374
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Fora

Review of alternative practices to cigarette smoking and nicotine replacement therapy: how safe are they?

, MBBS, MCFP(SA), MMed(FamMed)(Medunsa), , MBBS, FCFP(SA), MFamMed, FACRRM, FACTM, FAFP(SA) & , BDS, MSc, MPH, PhD
Pages 154-160 | Received 19 Mar 2010, Accepted 07 Jul 2010, Published online: 15 Aug 2014

References

  • Peer N, Bradshaw D, Laubscher R, Steyn K. Trends in adult tobacco use from two South African demographic surveys conducted in 1998 and 2003. SAMJ 2009; 99: 744–9.
  • Britton J. Should doctors advocate snus and other nicotine replacements? Yes. BMJ 2008; 336: 358.
  • Portugal GS, Gould TJ. Genetic variability in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and nicotine addiction: converging evidence from human and animal research. Behav Brain Res 2008; 193: 1–16.
  • Kandela P. Nargile smoking keeps Arabs in wonderland. Lancet 2000; 356: 1175.
  • American Lung Association. An emerging deadly trend: water-pipe tobacco use. Am Lung Assoc 2007: 1–8.
  • Rastam S, Ward KD, Eissenberg D, Maziak W. Estimating the beginning of the water-pipe epidemic in Syria. BMC Public Health 2004; 4: 32.
  • Ma'ayeh SP. Jordan: mass media campaign combating smoking requires serious commitment and not just words. WHO, Geneva: 1–7. Available from http://www.who.int/tobacco/training/success_stories/en/best_practices_jordan_media.pdf (Accessed 18/03/2010),
  • Noonan D, Kulbok PA. New tobacco trends: water-pipe (hookah) smoking and implications for health care. J Am Acad Nurse Pract 2009; 21: 258–60.
  • Hammal F, Mock J, Ward KD, EIssenberg T, Maziak W. A pleasure among friends: how narghile (water-pipe) smoking differs from cigarette smoking in Syria. Tob Control 2008; 17: e3.
  • Warren CW, Lea V, Lee J, Jones NR, Asma S, McKenna M. Change in tobacco use among 13–15-year-olds between 1999 and 2008: findings from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey. Glob Health Promot 2009; 16: 38–90.
  • Parna K, Usin J, Ringmets I. Cigarette and water-pipe smoking among adolescents in Estonia: HBSC survey results, 1994–2006. BMC Public Health 2008; 8: 392.
  • Roskin J, Aveyard P. Canadian and English students' beliefs about water- pipe: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2009; 9: 10.
  • Monn CH, Kindler P, Meile A, Brandli O. Ultrafine particle emission from water-pipes. Tob Control 2007; 16: 390–3.
  • Aljarrah K, Ababneh ZQ, Al-Delaimy WK. Perception of hookah smoking harmfulness: predictors and characteristics among current hookah users. Tob Induc Dis 2009; 5: 16.
  • Maziak W, Ward KD, Afifi Soweid RA, Eissenberg T. Tobacco smoking using a water-pipe: a re-emerging strain in a global epidemic. Tob Control 2004; 13: 327–33.
  • Maziak W. The water-pipe: time for action. Addiction 2008; 103: 1763–67.
  • Eissenberg T, Shihadeh A. Water-pipe and cigarette smoking: direct comparison of toxicant exposure. Am J Prev Med 2009; 37: 518–23.
  • Theron A, Schultz C, Ker A, Falzone N. Carboxyhaemoglobin levels in water-pipe and cigarette smokers. SAMJ 2010; 100: 122–4.
  • Al Rashidi M, Shihadeh A, Saliba NA. Volatile aldehydes in the main stream smoke of narghile water-pipe. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46: 3546–9.
  • WHO Study Ggroup on Tobacco Product Regulation. Report on the scientific basis of tobacco product regulation: third report of a WHO study group. WHO 2009; 955: 1–41.
  • Food and Drug Administration (US). Evaluation of e-cigarettes. Available from http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/ScienceResearch/UCM173250.pdf (Accessed 17/03/2010).
  • Cataldo JK, Malone RE. False promises: the tobacco industry, low tar cigarettes, and older smokers. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008; 56: 1716–23.
  • Sorrel AL. Judge: e-cigarette not subject to FDA oversight as drug delivery device. American Medical News
  • http://www.ama-assn.org/amednews/2010/02/15/gvl10215.htm (Accessed 17/03/2010).
  • O'Connor RJ. Regulatory approaches to products marketed as tobacco cessation aids. Background Paper for 5th Tobacco Regulation Meeting, Durban, South Africa, November 2008.
  • Stead LR, Hughes PR. Lobeline for smoking cessation (review). The Cochrane Library 2009, John Wiley and Sons Ltd; 2: 1–9.
  • Chen A, Glantz S, Tong E. Asian herbal-tobacco cigarettes: “not medicine but less harmful”? Tob Control 2007;16:e3. Available from http://www.tobaccocontrol.com/cgi/content/full/16/2/e3 (Accessed 10/03/2010).
  • Wyckham RG. Smokeless tobacco in Canada: deterring market development. Tob Control 1999; 8: 411–20.
  • Albert M, Urdal P, Steyn K, et al. Prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and associated risk factors in a rural black population of South Africa. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2005; 12: 347–54.
  • Ayo-Yusuf OA, Swart TJP, Pickworth WB. Nicotine delivery capabilities of smokeless tobacco products and implication for control of tobacco dependence in South Africa. Tob Control 2004; 13: 186–9.
  • Critchley JA, Unal B. Health effects associated with smokeless tobacco: a systematic review. Thorax 2003; 58: 435–43.
  • Macara AW. Should doctors advocate snus and other nicotine replacements? No. BMJ 2008; 336: 359.
  • Ebbert JO, Post JA, Moyer TP, Dale LC, Schroeder DR, Hurt RD. Nicotine percentage replacement among smokeless tobacco users with nicotine patch. Drug Alcohol Depend 2007; 89: 223–6.
  • Tomar SL, Fox BJ, Severson HH. Is smokeless tobacco use an appropriate public health strategy for reducing societal harm from cigarette smoking? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2009; 6: 10–24.
  • Fagerstom KO, Schildt E. Should European union lift the ban on snus? Evidence from the Swedish experience. Addiction 2003; 98: 1191–5.
  • Rodu B, Godshall WT. Tobacco harm reduction: an alternative cessation strategy for inveterate. Harm Reduct J 2006; 3: 37. [DOI: 10.1186/1477-7517-3-37]
  • Wickholm S, Galanti MR, Soder B, Giljam H. Cigarette smoking, snuff use and alcohol drinking: co-existing risk behaviours for oral health in young males. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2003; 31: 269–74.
  • Rantao MM. Determinants of smokeless tobacco use among a population of South African adolescents. University of Pretoria 2009: 25–33. (Research report)
  • Omole OB, Ogunbanjo GA. Smokeless tobacco: is it safe? SA Fam Pract 2009; 51: 292–5.
  • Ayo-Yusuf OA, Omole OB. Snuff use and the risk for hypertension among black South African women. SA Fam Pract 2008; 50: 64–64c.
  • Pandey A, Patni N, Sarangi S, et al. Association of exclusive smokeless tobacco consumption with hypertension in an adult male rural population of India. Tob Induc Dis 2009; 5: 15.
  • Ayo-Yusuf OA, Reddy PS, Van de Borne BW. Association of snuff use with chronic bronchitis among South African women: implications for tobacco harm reduction. Tob Control 2008; 17: 99–104.
  • Wang D, Connock M, Barton P, Fry-Smith A, Aveyard P, Moore D. ‘Cut down to quit’ with nicotine replacement therapies in smoking cessation: a systematic review of effectiveness and economic analysis. Health Technol Assess 2008; 12: 1–135.
  • Moore D, Aveyard P, Connock M, Wang D, Fry-Smith A, Barton P. Effectiveness and safety of nicotine replacement therapy assisted reduction to stop smoking: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ (in press). Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2664870/pdf/bmj.b1024.pdf (Accessed 11/03/2010).
  • Aveyard P, West R. Managing smoking cessation. BMJ 2007; 335: 37–41.
  • Kralikova E, Kozak JT, Rasmussen T, Gustavsson G, Le Houezec J. Smoking cessation or reduction with nicotine replacement therapy: a placebo-controlled double blind trial with nicotine gum and inhaler. BMC Public Health 2009; 9: 433.
  • Le Foll B, George TP. Treatment of tobacco dependence: integrating recent progress into practice. CMAJ 2007; 177: 1373–80.
  • Eisenberg MJ, Filion KB, Yavin D, et al. Pharmacotherapies for smoking cessation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. CMAJ 2008; 179(2): 135–44.
  • Stead LF, Perera R, Bullen C, Mant D, Lancaster T. Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD000146. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000146.pub3.
  • Mills E J, Wu P, Spurden P, Ebbert JO, Wilson K. Efficacy of pharmacotherapies for short-term smoking abstinence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Harm Reduct J 2009; 6: 25.
  • Wu P, Wilson K, Dimoulas P, Mills EJ. Effectiveness of smoking cessation therapies: a systemic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2006; 6: 300.
  • Maseeh A, Kwatra G. A review of smoking cessation interventions. Med Gen Med 2005; 7: 24.
  • Schuurmans MM, Diacon AH, Van Biljon X, Bolliger CT. Effect of pre-treatment with nicotine patch on withdrawal symptoms and abstinence rates in smokers subsequently quitting with the nicotine: a randomized control trial. Addiction 2004; 99: 634–40.
  • Schiffman S, Drresler CM, Hajek P, Gilburt SJ, Targett DA, Strahs KR. Efficacy of nicotine lozenges for smoking cessation. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 1267–76.
  • Bolliger CT, Van Biljon X, Axelsson A. A nicotine mouth spray for smoking cessation: a pilot study of preference, safety and efficacy. Respiration 2007; 74: 196–201.
  • Schmelzle J, Rosser WW, Birthwhistle R. Update on pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies for smoking cessation. Can Fam Physician 2008; 54: 994–9.
  • Rody E. ABC of smoking cessation. BMJ 2004; 328: 509–11.
  • GeorgeTP, Vessicchio JC, Sacco KA, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of bupropion combined with nicotine patch for smoking cessation in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 63: 1092–6.
  • Grant KM, Kelly SS, Smith LM, Agrawal S, Meyer JR, Romberger D. Bupropion and nicotine patch as smoking cessation aids in alcoholics. Alcohol 2007; 41: 381–91.
  • Aveyard P, Johnson C, Fillingham S, Parson A, Murphy M. Nortriptyline plus nicotine replacement versus placebo plus nicotine replacement for smoking cessation: pragmatic randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2008/onlinefirst/bmj. com. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.39545.852616.BE.
  • Rey L, Vaucher P, Secretan F, Zellweger J, Bodenmann P. Use of nicotine substitute prescribed at hourly plus ab libitum intake or ad libitum for heavy smokers willing to quit: a randomized control trial. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2009; 4: 12.
  • Robles GI, Singh-Franco D, Ghin HL. A review of the efficacy of smoking-cessation pharmacotherapies in non-white populations. Clin Ther 2008; 30: 800–12.
  • Yudkin P, Munafo M, Hey K, et al. Effectiveness of nicotine patches in relation to genotype in women versus men: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2004; 328: 989–90.
  • Vogt F, Hall S, Marteau TM. General practitioners' beliefs about effectiveness and intentions to prescribe smoking cessation medications: qualitative and quantitative studies. BMC Public Health 2006; 6: 277.
  • Thorndike AN, Biener L, Rigotti NA. Effect on smoking cessation of switching nicotine replacement therapy to over-the-counter-status. Am J Public Health 2002; 92: 437–42.