4,807
Views
64
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Bloodstream infections after solid-organ transplantation

&
Pages 329-340 | Received 12 Oct 2015, Accepted 02 Jan 2016, Published online: 09 Feb 2016

References

  • Green M. Introduction: Infections in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2013; 13 Suppl 4:3-8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12093
  • Kim WR, Lake JR, Smith JM, Skeans MA, Schladt DP, Edwards EB, Harper AM, Wainright JL, Snyder JJ, Israni AK, et al. OPTN/SRTR 2013 Annual Data Report: liver. Am J Transplant. 2015; 15 Suppl 2:1-28; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajt.13197
  • Matas AJ, Smith JM, Skeans MA, Thompson B, Gustafson SK, Stewart DE, Cherikh WS, Wainright JL, Boyle G, Snyder JJ, et al. OPTN/SRTR 2013 Annual Data Report: kidney. Am J Transplant. 2015; 15 Suppl 2:1-34; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajt.13195
  • Singh N, Paterson DL, Gayowski T, Wagener MM, Marino IR. Predicting bacteremia and bacteremic mortality in liver transplant recipients. Liver Transplant 2000; 6(1):54-61.
  • Rodriguez C, Munoz P, Rodriguez-Creixems M, Yanez JF, Palomo J, Bouza E. Bloodstream infections among heart transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2006; 81(3):384-91; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.tp.0000188953.86035.2d
  • Husain S, Chan KM, Palmer SM, Hadjiliadis D, Humar A, McCurry KR, Wagener MM, Singh N. Bacteremia in lung transplant recipients in the current era. Am J Transplant 2006; 6(12):3000-7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01565.x
  • Moreno A, Cervera C, Gavalda J, Rovira M, de la Camara R, Jarque I, Montejo M, de la Torre-Cisneros J, Miguel Cisneros J, Fortún J, et al. Bloodstream infections among transplant recipients: results of a nationwide surveillance in Spain. Am J Transplant 2007; 7(11):2579-86; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.01964.x
  • Shao M, Wan Q, Xie W, Ye Q. Bloodstream infections among solid organ transplant recipients: epidemiology, microbiology, associated risk factors for morbility and mortality. Transplant Rev 2014; 28(4):176-81; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trre.2014.02.001
  • Kim SI, Kim YJ, Jun YH, Wie SH, Kim YR, Choi JY, Yoon SK, Moon IS, Kim DG, Lee MD, et al. Epidemiology and risk factors for bacteremia in 144 consecutive living-donor liver transplant recipients. Yonsei Med J 2009; 50(1):112-21; http://dx.doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2009.50.1.112
  • Iida T, Kaido T, Yagi S, Yoshizawa A, Hata K, Mizumoto M, Mori A, Ogura Y, Oike F, Uemoto S. Posttransplant bacteremia in adult living donor liver transplant recipients. Liver Transplant 2010; 16(12):1379-85; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lt.22165
  • Hsu J, Andes DR, Knasinski V, Pirsch J, Safdar N. Statins are associated with improved outcomes of bloodstream infection in solid-organ transplant recipients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009; 28(11):1343-51; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-009-0787-4
  • Wagener MM, Yu VL. Bacteremia in transplant recipients: a prospective study of demographics, etiologic agents, risk factors, and outcomes. Am J Infect Control. 1992; 20(5):239-47; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0196-6553(05)80197-X
  • Wade JJ, Rolando N, Hayllar K, Philpott-Howard J, Casewell MW, Williams R. Bacterial and fungal infections after liver transplantation: an analysis of 284 patients. Hepatology. 1995; 21(5):1328-36; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.1840210517
  • Candel FJ, Grima E, Matesanz M, Cervera C, Soto G, Almela M, Martínez JA, Navasa M, Cofán F, Ricart MJ, et al. Bacteremia and septic shock after solid-organ transplantation. Transplant Proc 2005; 37(9):4097-9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.09.181
  • Dharnidharka VR, Stablein DM, Harmon WE. Post-transplant infections now exceed acute rejection as cause for hospitalization: a report of the NAPRTCS. Am J Transplant. 2004; 4(3):384-9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2004.00350.x
  • Kutinova A, Woodward RS, Ricci JF, Brennan DC. The incidence and costs of sepsis and pneumonia before and after renal transplantation in the United States. Am J Transplant. 2006; 6(1):129-39; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.01156.x
  • Bonvillain RW, Valentine VG, Lombard G, LaPlace S, Dhillon G, Wang G. Post-operative infections in cystic fibrosis and non-cystic fibrosis patients after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2007; 26(9):890-7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2007.07.002
  • Gavalda J, Meije Y, Fortun J, Roilides E, Saliba F, Lortholary O, Muñoz P, Grossi P, Cuenca-Estrella M; ESCMID Study Group for Infections in Compromised Hosts. Invasive fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20 Suppl 7:27-48; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12660
  • Tolkoff-Rubin NE, Rubin RH. The infectious disease problems of the diabetic renal transplant recipient. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1995; 9(1):117-30.
  • Ison MG, Nalesnik MA. An update on donor-derived disease transmission in organ transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2011; 11(6):1123-30; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03493.x
  • Len O, Gavalda J, Blanes M, Montejo M, San Juan R, Moreno A, Carratalà J, de la Torre-Cisneros J, Bou G, Cordero E, et al. Donor infection and transmission to the recipient of a solid allograft. Am J Transplant. 2008; 8(11):2420-5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02397.x
  • Ison MG, Grossi P, Practice ASTIDCo. Donor-derived infections in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2013; 13 Suppl 4:22-30; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12095
  • Sifri CD, Ison MG. Highly resistant bacteria and donor-derived infections: treading in uncharted territory. Transplant Infect Dis 2012; 14(3):223-8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3062.2012.00752.x
  • Goldberg E, Bishara J, Lev S, Singer P, Cohen J. Organ transplantation from a donor colonized with a multidrug-resistant organism: a case report. Transplant Infect Dis 2012; 14(3):296-9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3062.2011.00697.x
  • Martins N, Martins IS, de Freitas WV, de Matos JA, Magalhaes AC, Girao VB, Dias RC, de Souza TC, Pellegrino FL, Costa LD, et al. Severe infection in a lung transplant recipient caused by donor-transmitted carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Transplant Infect Dis 2012; 14(3):316-20; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3062.2011.00701.x
  • Kusne S, Dummer JS, Singh N, Iwatsuki S, Makowka L, Esquivel C, Tzakis AG, Starzl TE, Ho M. Infections after liver transplantation. An analysis of 101 consecutive cases. Medicine 1988; 67(2):132-43; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005792-198803000-00006
  • Unal B, Gonultas F, Aydin C, Otan E, Kayaalp C, Yilmaz S. Hepatic artery thrombosis-related risk factors after living donor liver transplantation: single-center experience from Turkey. Transplant Proc 2013; 45(3):974-7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.02.070
  • Golebiewska JE, Debska-Slizien A, Rutkowski B. Urinary tract infections during the first year after renal transplantation: one center's experience and a review of the literature. Clin Transplant 2014; 28(11):1263-70; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ctr.12465
  • Florescu DF, Kalil AC, Qiu F, Schmidt CM, Sandkovsky U. What is the impact of hypogammaglobulinemia on the rate of infections and survival in solid organ transplantation? A meta-analysis. Am J Transplant. 2013; 13(10):2601-10; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12401
  • Mathiesen T, Brattstrom C, Andersson J, Linde A, Ljungman P, Wahren B. Immunoglobulin G subclasses and lymphocyte stimulatory responses to cytomegalovirus in transplant patients with primary cytomegalovirus infections. J Med Virol 1992; 36(1):65-9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.1890360113
  • Tarzi MD, Grigoriadou S, Carr SB, Kuitert LM, Longhurst HJ. Clinical immunology review series: An approach to the management of pulmonary disease in primary antibody deficiency. Clin Exp Immunol 2009; 155(2):147-55; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03851.x
  • Schmaldienst S, Horl WH. Bacterial infections during immunosuppression - immunosuppressive agents interfere not only with immune response, but also with polymorphonuclear cell function. Nephrol, Dialysis, Transplant 1996; 11(7):1243-5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/11.7.1243
  • Linares L, Garcia-Goez JF, Cervera C, Almela M, Sanclemente G, Cofan F, Ricart MJ, Navasa M, Moreno A. Early bacteremia after solid organ transplantation. Transplant Proc 2009; 41(6):2262-4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.06.079
  • Bodro M, Sabe N, Tubau F, Llado L, Baliellas C, Roca J, Cruzado JM, Carratalà J. Risk factors and outcomes of bacteremia caused by drug-resistant ESKAPE pathogens in solid-organ transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2013; 96(9):843-9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TP.0b013e3182a049fd
  • Johnson LE, D'Agata EM, Paterson DL, Clarke L, Qureshi ZA, Potoski BA, Peleg AY. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia over a 10-year period: multidrug resistance and outcomes in transplant recipients. Transplant Infect Dis 2009; 11(3):227-34; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3062.2009.00380.x
  • Chuang P, Parikh CR, Langone A. Urinary tract infections after renal transplantation: a retrospective review at two US transplant centers. Clin Transplant 2005; 19(2):230-5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0012.2005.00327.x
  • Lapchik MS, Castelo Filho A, Pestana JO, Silva Filho AP, Wey SB. Risk factors for nosocomial urinary tract and postoperative wound infections in renal transplant patients: a matched-pair case-control study. J Urol 1992; 147(4):994-8.
  • Al-Hasan MN, Razonable RR, Eckel-Passow JE, Baddour LM. Incidence rate and outcome of Gram-negative bloodstream infection in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant. 2009; 9(4):835-43; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02559.x
  • Silva M, Jr., Marra AR, Pereira CA, Medina-Pestana JO, Camargo LF. Bloodstream infection after kidney transplantation: epidemiology, microbiology, associated risk factors, and outcome. Transplantation 2010; 90(5):581-7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TP.0b013e3181e8a680
  • Abbott KC, Oliver JD, 3rd, Hypolite I, Lepler LL, Kirk AD, Ko CW, Hawkes CA, Jones CA, Agodoa LY. Hospitalizations for bacterial septicemia after renal transplantation in the united states. Am J Nephrol 2001; 21(2):120-7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000046234
  • Wu SW, Liu KS, Lin CK, Hung TW, Tsai HC, Chang HR, Lian JD. Community-acquired urinary tract infection in kidney transplantation: risk factors for bacteremia and recurrent infection. J Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi 2013; 112(3):138-43; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2012.01.010
  • van Hal SJ, Marriott DJ, Chen SC, Nguyen Q, Sorrell TC, Ellis DH, Slavin MA; Australian Candidaemia Study. Candidemia following solid organ transplantation in the era of antifungal prophylaxis: the Australian experience. Transplant Infect Dis 2009; 11(2):122-7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3062.2009.00371.x
  • Daskalaki E, Koukoulaki M, Bakalis A, Papastamopoulos V, Belesiotou E, Perivolioti E, Skoutelis A, Drakopoulos S. Blood stream infections in renal transplant recipients: a single-center study. Transplant Proc 2014; 46(9):3191-3; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2014.10.033
  • Vidal E, Torre-Cisneros J, Blanes M, Montejo M, Cervera C, Aguado JM, Len O, Carratalá J, Cordero E, Bou G, et al. Bacterial urinary tract infection after solid organ transplantation in the RESITRA cohort. Transplant Infect Dis 2012; 14(6):595-603; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3062.2012.00744.x
  • Pinheiro HS, Mituiassu AM, Carminatti M, Braga AM, Bastos MG. Urinary tract infection caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing bacteria in kidney transplant patients. Transplant Proc 2010; 42(2):486-7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.02.002
  • Freire MP, Abdala E, Moura ML, de Paula FJ, Spadao F, Caiaffa-Filho HH, David-Neto E, Nahas WC, Pierrotti LC. Risk factors and outcome of infections with Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae in kidney transplant recipients. Infection. 2015; 43(3):315-23; http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15010-015-0743-4
  • Bucheli E, Kralidis G, Boggian K, Cusini A, Garzoni C, Manuel O, Meylan PR, Mueller NJ, Khanna N, van Delden C, et al. Impact of enterococcal colonization and infection in solid organ transplantation recipients from the Swiss transplant cohort study. Transplant Infect Dis 2014; 16(1):26-36; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tid.12168
  • Parasuraman R, Julian K, Practice ASTIDCo. Urinary tract infections in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2013; 13 Suppl 4:327-36; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajt.12124
  • Green H, Rahamimov R, Gafter U, Leibovitci L, Paul M. Antibiotic prophylaxis for urinary tract infections in renal transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transplant Infect Dis 2011; 13(5):441-7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3062.2011.00644.x
  • Rafat C, Vimont S, Ancel PY, Xu-Dubois YC, Mesnard L, Ouali N, Denis M, Vandewalle A, Rondeau E, Hertig A. Ofloxacin: new applications for the prevention of urinary tract infections in renal graft recipients. Transplant Infect Dis 2011; 13(4):344-52; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3062.2011.00602.x
  • El Amari EB, Hadaya K, Buhler L, Berney T, Rohner P, Martin PY, Mentha G, van Delden C. Outcome of treated and untreated asymptomatic bacteriuria in renal transplant recipients. Nephrol, Dialysis, Transplant 2011; 26(12):4109-14; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfr198
  • Hashimoto M, Sugawara Y, Tamura S, Kaneko J, Matsui Y, Togashi J, Makuuchi M. Bloodstream infection after living donor liver transplantation. Scandinavian J Infect Dis 2008; 40(6-7):509-16; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00365540701824116
  • Nieto-Rodriguez JA, Kusne S, Manez R, Irish W, Linden P, Magnone M, Wing EJ, Fung JJ, Starzl TE. Factors associated with the development of candidemia and candidemia-related death among liver transplant recipients. Ann Surgery 1996; 223(1):70-6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000658-199601000-00010
  • Bert F, Larroque B, Paugam-Burtz C, Janny S, Durand F, Dondero F, Valla DC, Belghiti J, Moreau R, Nicolas-Chanoine MH. Microbial epidemiology and outcome of bloodstream infections in liver transplant recipients: an analysis of 259 episodes. Liver Transplant 2010; 16(3):393-401.
  • Shi SH, Kong HS, Xu J, Zhang WJ, Jia CK, Wang WL, Shen Y, Zhang M, Zheng SS. Multidrug resistant gram-negative bacilli as predominant bacteremic pathogens in liver transplant recipients. Transplant Infect Dis 2009; 11(5):405-12; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3062.2009.00421.x
  • Singh N, Gayowski T, Wagener MM, Marino IR. Bloodstream infections in liver transplant recipients receiving tacrolimus. Clin Transplant 1997; 11(4):275-81.
  • Pappas PG, Alexander BD, Andes DR, Hadley S, Kauffman CA, Freifeld A, Anaissie EJ, Brumble LM, Herwaldt L, Ito J, et al. Invasive fungal infections among organ transplant recipients: results of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET). Clin Infect Dis. 2010; 50(8):1101-11; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/651262
  • Husain S, Tollemar J, Dominguez EA, Baumgarten K, Humar A, Paterson DL, Wagener MM, Kusne S, Singh N. Changes in the spectrum and risk factors for invasive candidiasis in liver transplant recipients: prospective, multicenter, case-controlled study. Transplantation 2003; 75(12):2023-9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.TP.0000065178.93741.72
  • Giannella M, Bartoletti M, Morelli MC, Tedeschi S, Cristini F, Tumietto F, Pasqualini E, Danese I, Campoli C, Lauria ND, et al. Risk factors for infection with carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae after liver transplantation: the importance of pre- and posttransplant colonization. Am J Transplant. 2015; 15(6):1708-15; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajt.13136
  • Cervera C, van Delden C, Gavalda J, Welte T, Akova M, Carratala J, ESCMID Study Group for Infections in Compromised Hosts. Multidrug-resistant bacteria in solid organ transplant recipients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014; 20 Suppl 7:49-73; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12687
  • Russell DL, Flood A, Zaroda TE, Acosta C, Riley MM, Busuttil RW, Pegues DA. Outcomes of colonization with MRSA and VRE among liver transplant candidates and recipients. Am J Transplant. 2008; 8(8):1737-43; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02304.x
  • Palmer SM, Alexander BD, Sanders LL, Edwards LJ, Reller LB, Davis RD, Tapson VF. Significance of blood stream infection after lung transplantation: analysis in 176 consecutive patients. Transplantation 2000; 69(11):2360-6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007890-200006150-00025
  • Danziger-Isakov LA, Sweet S, Delamorena M, Huddleston CB, Mendeloff E, Debaun MR. Epidemiology of bloodstream infections in the first year after pediatric lung transplantation. Pediatric Infect Dis J 2005; 24(4):324-30; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.inf.0000157089.42020.41
  • Aris RM, Routh JC, LiPuma JJ, Heath DG, Gilligan PH. Lung transplantation for cystic fibrosis patients with Burkholderia cepacia complex. Survival linked to genomovar type. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164(11):2102-6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.164.11.2107022
  • Fauroux B, Hart N, Belfar S, Boule M, Tillous-Borde I, Bonnet D, Bingen E, Clément A. Burkholderia cepacia is associated with pulmonary hypertension and increased mortality among cystic fibrosis patients. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42(12):5537-41; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.42.12.5537-5541.2004
  • De Soyza A, Meachery G, Hester KL, Nicholson A, Parry G, Tocewicz K, Pillay T, Clark S, Lordan JL, Schueler S, et al. Lung transplantation for patients with cystic fibrosis and Burkholderia cepacia complex infection: a single-center experience. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2010; 29(12):1395-404; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healun.2010.06.007
  • Alexander BD, Petzold EW, Reller LB, Palmer SM, Davis RD, Woods CW, Lipuma JJ. Survival after lung transplantation of cystic fibrosis patients infected with Burkholderia cepacia complex. Am J Transplant. 2008; 8(5):1025-30; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02186.x
  • Chaparro C, Maurer J, Gutierrez C, Krajden M, Chan C, Winton T, Keshavjee S, Scavuzzo M, Tullis E, Hutcheon M, et al. Infection with Burkholderia cepacia in cystic fibrosis: outcome following lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001; 163(1):43-8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.163.1.9811076
  • Mahenthiralingam E, Vandamme P, Campbell ME, Henry DA, Gravelle AM, Wong LT, Davidson AG, Wilcox PG, Nakielna B, Speert DP. Infection with Burkholderia cepacia complex genomovars in patients with cystic fibrosis: virulent transmissible strains of genomovar III can replace Burkholderia multivorans. Clin Infect Dis. 2001; 33(9):1469-75; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/322684
  • Zhou J, Chen Y, Tabibi S, Alba L, Garber E, Saiman L. Antimicrobial susceptibility and synergy studies of Burkholderia cepacia complex isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis. Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy 2007; 51(3):1085-8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00954-06
  • Nash EF, Coonar A, Kremer R, Tullis E, Hutcheon M, Singer LG, Keshavjee S, Chaparro C. Survival of Burkholderia cepacia sepsis following lung transplantation in recipients with cystic fibrosis. Transplant Infect Dis 2010; 12(6):551-4; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3062.2010.00525.x
  • Poston RS, Husain S, Sorce D, Stanford E, Kusne S, Wagener M, Griffith BP, Kormos RL. LVAD bloodstream infections: therapeutic rationale for transplantation after LVAD infection. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2003; 22(8):914-21; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1053-2498(02)00645-9
  • Healy AH, Baird BC, Drakos SG, Stehlik J, Selzman CH. Impact of ventricular assist device complications on posttransplant survival: an analysis of the United network of organ sharing database. Ann Thoracic Surgery 2013; 95(3):870-5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.10.080
  • Aslam S, Hernandez M, Thornby J, Zeluff B, Darouiche RO. Risk factors and outcomes of fungal ventricular-assist device infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2010; 50(5):664-71; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/650454
  • Singh RP, Farney AC, Rogers J, Ashcraft E, Hart L, Doares W, Hartmann EL, Reeves-Daniel A, Adams PL, Stratta RJ. Analysis of bacteremia after pancreatic transplantation with enteric drainage. Transplant Proc 2008; 40(2):506-9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.02.015
  • Kawecki D, Kwiatkowski A, Michalak G, Sawicka-Grzelak A, Mlynarczyk A, Sokol-Leszczynska B, Kot K, Czerwinski J, Lisik W, Bieniasz M, et al. Etiologic agents of bacteremia in the early period after simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation. Transplant Proc 2009; 41(8):3151-3; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.07.064
  • Sigurdsson L, Reyes J, Kocoshis SA, Mazariegos G, Abu-Elmagd K, Green M. Bacteremia after intestinal transplantation in children correlates temporally with rejection or gastrointestinal lymphoproliferative disease. Transplantation 2000; 70(2):302-5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007890-200007270-00011
  • Akhter K, Timpone J, Matsumoto C, Fishbein T, Kaufman S, Kumar P. Six-month incidence of bloodstream infections in intestinal transplant patients. Transplant Infect Dis 2012; 14(3):242-7.
  • O'Grady NP, Alexander M, Burns LA, Dellinger EP, Garland J, Heard SO, Lipsett PA, Masur H, Mermel LA, Pearson ML, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Am J Infect Control 2011; 39(4 Suppl 1):S1-34; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2011.01.003
  • Hooton TM, Bradley SF, Cardenas DD, Colgan R, Geerlings SE, Rice JC, Saint S, Schaeffer AJ, Tambayh PA, Tenke P, et al. Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infection in adults: 2009 International Clinical Practice Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010; 50(5):625-63; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/650482
  • American Thoracic S, Infectious Diseases Society of A. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005; 171(4):388-416; http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200405-644ST
  • O'Grady NP, Alexander M, Burns LA, Dellinger EP, Garland J, Heard SO, Lipsett PA, Masur H, Mermel LA, Pearson ML, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2011; 52(9):e162-93; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cir257
  • Bouza E, Burillo A, Guembe M. Managing intravascular catheter-related infections in heart transplant patients: how far can we apply IDSA guidelines for immunocompromised patients? Current opinion in infectious diseases. 2011; 24(4):302-8.
  • Choi SU, Lee JH, Oh CK, Shin GT, Kim H, Kim SJ, Kim SI. Clinical significance of prophylactic antibiotics in renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 2013; 45(4):1392-5; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.10.059
  • Singh N, Squier C, Wannstedt C, Keyes L, Wagener MM, Cacciarelli TV. Impact of an aggressive infection control strategy on endemic Staphylococcus aureus infection in liver transplant recipients. Infect Control Hospital Epidemiol. 2006; 27(2):122-6; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/500651
  • Raakow R, Steffen R, Lefebre B, Bechstein WO, Blumhardt G, Neuhaus P. Selective bowel decontamination effectively prevents gram-negative bacterial infections after liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 1990; 22(4):1556-7.
  • Arnow PM. Prevention of bacterial infection in the transplant recipient. The role of selective bowel decontamination. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1995; 9(4):849-62.
  • Badger IL CH, Kong KL, et al. Is selective bowel decontamination of the digestive tract beneficial in liver transplant patients? Interim results of a prospective, randomized trial. Transplant Proc 1991 Feb; 23(1 Pt 2):1460-1.
  • Smith SD, Jackson RJ, Hannakan CJ, Wadowsky RM, Tzakis AG, Rowe MI. Selective decontamination in pediatric liver transplants. A randomized prospective study. Transplantation. 1993; 55(6):1306-9; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007890-199306000-00018
  • Sanchez Garcia M, Cambronero Galache JA, Lopez Diaz J, Cerda Cerda E, Rubio Blasco J, Gomez Aguinaga MA, Núnez Reiz A, Rogero Marín S, Onoro Canaveral JJ, Sacristán del Castillo JA. Effectiveness and cost of selective decontamination of the digestive tract in critically ill intubated patients. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998; 158(3):908-16; http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.158.3.9712079
  • Aguilar-Guisado M, Givalda J, Ussetti P, Ramos A, Morales P, Blanes M, Bou G, de la Torre-Cisneros J, Román A, Borro JM, et al. Pneumonia after lung transplantation in the RESITRA Cohort: a multicenter prospective study. Am J Transplant. 2007; 7(8):1989-96; PMID:17617864; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-6143.2007.01882.x
  • Tolkoff-Rubin NE, Cosimi AB, Russell PS, Rubin RH. A controlled study of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis of urinary tract infection in renal transplant recipients. Rev Infect Dis 1982; 4(2):614-8; PMID:7051249; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinids/4.2.614
  • Fox BC, Sollinger HW, Belzer FO, Maki DG. A prospective, randomized, double-blind study of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for prophylaxis of infection in renal transplantation: clinical efficacy, absorption of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, effects on the microflora, and the cost-benefit of prophylaxis. Am J Med 1990; 89(3):255-74; PMID:2118307; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(90)90337-D
  • Vidal E, Cervera C, Cordero E, Arminanzas C, Carratala J, Cisneros JM, et al. Management of urinary tract infection in solid organ transplant recipients: Consensus statement of the Group for the Study of Infection in Transplant Recipients (GESITRA) of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC) and the Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI). Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2015 Dec;33(10):680-7.
  • Tissot F, Pascual M, Hullin R, Yerly P, Tozzi P, Meylan P, Manuel O. Impact of targeted antifungal prophylaxis in heart transplant recipients at high risk for early invasive fungal infection. Transplantation. 2014; 97(11):1192-7; PMID:24521774; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.tp.0000441088.01723.ee
  • Fortun J, Martin-Davila P, Montejo M, Munoz P, Cisneros JM, Ramos A, Aragón C, Blanes M, San Juan R, Gavaldá J, et al. Prophylaxis with caspofungin for invasive fungal infections in high-risk liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 2009; 87(3):424-35; PMID:19202450; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/TP.0b013e3181932e76
  • Silveira FP, Kusne S, Practice ASTIDCo. Candida infections in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2013; 13 Suppl 4:220-7; PMID:23465015

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.