Burmese injecting drug users in Yunnan play a pivotal role in the cross-border transmission of HIV-1 in the China-Myanmar border region

References

• Beyrer C, Razak MH, Lisam K, et al. Overland heroin trafficking routes and HIV-1 spread in south and south-east Asia. AIDS. 2000;14:75–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou YH, Liang YB, Pang W, et al. Diverse forms of HIV-1 among Burmese long-distance truck drivers imply their contribution to HIV-1 cross-border transmission. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pang W, Zhang C, Duo L, et al. Extensive and complex HIV-1 recombination between B’, C and CRF01_AE among IDUs in south-east Asia. AIDS. 2012;26:1121–1129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han X, An M, Zhao B, et al. High prevalence of HIV-1 intersubtype B’/C recombinants among injecting drug users in Dehong, China. PLoS One. 2013;8:e65337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen X, Ye M, Duo L, et al. First description of two new HIV-1 recombinant forms CRF82_cpx and CRF83_cpx among drug users in Northern Myanmar. Virulence. 2017;8:497–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang R, Xia X, Kusagawa S, et al. On-going generation of multiple forms of HIV-1 intersubtype recombinants in the Yunnan Province of China. AIDS. 2002;16:1401–1407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu Y, Wan Z, Zhou YH, et al. Identification of two new HIV-1 circulating recombinant forms (CRF87_cpx and CRF88_BC) from reported unique recombinant forms in Asia. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2017;33:353–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miao J, Ran J, Song Y, et al. Characterization of a Novel HIV-1 circulating recombinant form, CRF01_AE/B’/C (CRF96_cpx), in Yunnan, China. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2018;34:393–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tee KK, Pybus OG, Li XJ, et al. Temporal and spatial dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 circulating recombinant forms 08_BC and 07_BC in Asia. J Virol. 2008;82:9206–9215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Zhang C. Phylogeographic analyses reveal a crucial role of Xinjiang in HIV-1 CRF07_BC and HCV 3a transmissions in Asia. PLoS One. 2011;6:e23347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takebe Y, Liao H, Hase S, et al. Reconstructing the epidemic history of HIV-1 circulating recombinant forms CRF07_BC and CRF08_BC in East Asia: the relevance of genetic diversity and phylodynamics for vaccine strategies. Vaccine. 2010;28(Suppl 2):B39–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen X, Ye M, Pang W, et al. First Appearance of HIV-1 CRF07_BC and CRF08_BC Outside China. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2017;33:74–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Assanangkornchai S, Duo L, et al. Risk behaviors, prevalence of HIV and hepatitis C virus infection and population size of current injection drug users in a China-Myanmar border city: results from a Respondent-Driven Sampling Survey in 2012. PLoS One. 2014;9:e106899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. UNAIDS report on the global AIDS epidemic [Internet]. 2013 [ cited 2018 Jun 18]. Available from: http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_Global_Report_2013_en_1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Liu J, Jia Y, Xu Q, et al. Phylodynamics of HIV-1 unique recombinant forms in China–myanmar border: implication for HIV-1 transmission to Myanmar from Dehong, China. Infect Genet Evol. 2012;12:1944–1948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao F 39th meeting of the UNAIDS programme coordinating board. Joint united nations programme on HIV/AIDS; Geneva: 2016 [ cited 2017 Oct 18]. Available from: http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/PCB-39_Yunnan-Province-vice-governor_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Wang B, Liang Y, et al. Phylogenetic characteristics of HIV‐1 among travelers entering China from Myanmar: a retrospective study. J Med Virol. 2017;89:1404–1411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruan Y, Duo L, Li ZL, et al. The epidemiological study on cross border situation of Myanmar drug users in Ruili city. J Dermatol Venereol. 2011;33:257–9,311. (In Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Li L, Assanangkornchai S, Duo L, et al. Cross-border activities and association with current methamphetamine use among Chinese injection drug users (IDUs) in a China–myanmar border region. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;138:48–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan Z, Chen Q, Chen X, et al. HCV diversity among chinese and burmese IDUs in Dehong, Yunnan, China. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0163062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tee KK, Kantor R, Sungkanuparph S, et al. Transmission networks of HIV-1 among men who have sex with men in east and Southeast Asia. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1999;2015(70):e28–30.
   Google Scholar
• Frentz D, Wensing AM, Albert J, et al. Limited cross-border infections in patients newly diagnosed with HIV in Europe. Retrovirology. 2013;10:36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta SR, Delport W, Brouwer KC, et al. The relatedness of HIV epidemics in the United States–mexico border region. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2010;26:1273–1277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta SR, Wertheim JO, Brouwer KC, et al. HIV transmission networks in the San Diego-Tijuana Border Region. EBioMedicine. 2015;2:1456–1463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He N, Detels R. The HIV epidemic in China: history, response, and challenge. Cell Res. 2005;15:825–832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Z, Sullivan SG, Wang Y, et al. Evolution of China’s response to HIV/AIDS. Lancet. 2007;369:679–690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun X, Lu F, Wu Z, et al. Evolution of information-driven HIV/AIDS policies in China. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39(Suppl 2):ii4–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Yap L, Xun Z, et al. Needle and syringe programs in Yunnan, China yield health and financial return. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng XW. A preliminary study on the behavior of 225 drug abusers and the risk factors of HIV infection in Ruili county Yunnan Province. Chin J Epidemiol. 1991;12: 12–14. (In Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Wang B, Liang Y, Feng Y, et al. Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection in the last decade among entry travelers in Yunnan Province, China. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang YC, Jin ZY, Tang RH, et al. A cohort study of HIV incidence among injecting drug users in Dehong Prefecture, Yunnan Province. Chin J Prev Med. 2016;50:966–970. (In Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Zhou YH, Liu FL, Yao ZH, et al. Comparison of HIV-, HBV-, HCV- and co-infection prevalence between Chinese and Burmese intravenous drug users of the China-Myanmar border region. PLoS One. 2011;6:e16349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou YH, Chen X, Liang YB, et al. Near full-length identification of a Novel HIV-1 CRF01_AE/B/C recombinant in Northern Myanmar. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2015;31:845–850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang C, Yang R, Xia X, et al. High prevalence of HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus coinfection among injection drug users in the southeastern region of Yunnan, China. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1999;2002(29):191–196.
   Google Scholar
• Chen X, Duo L, Ye M, et al. Non-chinese immigrants: challenge faced by yunnan of china to achieve the 90–90–90 goals. Virol Sin. 2018;33:291–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen X, Zhu L, Zhou YH, et al. Factors associated with needle sharing among people who inject drugs in Yunnan, China: a combined network and regression analysis. Infect Dis Poverty. 2016;5:73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragonnet-Cronin M, Hodcroft E, Hué S, et al. Automated analysis of phylogenetic clusters. BMC Bioinformatics. 2013;14:317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose R, Lamers SL, Dollar JJ, et al. Identifying transmission clusters with Cluster Picker and HIV-TRACE. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2017;33:211–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar