Is screening for microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes feasible in the Cape Town public sector primary care context? A cost and consequence study

References

• Bradshaw D, Norman R, Schneider M. A clarion call for action based on refined DALY estimates for South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2007;97(6):438–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Diabetes Foundation. Diabetes atlas. 3rd ed. Brussels: International Diabetes Foundation; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Mollentze W, Levitt N. Diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in South Africa. In: Steyn K, Fourie J, Temple N, editors. Chronic diseases of lifestyle in South Africa: 1995–2005. Cape Town: South African Medical Research Council, 2006; p. 109–121.
   Google Scholar
• Matsha TE, Hassan MS, Kidd M, Erasmus RT. The 30-year cardiovascular risk profile of South Africans with diagnosed diabetes, undiagnosed diabetes, pre-diabetes or normoglycaemia: Bellville, South Africa pilot study. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2012;23(1):5–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diabetes. World Health Organization [homepage on the Internet]. 2008. c2008. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/
   Google Scholar
• Mathew T, Corso O. Early detection of chronic kidney disease in Australia: which way to go? Nephrology (Carlton). 2009;14(4):367–373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chronic Kidney Disease Prognosis Consortium, Matsushita K, van der Velde M, et al. Association of estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in general population cohorts: a collaborative meta-analysis. Lancet. 2010;375(9731):2073–2081.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerstain HC, Mann JF, Yi Q, et al. Albuminuria and risk of cardiovascular events, death and heart failure in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. JAMA. 2001;286(4):421–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer AJ, Valentine WJ, Chan R, et al. A health economic analysis of screening and optimal treatment of nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension in the USA. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23(4):1216–1223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glassock RJ. Should microalbuminuria ever be considered as a renal endpoint in any clinical trial? Am J Nephrol. 2010;31(5):462–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weir MR, Bakris GL. Should microalbuminuria ever be considered as a renal endpoint in any clinical trial? Am J Nephrol. 2010;31(5):469–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National guidelines: new revised guidelines for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependant diabetes mellitus) at primary healthcare level in South Africa. SEMDSA [homepage on the Internet]. c2008. Available from: http://www.semdsa.org.za/dessa/information.htm
   Google Scholar
• IDF African Region Task Force. Type 2 diabetes clinical practice guidelines for Sub-Saharan Africa. Dar es Salaam: International Diabetes Federation Africa Region; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. Type 2 diabetes: national clinical guideline for management in primary and secondary care (update). London: Royal College of Physicians; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Martell R, Van Vuuren U. Metro District Health Services Diabetic Audit 2005–2007. Cape Town: Provincial Government of the Western Cape; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Mash B, Levitt N, Van Vuuren U, Martell R. Improving the diabetic annual review in primary care: an appreciative inquiry in the Cape Town District Health Services. S Afr Fam Pract. 2008;50(5): 50–50d.
   Google Scholar
• Rippin JD, Barnett AH, Bain SC. Cost-effective strategies in the prevention of diabetic nephropathy. Pharmacoeconomics. 2004;22(1):9–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services. United States Renal Data System (USRDS). 2007 Annual Data Report. Bethesda: National Institutes of Health; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Scheid DC, McCarthy LH, Lawler FH, et al. Screening for microalbuminuria to prevent nephropathy in patients with diabetes: a systematic review of the evidence. J Fam Pract. 2001;50(8):661–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li R, Zhang P, Barker LE, et al. Cost-effectiveness of interventions to prevent and control diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(8):1872–1894.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar