b. “A Stemmed Point Assemblage from the Peace River Country of Northwestern Alberta.” PaleoAmerica 9. https://doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2024.2325257.
  • Ives, J. W., D. Froese, K. Supernant, and G. Yanicki. 2013. “Vectors, Vestiges and Valhallas – Rethinking the Corridor.” In Paleoamerican Odyssey, edited by K. E. Graf, C. V. Ketron, and M. R. Waters, 149–169. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
  • Ives, J. W., G. Yanicki, K. Supernant, and C. Lakevold. 2019. “Confluences: Fluted Points in the Ice-Free Corridor.” PaleoAmerica 5 (2): 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2019.1600136.
  • Jass, C. N., and T. E. Allan. 2016. “Camel Fossils from Gravel Pits near Edmonton and Vauxhall, and a Review of the Quaternary Camelid Record of Alberta.” Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 53 (5): 485–493. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2016-0013.
  • Jass, C. N., J. A. Burns, and P. J. Milot. 2011. “Description of Fossil Muskoxen and Relative Abundance of Pleistocene Megafauna in Central Alberta.” Canadian Journal of Earth Science 48 (5): 793–800. https://doi.org/10.1139/e10-096.
  • Kjorlein, Y. 2007. “Historical Resources Impact Assessment, Atco Electric Ltd. Fort Chipewyan Third Lake Power Plant and 25kv Distribution Line. Final Report Permit 2007-437.” FMA Heritage Resources. Report on file with the Archaeological Survey of Alberta.
  • Knell, E. J., M. E. Hill Jr, and M. Q. Sutton. 2021. “Assessing the Validity of Mojave Desert Lake Mohave and Silver Lake Projectile-Point Types.” PaleoAmerica 7 (3): 242–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2021.1894380.
  • Kristensen, T. J., T. E. Allan, J. W. Ives, R. Woywitka, G. Yanicki, and J. T. Rasic. 2023. “Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Obsidian in Alberta and Human Dispersal into North America’s Ice-Free Corridor.” PaleoAmerica 9 (3): 194–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2023.2243133.
  • Kristensen, T. J., T. E. Allan, E. Moffat, A. Osicki, D. Fisher, R. Woywitka, and J. W. Ives. 2019. “Glacier Pass Concretions: A Pre-Contact Toolstone from an Alpine Quarry Complex in Alberta’s Rocky Mountains.” Archaeological Survey of Alberta Occasional Paper 39: 113–142.
  • Kristensen, T. J., E. Moffat, J. M. Duke, A. J. Locock, C. Sharphead, and J. W. Ives. 2018. “Identifying Knife River Flint in Alberta: A Silicified Lignite Toolstone from North Dakota.” Archaeological Survey of Alberta Occasional Paper 38: 1–24.
  • Kristensen, T. J., J. Morin, J. M. Duke, A. J. Locock, C. Lakevold, K. Giering, and J. W. Ives. 2016. “Pre-contact Jade in Alberta: The Geochemistry, Mineralogy, and Archaeological Significance of Nephrite Ground Stone Tools.” Archaeological Survey of Alberta Occasional Paper 36: 113–135.
  • Kunz, M. 2011. “From Mesa to Monte Verde.” PDF of presentation to the 38th annual meeting of the Alaska Anthropological Association, March 9–12.
  • Kunz, M., M. Bever, and C. Adkins. 2003. “The Mesa Site: Paleoindians above the Arctic Circle.” BLM Alaska Open File Report 86. Anchorage: Alaska State Office, Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Department of the Interior.
  • Landals, A. J. 2013. “The Lake Minnewanka Site: Patterns in Late Pleistocene Use of the Alberta Rocky Mountains.” Archaeological Papers of the Archaeological Society of Alberta 13.
  • Layton, T. N. 1979. “Archaeology and Paleo-Ecology of Pluvial Lake Parman, Northwestern Great Basin.” Journal of New World Archaeology 3 (1): 41–56.
  • Lee, C. M., M. Neeley, M. D. Mitchell, M. Kornfeld, and C. O’Connor. 2016. “Microcores and Microliths in Northwestern Plains and Rocky Mountain Front Lithic Assemblages.” Plains Anthropologist 61 (238): 136–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/00320447.2015.1112677
  • MacDonald, G. M., and T. K. McLeod. 1996. “The Holocene Closing of the ‘Ice-Free’ Corridor: A Biogeographical Perspective.” Quaternary International 32: 87–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(95)00055-0.
  • MacKay, G., and T. D. Andrews. 2016. “The Precontact History of Subarctic Northwest Canada.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Prehistoric Arctic, edited by M. Friesen and O. Mason, 563–584. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766956.013.55.
  • Magne, M. P. R. 2023. “Many Edges to the Wedges: An Overview of Microblade Technology in Western Canada.” In Archaeology on the Brink, Papers in Honour of John W. Brink, edited by M. P. R. Magne and E. R. Damkjar, 121–159. Archaeological Survey of Alberta Occasional Paper 42.
  • Magne, M. P. R., R. E. Hughes, and T. J. Kristensen. 2019. “Microblade Technology, Obsidian Sourcing, and the Cody Complex in Early Holocene Alberta.” Plains Anthropologist 65 (254): 88–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/00320447.2019.1615402.
  • Margold, M., J. C. Gosse, A. J. Hidy, R. J. Woywitka, J. M. Young, and D. Froese. 2019. “Beryllium-10 Dating of the Foothills Erratic Train in Alberta, Canada Indicates Detachment of the Laurentide Ice Sheet from the Rocky Mountains at ∼15 ka.” Quaternary Research 92 (2): 469–482. https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2019.10.
  • Monteath, A. J., S. Kuzmina, M. Mahony, F. Calmels, T. Porter, R. Mathewes, P. Sanborn, et al. 2023. “Relict Permafrost Preserves Megafauna, Insects, Pollen, Soils and Pore-Ice Isotopes of the Mammoth Steppe and Its Collapse in Central Yukon.” Quaternary Science Reviews 299: 107878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107878.
  • Moreno-Mayar, J. V., B. A. Potter, L. Vinner, M. Steinrücken, S. Rasmussen, J. Terhorst, J. A. Kamm, et al. 2018a. “Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan Genome Reveals First Founding Population of Native Americans.” Nature 553: 203–207. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25173.
  • Moreno-Mayar, J. V., L. Vinner, P. de Barros Damgaard, C. de la Fuente, J. Chan, J. P. Spence, M. E. Allentoft, et al. 2018b. “Early Human Dispersals within the Americas.” Science 362 (6419): eaav2621. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav2621.
  • Murchie, T. J., G. S. Long, B. D. Lanoil, D. Froese, and H. N. Poinar. 2023. “Permafrost Microbial Communities Follow Shifts in Vegetation, Soils, and Megafauna Extinctions in Late Pleistocene NW North America.” Environmental DNA 5 (6): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/edn3.493.
  • Murchie, T. J., A. J. Monteath, M. E. Mahony, G. S. Long, S. Cocker, T. Sadoway, E. Karpinski, et al. 2021. “Collapse of the Mammoth-Steppe in Central Yukon as Revealed by Ancient Environmental DNA.” Nature Communications 12: 7120. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27439-6.
  • Noble, W. C. 1971. “Archaeological Sequences and Surveys in the Central District of Mackenzie.” Arctic Anthropology 8 (l): 102–135.
  • Noble, W. C. 1981. “Prehistory of the Great Slave Lake and Great Bear Lake Region.” In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 6, Subarctic, edited by J. Helm, 97–106. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
  • Norris, S. L., D. Garcia-Castellanos, J. D. Jansen, P. A. Carling, M. Margold, R. J. Woywitka, and D. G. Froese. 2021. “Catastrophic Drainage from the Northwestern Outlet of Glacial Lake Agassiz During the Younger Dryas.” Geophysical Research Letters 48 (15): e2021GL093919. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL093919.
  • Norris, S. L., M. Margold, D. J. A. Evans, N. Atkinson, and D. G. Froese. 2024. “Dynamical Response of the Southwestern Laurentide Ice Sheet to Rapid Bølling-Allerød Warming.” The Cryosphere Discussions 18: 1533–1559. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-2023-73.
  • Norris, S. L., L. Tarasov, A. J. Monteath, J. C. Gosse, A. J. Hidy, M. Margold, and D. G. Froese. 2022. “Rapid Retreat of the Southwestern Laurentide Ice Sheet During the Bølling-Allerød Interval.” Geology 50 (4): 417–421. https://doi.org/10.1130/G49493.1.
  • Pedersen, M. W., A. Ruter, C. Schweger, H. Friebe, R. A. Staff, K. K. Kjeldsen, M. L. Z. Mendoza, et al. 2016. “Postglacial Viability and Colonization in North America’s Ice-Free Corridor.” Nature 537 (7618): 45–49. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature19085.
  • Potter, B. A., J. D. Irish, J. D. Reuther, and H. J. McKinney. 2014. “New Insights into Eastern Beringian Mortuary Behavior: A Terminal Pleistocene Double Infant Burial at Upward Sun River.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science U. S. A. 111 (48): 17060–17065. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1413131111.
  • Powers, W. R., and J. F. Hoffecker. 1989. “Late Pleistocene Settlement of the Nenana Valley, Central Alaska.” American Antiquity 54 (2): 263–287. https://doi.org/10.2307/281707.
  • Pratt, J., T. Goebel, K. Graf, and M. Izuho. 2019. “A Circum-Pacific Perspective on the Origin of Stemmed Points in North America.” PaleoAmerica 6 (1): 64–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2019.1695500.
  • Rasic, J. 2000. “Prehistoric Lithic Technology at the Tuluaq Hill Site, Northwest Alaska.” Unpublished MA thesis, Department of Anthropology, Washington State University.
  • Rasic, J. 2011. “Functional Variability in the Late Pleistocene Archaeological Record of Eastern Beringia.” In From the Yenisei to the Yukon, Interpreting Lithic Assemblage Variability in Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene Beringia, edited by T. Goebel and I. Buvit, 128–164. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.
  • Rasmussen, M., S. L. Anzick, M. R. Waters, P. Skoglund, M. DeGiorgio, T. W. Stafford Jr, S. Rasmussen, et al. 2014. “The Genome of a Late Pleistocene Human from a Clovis Burial Site in Western Montana.” Nature 506 (7487): 225–229. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13025.
  • Reeves, B. O. K., J. Blakey, and M. Lobb. 2017. “A Chronological Outline for the Athabasca Lowlands and Adjacent Areas.” In Alberta’s Lower Athabasca Basin: Archaeology and Palaeoenvironments, edited by B. M. Ronaghan, 161–242. Edmonton: Athabasca University Press.
  • Reich, D. E., N. Patterson, D. Campbell, A. Tandon, S. Mazieres, N. Ray, M. V. Parra, et al. 2012. “Reconstructing Native American Population History.” Nature 488 (7411): 370–374. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11258.
  • Reyes, A. V., A. E. Carlson, G. A. Milne, L. Tarasov, J. R. Reimink, and M. W. Caffee. 2022. “Revised Chronology of Northwest Laurentide Ice-Sheet Deglaciation from 10Be Exposure Ages on Boulder Erratics.” Quaternary Science Reviews 277 (1): 107369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107369.
  • Root, Matthew J. 1997. “Production for Exchange at the Knife River Flint Quarries, North Dakota.” Lithic Technology 22 (1): 33–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/01977261.1997.11754532
  • Root, Matthew J., Edward J. Knell, and Jeb Taylor. 2013. “Cody Complex Land Use in Western North Dakota and Southern Saskatchewan.” In Paleoindian Lifeways of the Cody Complex, edited by E. J. Knell and M. P. Muñiz, 121–143. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
  • Rosencrance, R. L. 2019. “Assessing the Chronological Variation within Western Stemmed Tradition Projectile Points.” Unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Nevada.
  • Rosencrance, R. L., D. Duke, A. Hartman, and A. Hoskins. 2024. “Western Stemmed Tradition Projectile Point Chronology in the Intermountain West.” In Current Perspectives of Stemmed and Fluted Technologies in the American Far West, edited by K. N. McDonough, R. L. Rosencrance, and J. E. Pratt, 21–58. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
  • Rosencrance, R. L., G. M. Smith, D. L. Jenkins, T. J. Connolly, and T. N. Layton. 2019. “Reinvestigating Cougar Mountain Cave: New Perspectives on Stratigraphy, Chronology, and a Younger Dryas Occupation in the Northern Great Basin.” American Antiquity 84 (3): 559–573. https://doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2019.22
  • Rouseau, M. K. 2008. “Chipped Stone Bifaces as Cultural, Behavioural, and Temporal Indices on the Central Canadian Plateau.” In Projectile Point Sequences in Northwestern North America, edited by R. L. Carlson and M. P. R. Magne, 221–250. Burnaby: Archaeology Press, Simon Fraser University.
  • Scheib, C. L., Hongjie Li, T. Desai, V. Link, C. Kendall, G. Dewar, P. W. Griffith, et al. 2018. “Ancient Human Parallel Lineages Within North America Contributed to a Coastal Expansion.” Science 360 (6392): 1024–1027. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar6851.
  • Schwartz-Narbonne, R., F. J. Longstaffe, K. J. Kardynal, P. Druckenmiller, K. A. Hobson, C. N. Jass, J. Z. Metcalfe, and G. Zazula. 2019. “Reframing the Mammoth Steppe: Insights from Analysis of Isotopic Niches.” Quaternary Science Reviews 215: 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.04.025.
  • Smith, G. M., D. Duke, D. L. Jenkins, T. Goebel, L. G. Davis, P. O’Grady, D. Stueber, J. E. Pratt, and H. L. Smith. 2019a. “The Western Stemmed Tradition: Problems and Prospects in Paleoindian Archaeology in the Intermountain West.” PaleoAmerica 6 (1): 23–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2019.1653153.
  • Smith, H. L., and T. Goebel. 2018. “Origins and Spread of Fluted-Point Technology in the Canadian Ice-Free Corridor and Eastern Beringia.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U. S. A. 112 (16): 4116–4121. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1800312115.
  • Smith, H. L., S. C. Kuzminsky, and A. Linderholm. 2020. “Discerning Dispersals along the Pacific and Interior Corridors: Contributions of Geometric Morphometrics to the Peopling of the Americas.” PaleoAmerica 6 (1): 109–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/20555563.2019.1696149.
  • Smith, G. M., D. O. Stueber, E. J. Bradley, R. L. Rosencrance, and D. Duke. 2024. “The Form and Function of Oversized Parman Stemmed Points of the Western Stemmed Tradition.” Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 43 (2): 195–209.
  • Speth, J., K. Newlander, A. White, A. Lemke, and L. Anderson. 2013. “Early Paleoindian Big-Game Hunting in North America: Provisioning or Politics?” Quaternary International 285: 111–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2010.10.027.
  • Tackney, J. C., B. A. Potter, J. Raff, M. Powers, W. S. Watkins, D. Warner, J. D. Reuther, et al. 2015. “Two Contemporaneous Mitogenomes from Terminal Pleistocene Burials in Eastern Beringia.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112 (45): 13833–13838. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1511903112.
  • Tolman, M. S. 2001. “DhPg-8: From Mammoths to Machinery: An Overview of 11,000 Years along the St. Mary River.” Unpublished MSc thesis, Faculty of Environmental Design, University of Calgary.
  • Vickers, J. R., and A. B. Beaudoin. 1989. “A Limiting AMS Date for the Cody Complex Occupation at the Fletcher Site, Alberta, Canada.” Plains Anthropologist 34 (125): 261–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/2052546.1989.11909482.
  • Waters, M. R. 2019. “Late Pleistocene Exploration and Settlement of the Americas by Modern Humans.” Science 365 (6449): eaat5447. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat5447.
  • Waters, M. R., T. W. Stafford, Jr., and D. L. Carlson. 2020. “The Age of Clovis—13,050 to 12,750 cal yr B.P.” Science Advances 6 (43): eaaz0455. http://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz0455.
  • Waters, M. R., T. W. Stafford Jr, B. Kooyman, and L. V. Hills. 2015. “Late Pleistocene Horse and Camel Hunting at the Southern Margin of the Ice-Free Corridor: Reassessing the Age of Wally’s Beach, Canada.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S.A. 112 (14): 4263–4267. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1420650112.
  • Willerslev, E., and D. J. Meltzer. 2021. “Peopling of the Americas as Inferred from Ancient Genomics.” Nature 594 (7863): 356–364. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03499-y.
  • Willig, J. A. 1988. “Paleo-Archaic Adaptations and Lakeside Settlement Patterns in the Northern Alkali Lake Basin, Oregon.” In Early Human Occupation in Far Western North America, edited by J. A. Willig, C. M. Aikens, and J. L. Fagan, 417–482. Nevada State Museum Anthropological Papers No. 21. Carson City: Nevada State Museum.
  • Wormington, H. M., and R. G. Forbis. 1965. “An Introduction to the Archaeology of Alberta, Canada.” Proceedings No. 11, Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver, CO.
  • Wright, J. V. 1972. “The Shield Archaic.” Archaeological Survey of Canada, Paper No. 3, National Museum of Man, Mercury Series, Hull, Quebec.
  • Wright, J. V. 1975. “The Prehistory of Lake Athabasca: An Initial Statement.” Archaeological Survey of Canada, Paper No. 29, National Museum of Man, Mercury Series, Hull, Quebec.
  • Wright, J. V. 1981. “Prehistory of the Canadian Shield.” In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 6, Subarctic, edited by June Helm, 86–96. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
  • Yanicki, G., W. T. D. Wadsworth, C. N. Jass, and C. Barrón-Ortiz. 2022. “Prospects for Wally’s Beach: Findings from the 2018–2019 Field Seasons.” In Tracks and Traces: Archaeology and Paleontology at Wally’s Beach, edited by B. Kooyman and T. Ewald, 283–313. Occasional Papers of the Archaeological Society of Alberta 16. Calgary: Archaeological Society of Alberta.