Ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, and aminoglycosides stimulate genetic and phenotypic changes in uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains

References

• Mann R, Mediati DG, Duggin IG, et al. Metabolic adaptations of uropathogenic e. coli in the urinary tract. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2017;7:241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terlizzi ME, Gribaudo G, Maffei ME. UroPathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) infections: virulence factors, bladder responses, antibiotic, and non-antibiotic antimicrobial strategies. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:1566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson GG, Dodson KW, Hooton TM, et al. Intracellular bacterial communities of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in urinary tract pathogenesis. Trends Microbiol. 2004;12:424–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Justice SS, Hung C, Theriot JA, et al. Differentiation and developmental pathways of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in urinary tract pathogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:1333–1338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiles TJ, Kulesus RR, Mulvey MA. Origins and virulence mechanisms of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Exp Mol Pathol. 2008;85(1):11–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunstad DA, Justice SS. Intracellular lifestyles and immune evasion strategies of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2010;64:203–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson JR, Johnston B, Kuskowski MA, et al. Intensity and mechanisms of Fluoroquinolone resistance within the H30 and H30Rx Subclones of Escherichia coli sequence type 131 compared with other Fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(8):4471–4480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder M, Brooks BD, Brooks AE. The complex relationship between virulence and antibiotic resistance. Genes (Basel). 2017 18;8(1):39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohde AM, Wiese-Posselt M, Zweigner J, et al. High admission prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance in third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in German university hospitals. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;73(6):1688–1691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewardson AJ, Vervoort J, Adriaenssens N, et al. Effect of outpatient antibiotics for urinary tract infections on antimicrobial resistance among commensal Enterobacteriaceae: a multinational prospective cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018;24(9):972–979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trautner BW. Fluoroquinolones for urinary tract infection and within-household spread of resistant Enterobacteriaceae: the smoking gun. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018;24(9):929–930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tchesnokova VL, Rechkina E, Larson L, et al. Rapid and extensive expansion in the U.S. of a new multidrug-resistant escherichia coli clonal group, sequence type ST1193. Clin Infect Dis. 2018. DOI:10.1093/cid/ciy525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gumus D, Yoruk E, Kalayci-Yuksek F, et al. The effects of insulin and glucose on different characteristics of a upec: alterations in growth rate and expression levels of some virulence genes. Clin Lab. 2017;63(10):1589–1597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gumus D, Kalayci-Yuksek F, Yoruk E, et al. Alterations of growth rate and gene expression levels of UPEC by antibiotics at sub-MIC. Folia Microbiol. 2018;63(4):451–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamani H, Salehzadeh A. Biofilm formation in uropathogenic Escherichia coli: association with adhesion factor genes. Turk J Med Sci. 2018 23;48(1):162–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mobley HL, Island MD, Massad G. Virulence determinants of uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis. Kidney Int Suppl. 1994;47:S129–36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamamoto S, Terai A, Yuri K, et al. Detection of urovirulence factors in Escherichia coli by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 1995;12(2):85–90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yuri K, Nakata K, Katae H, et al. Distribution of uropathogenic virulence factors among Escherichia coli strains isolated from dogs and cats. Vet Med Sci. 1998;60(3):287–290.
   Google Scholar
• Elena SF, Whittam TS, Winkworth CL, et al. Genomic divergence of Escherichia coli strains: evidence for horizontal transfer and variation in mutation rates. Int Microbiol. 2005;8:271–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luthje P, Brauner A. Virulence factors of uropathogenic E. coli and their interaction with the host. Adv Microb Physiol. 2014;65:337–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kranz J, Schmidt S, Lebert C, et al. Uncomplicated bacterial communityacquired urinary tract infection in adults. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2017;114(50):866–873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kranz J, Schmidt S, Lebert C, et al. The 2017 update of the german clinical guideline on epidemiology, diagnostics, therapy, prevention, and management of uncomplicated urinary tract infections in adult patients. Part II: therapy and prevention. Urol Int. 2018;100(3):271–278.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• EUCAST The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. EUCAST disk diffusion - Manual v 7.0; 2018 [cited 2019 Jan 3].  Available from: http://www.eucast.org/
   Google Scholar
• Mazzulli T. Resistance trends in urinary tract pathogens and impact on management. J Urol. 2002;168:1720–17222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller C, Thomsen LE, Gaggero C, et al. SOS response induction by betalactams and bacterial defense against antibiotic lethality. Science. 2004;305(5690):1629–1631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baharoglu Z, Garriss G, Mazel D. Multiple pathways of genome plasticity leading to development of antibiotic resistance. Antibiotics (Basel). 2013 30;2(2):288–315.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martinez-Martinez L, Fernandez F, Perea EJ. Relationship between haemolysis production and resistance to fluoroquinolones among clinical isolates of Escherichia coli. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999;43:277–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vila J, Simon K, Ruiz J, et al. Are quinolone-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli less virulent? J Infect Dis. 2002;186:1039–1042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horcajada JP, Soto S, Gajewski A, et al. Quinolone-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains from phylogenetic group B2 have fewer virulence factors than their susceptible counterparts. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43(6):2962–2964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adamus-Bialek W, Wojtasik A, Majchrzak M, et al. (CGG)4-based PCR as a Novel Tool for Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Discrimination: comparison with ERIC-PCR. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47(12):3937–3944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies J, Spiegelman GB, Yim G. The world of subinhibitory antibiotic concentrations. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2006;9:445–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adamus-Białek W, Kubiak A, Czerwonka G. Analysis of uropathogenic Escherichia coli biofilm formation under different growth conditions. Acta Biochim Pol. 2015;62(4):765–771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adamus-Bialek W, Lechowicz Ł, Kubiak-Szeligowska A, et al. A new look at the drug-resistance investigation of uropathogenic E. coli strains. Mol Biol Rep. 2017;44(1):191–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soto SM, Jimenez de Anta MT, Vila J. Quinolones induce partial or total loss of pathogenicity islands in uropathogenic Escherichia coli by SOS-dependent or -independent pathways, respectively. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50(2):649–653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhanel GG, Hoban DJ, Harding GK. Subinhibitory antimicrobial concentrations: A review of in vitro and in vivo data. Can J Infect Dis. 1992;3(4):193–201.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goneau LW, Hannan TJ, MacPhee RA, et al. Subinhibitory antibiotic therapy alters recurrent urinary tract infection pathogenesis through modulation of bacterial virulence and host immunity. MBio. 2015 31;6(2).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranieri MR, Whitchurch CB, Burrows LL. Mechanisms of biofilm stimulation by subinhibitory concentrations of antimicrobials. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2018 24;45:164–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odenholt I. Pharmacodynamic effects of subinhibitory antibiotic concentrations. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2001;17:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith DL, Harris AD, Johnson JA, et al. Animal antibiotic use has an early but important impact on the emergence of antibiotic resistance in human commensal bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99:6434–6439.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu X, Susa M, Knabbe C, et al. Development and validation of a diagnostic DNA microarray to detect quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli among clinical isolates. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42(9):4083–4091.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cirz RT, Chin JK, Andes DR, et al. Inhibition of mutation and combating the evolution of antibiotic resistance. PLoS Biol. 2005;3(6):e176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Cespedes J, Saez-Lopez E, Frimodt-Mrller N, et al. Effects of a mutation in the gyrA gene on the virulence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(8):4662–4668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito R, Sato K, Kumita W, et al. Role of type II topoisomerase mutations and AcrAB efflux pump in fluoroquinolone-resistant clinical isolates of Proteus mirabilis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;58(3):673–677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang TM, Lu PL, Li HH, et al. Characterization of fluoroquinolone resistance mechanisms and their correlation with the degree of resistance to clinically used fluoroquinolones among Escherichia coli isolates. J Chemother. 2007;19(5):488–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabrega A, Du Merle L, Le Bouguenec C, et al. Repression of invasion genes and decreased invasion in a high-level fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella typhimurium mutant. PLoS One. 2009;4(11):e8029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marquet A, Vibet MA, Caillon J, et al. Is there an association between use of amoxicillin-clavulanate and resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli at the hospital level? Microb Drug Resist. 2018;24(7):987–994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Yang S, Xu H. The influence of cell and substratum surface hydrophobicities on microbial attachment. J Biotechnol. 2004;110:251–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michalak G, Głuszek K, Piktel E, et al. Polymeric nanoparticles – a novel solution for delivery of antimicrobial agents. Med Stud. 2016;32(1):56–62.
   Google Scholar
• Durkin MJ, Keller M, Butler AM, et al. an assessment of inappropriate antibiotic use and guideline adherence for uncomplicated urinary tract infections. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018 10;5(9):ofy198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacoby GA. AmpC β-Lactamases. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2009;22(1):161–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yayan J, Ghebremedhin B, Rasche K. No development of imipenem resistance in pneumonia caused by Escherichia coli. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94(25):e1020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy S, Singh AK, Viswanathan R, et al. Transmission of imipenem resistance determinants during the course of an outbreak of NDM-1 Escherichia coli in a sick newborn care unit. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(12):2773–2780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fomda BA, Khan A, Zahoor D. NDM-1 (New Delhi metallo beta lactamase-1) producing Gram-negative bacilli: emergence & clinical implications. Indian J Med Res. 2014;140(5):672–678.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grover SS, Doda A, Gupta N, et al. New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase - type carbapenemases producing Escherichia coli isolates from hospitalized patients: A pilot study. Indian J Med Res. 2017;146(1):105–110.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rahman M, Mukhopadhyay C, Rai RP, et al. Novel variant NDM-11 and other NDM-1 variants in multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli from South India. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2018;14:154–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mingeot-Leclercq MP, Glupczynski Y, Tulkens PM. Aminoglycosides: activity and resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999;43(4):727–737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serpersu EH, Ozen C, Wright E. Studies of enzymes that cause resistance to aminoglycosides antibiotics. Methods Mol Med. 2008;142:261–271.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suzuki S, Horinouchi T, Furusawa C. Prediction of antibiotic resistance by gene expression profiles. Nat Commun. 2014;5:5792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atac N, Kurt-Azap O, Dolapci I, et al. The role of AcrAB–tolC efflux pumps on quinolone resistance of E. coli ST131. Curr Microb. 2018;75(12):1661–1666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horinouchi T, Suzuki S, Kotani H, et al. Prediction of Cross-resistance and collateral sensitivity by gene expression profiles and genomic mutations. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):14009.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Orden JA, Ruiz-Santa-Quiteria JA, Cid D, et al. Quinolone resistance in potentially pathogenic and non-pathogenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from healthy ruminants. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2001;48(3):421–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson JR, Kuskowski MA, Owens K, et al. Phylogenetic origin and virulence genotype in relation to resistance to fluoroquinolones and/or extended‑spectrum cephalosporins and cephamycins among Escherichia coli isolates from animals and humans. J Infect Dis. 2003;188:759–768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson JR, Kuskowski MA, O’bryan TT, et al. Virulence genotype and phylogenetic origin in relation to antibiotic resistance profile among Escherichia coli urine sample isolates from Israeli women with acute uncomplicated cystitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:26–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno E, Prats G, Sabaté M, et al. Quinolone, fluoroquinolone and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in relation to virulence determinants and phylogenetic background among uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;57:204–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Da Silva GJ, Mendonça N. Association between antimicrobial resistance and virulence in Escherichia coli. Virulence. 2012;3:18–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonbol FI, Khalil MA, Mohamed AB, et al. Correlation between antibiotic resistance and virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates. Turk J Med Sci. 2015;45(3):568–577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derakhshan S, Pourzare M, Roshani D. Distribution of Virulence Factors According to Antibiotic Susceptibility among Escherichia coli Isolated from Urinary Tract Infection. Indian J Nephrol. 2018;28(3):191–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brzuszkiewicz E, Bruggemann H, Liesegang H, et al. How to become a uropathogen: comparative genomic analysis of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103:12879–12884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobrindt U, Agerer F, Michaelis K, et al. Analysis of genome plasticity in pathogenic and commensal Escherichia coli isolates by use of DNA arrays. J Bacteriol. 2003;185(6):1831–1840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobrindt U, Blum-Oehler G, Nagy G, et al. Genetic structure and distribution of four pathogenicity islands (PAI I(536) to PAI IV(536)) of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain 536. Infect Immun. 2002;70(11):6365–6372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum G, Falbo V, Caprioli A, et al. Gene clusters encoding the cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1, Prs-fimbriae and α-hemolysin from pathogenicity island II of the uropathogenic strain J96. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1995;136:189–196.
   Google Scholar
• Swenson DL, Bukanov NO, Berg DE, et al. Two pathogenicity islands in uropathogenic Escherichia coli J96: cosmid cloning and sample sequencing. Infect Immun. 1996;64(9):3736–3743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kao JS, Stucker DM, Warren JW, et al. Pathogenicity island sequences of pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli CFT073 are associated with virulent uropathogenic strains. Infect Immun. 1997;65:2812–2820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanamaru S, Kurazono H, Ishitoya S, et al. Distribution and genetic association of putative uropathogenic virulence factors iroN, iha, kpsMT, ompT and usp in Escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infections in Japan. J Urol. 2003;170:2490–2493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurazono H, Nakano M, Yamamoto S, et al. Distribution of the usp gene in uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from companion animals and correlation with serotypes and size-variations of the pathogenicity island. Microbiol Immunol. 2003;47:797–802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schembri MA, Kjaergaard K, Sokurenko EV, et al. Molecular characterization of the Escherichia coli FimH adhesin. J Infect Dis. 2001;183(Suppl 1):S28–31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bahrani-Mougeot FK, Buckles EL, Lockatell CV, et al. Type 1 fimbriae and extracellular polysaccharides are preeminent uropathogenic Escherichia coli virulence determinants in the murine urinary tract. Mol Microbiol. 2002;45(4):1079–1093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobrindt U, Blum-Oehler G, Hartsch T, et al. S-Fimbria-encoding determinant sfa(I) is located on pathogenicity island III(536) of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain 536. Infect Immun. 2001;69:4248–4256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurazono H, Yamamoto S, Nakano M, et al. Characterization of a putative virulence island in the chromosome of uropathogenic Escherichia coli possessing a gene encoding a uropathogenic-specific protein. Microb Pathog. 2000;28:183–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parret AHA, De Mot R. Escherichia coli’s uropathogenic-specific protein: a bacteriocin promoting infectivity? Microbiology-Sgm. 2002;148:1604–1606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nipic D, Podlesek Z, Budic M, et al. Escherichia coli uropathogenic-specific protein, Usp, is a bacteriocin-like genotoxin. J Infect Dis. 2013;208(10):1545–1552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokoyama K, Kim H, Mukai T, et al. Impact of amino acid substitutions in B subunit of DNA Gyrase in Mycobacterium leprae on Fluoroquinolone resistance. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6(10):e1838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu YH, Chung MW, Li TK. Distribution of gyrase and topoisomerase IV on bacterial nucleoid: implications for nucleoid organization. Nucleic Acids Res. 2006;34(10):3128–3138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheung KJ, Badarinarayana V, Selinger DW, et al. A microarray-based antibiotic screen identifies a regulatory role for supercoiling in the osmotic stress response of Escherichia coli. Genome Res. 2003;13(2):206–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charpentier X, Polard P, Claverys JP. Induction of competence for genetic transformation by antibiotics: convergent evolution of stress responses in distant bacterial species lacking SOS? Curr Opin Microbiol. 2012;15:570–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zgur-Bertok D. DNA damage repair and bacterial pathogens. PLoS Pathog. 2013;9(11):e1003711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan JB. Antibiotic-induced biofilm formation. Int J Artif Organs. 2011;34:737–751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu JH, Pan YS, Yuan L, et al. Genetic variations in the active efflux pump genes acrA/B and tolC in different drug-induced strains of Escherichia coli CVCC 1547. Genet Mol Res. 2013;12(3):2829–2836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krasowska A, Sigler K. How microorganisms use hydrophobicity and what does this mean for human needs? Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2014;4:112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdeljan P, MacDonald KW, Goneau LW, et al. Effects of subinhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin on Staphylococcus saprophyticus adherence and virulence in urinary tract infections. J Endourol. 2012;26(1):32–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan JB, Izano EA, Gopal P, et al. Low levels of β-lactam antibiotics induce extracellular DNA release and biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus. MBio. 2012;3(4):e00198–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wnorowska U, Wątek M, Durnaś B, et al. Extracellular DNA as an essential component and therapeutic target of microbial biofilm. Med Stud. 2015;31(2):132–138.
   Google Scholar
• Mlynek KD, Callahan MT, Shimkevitch AV, et al. Effects of Low-Dose Amoxicillin on Staphylococcus aureus USA300 Biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016 22;60(5):2639–2651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aka ST, Haji SH. Sub-MIC of antibiotics induced biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the presence of chlorhexidine. Braz J Microbiol. 2015;46(1):149–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagge N, Schuster M, Hentzer M, et al. Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms exposed to imipenem exhibit changes in global gene expression and beta-lactamase and alginate production. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48(4):1175–1187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silveira WD, Benetti F, Lancellotti M, et al. Biological and genetic characteristics of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains. Rev Inst Med Trop. 2001;43:303–310.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dewan KK, Skarlupka AL, Rivera I, et al. Development of macrolide resistance in Bordetella bronchiseptica is associated with the loss of virulence. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;73(10):2797–2805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nucleo E, Steffanoni L, Fugazza G, et al. Growth in glucose-based medium and exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of imipenem induce biofilm formation in a multidrug-resistant clinical isolate of Acinetobacter baumannii. BMC Microbiol. 2009;9:270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhabaan GN, AbuBakar S, Cerqueira GM, et al. Imipenem treatment induces expression of important genes and phenotypes in a resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolate. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60:1370–1376.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novovic K, Mihajlovic S, Dinic M, et al. Acinetobacter spp. porin Omp33–36: classification and transcriptional response to carbapenems and host cells. PLoS One. 2018;13(8):e0201608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar