4,603
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review article

The spreading of parasites by human migratory activities

ORCID Icon
Pages 1177-1191 | Received 06 Jul 2020, Accepted 10 Aug 2020, Published online: 30 Aug 2020

References

  • Mounier A, Mirazón Lahr M. Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species. Nat Commun. 2019;10:3406.
  • Horne PD, Kawasaki SQ. The prince of El Plomo: a paleopathological study. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1984;60:925–931.
  • Reinhard KJ. Archaeoparasitology in North America. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1990;82:145–163.
  • Hugot J-P, Reinhard KJ, Gardner SL, et al. Human enterobiasis in evolution: origin, specificity and transmission. Parasite. 1999;6:201–208.
  • Araújo A, Reinhard KJ, Ferreira LF, et al. Parasites as probes for prehistoric human migrations? Trends Parasitol. 2008;24:112–115.
  • Araújo A, Reinhard K, Ferreira LF, et al. Paleoparasitology: the origin of human parasites. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2013;7:722–726.
  • Andrews JR. The parasitology of the Maori in pre-European times. N Z Med J. 1976;84:62–65.
  • Light JE, Allen JM, Long LM, et al. Geographic distributions and origins of human head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) based on mitochondrial data. J Parasitol. 2008;94:1275–1281.
  • de Castro MC, Singer BH. Was malaria present in the Amazon before the European conquest? Available evidence and future research agenda. J Archaeol Sci. 2005;32:337–340.
  • Otto TD, Gilabert A, Crellen T, et al. Genomes of all known members of a Plasmodium subgenus reveal paths to virulent human malaria. Nat Microbiol. 2018;3:687–697.
  • Galaway F, Yu R, Constantinou A, et al. Resurrection of the ancestral RH5 invasion ligand provides a molecular explanation for the origin of P. falciparum malaria in humans. PLoS Biol. 2019;17:e3000490.
  • Yalcindag E, Elguero E, Arnathau C, et al. Multiple independent introductions of Plasmodium falciparum in South America. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109:511–516.
  • Rodrigues PT, Valdivia HO, de Oliveira TC, et al. Human migration and the spread of malaria parasites to the New World. Sci Rep. 2018;8:1993.
  • Cornejo OE, Escalante AA. The origin and age of Plasmodium vivax. Trends Parasitol. 2006;22:558–563.
  • Liu W, Li Y, Shaw KS, et al. African origin of the malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax. Nat Commun. 2014;5:3346.
  • Loy DE, Liu W, Li Y, et al. Out of Africa: origins and evolution of the human malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Int J Parasitol. 2017;47:87–97.
  • Loy DE, Plenderleith LJ, Sundararaman SA, et al. Evolutionary history of human Plasmodium vivax revealed by genome-wide analyses of related ape parasites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018;115:E8450–E8459.
  • Carter R. Speculations on the origins of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Trends Parasitol. 2003;19:214–219.
  • Gerszten E, Allison MJ, Maguire B. Paleopathology in South American mummies: a review and new findings. Pathobiology. 2012;79:247–256.
  • Kirchberg E, Mamlock E. Malariabekämpfung in Berlin im Jahre 1946. Ärztl Wochenschr. 1946;1:119–122.
  • Kirchberg E, Mamlock E. Schlußwort zur Frage der Malariabekämpfung. Ärztl Wochenschr. 1946;2:764–765.
  • Mischlinger J, Rönnberg C, Álvarez-Martínez MJ, et al. Imported malaria in countries where malaria is not endemic: a comparison of semi-immune and nonimmune travellers. Clin Mirco biol Rev. 2020;33:e00104–19.
  • Moyo QM, Besser M, Lynn R, et al. Persistence of imported malaria into the United Kingdom: an epidemiological review of risk factors and at-risk groups. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;69:1156–1162.
  • Tatem AJ, Jia P, Ordanovich D, et al. The geography of imported malaria to non-endemic countries: a meta-analysis of nationally reported statistics. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17:98–107.
  • Steverding D. The history of leishmaniasis. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10:82.
  • Maurício IL, Stothard JR, Miles MA. The strange case of Leishmania chagasi. Parasitol Today. 2000;16:188–189.
  • Dantas-Torres F. Leishmania infantum versus Leishmania chagasi: do not forget the law of priority. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2006;101:117–118.
  • Leblois R, Kuhls K, François O, et al. Guns, germs and dogs: on the origin of Leishmania chagasi. Infect Genet Evol. 2011;11:1091–1095.
  • Steverding D. The history of African trypanosomiasis. Parasit Vectors. 2008;1:3.
  • Desquesnes M, Holzmuller P, Lai D-H, et al. Trypanosoma evansi and surra: a review and perspectives on origin, history, distribution, taxonomy, morphology, hosts, and pathogenic effects. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:194176.
  • Desquesnes M. Livestock trypanosomoses and their vectors in Latin America. Paris: OIE; 2004.
  • Desquesnes M, Dargantes A, Lai D-H, et al. Trypanosoma evansi and surra: a review and perspectives on transmission, epidemiology and control, impact, and zoonotic aspects. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:321237.
  • Claes F, Büscher P, Touratier L, et al. Trypanosoma equiperdum: master of disguise or historical mistake? Trends Parasitol. 2005;21:316–321.
  • Curasson G. Traité de Protozoologie Vétérinaire et Comparée. Vol. I. Paris: Vigot Frères; 1943.
  • Maillard N, Maillard JC. Historique du peuplement bovine et de l’introduction de la tique Amblyomma variegatum dans la îles françaises des Antilles: synthèse bibliographique. Ethnozootechnie. 1998;61:19–36.
  • Steverding D. The history of Chagas disease. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:317.
  • Schmunis GA, Yadon ZE. Chagas disease: a Latin American health problem becoming a world health problem. Acta Trop. 2010;115:14–21.
  • Strasen J, Williams T, Ertl G, et al. Epidemiology of Chagas disease in Europe: many calculations, little knowledge. Clin Res Cardiol. 2014;103:1–10.
  • Bern C, Kjos S, Yabsley MJ, et al. Trypanosoma cruzi and Chagas’ disease in the United States. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2011;24:655–681.
  • Cantey PT, Stramer SL, Townsend RL, et al. The United States Trypanosoma cruzi infection study: evidence for vector-borne transmission of the parasite that causes Chagas disease among United States blood donors. Transfusion. 2012;52:1922–1930.
  • Ryckman RE, Archbold EF. The Triatominae and Triatominae-borne trypanosomes of Asia, Africa, Australia and the East Indies. Bull Soc Vector Ecol. 1981;6:143–166.
  • Dujardin J-P, Lam TX, Khoa PT, et al. The rising importance of Triatoma rubrofasciata. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2015;110:319–323.
  • Lawton SP, Hirai H, Ironside JE, et al. Genomes and Geography: genomic insights into the evolution and phylogeography of the genus Schistosoma. Parasit Vectors. 2011;4:131.
  • Di Bella S, Riccardi N, Giacobbe DR, et al. History of schistosomiasis (bilharziasis) in humans: from Egyptian medical papyri to molecular biology on mummies. Pathog Glob Health. 2018;112:268–273.
  • Hinz E. Homo sapiens migrans: sein Beitrag zur Ausbreitung von Parasitosen. Mitt Österr Ges Tropenmed Parasitol. 1998;20:1–16.
  • Desprès L, Imbert-Establet D, Monnerot M. Molecular characterization of mitochondrial DNA provides evidence for the recent introduction of Schistosoma mansoni into America. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1993;60:221–229.
  • Morgan JAT, Dejong RJ, Adeoye GO, et al. Origin and diversification of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni. Mol Ecol. 2005;14:3889–3902.
  • Saliternik Z, Witenberg G. Investigations on the control of bilharziasis vectors in Israel. Bull World Health Organ. 1959;21:161–177.
  • Grosse S. Schistosomiasis and water resources development: a re-evaluation of an important environment-health linkage. Working paper of the environment and natural resources policy and training project, EPAT/MUCIA, Technical Series No 2. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press; 1993.
  • Kloos H, Lo CT, Birrie H, et al. Schistosomiasis in Ethiopia. Soc Sci Med. 1988;26:803–827.
  • Simonsen PE, Nega A, Furu P. Intestinal schistosomiasis among children in a labour village of Wonji Sugar Estate, Ethiopia. East Afr Med J. 1990;67:532–538.
  • Boissier J, Grech-Angelini S, Webster BL, et al. Outbreak of urogenital schistosomiasis in Corsica (France): an epidemiological case study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16:971–979.
  • Lotfy WM, Brant SV, DeJong RJ, et al. Evolutionary origins, diversification, and biogeography of liver flukes (Digenea, Fasciolidae). Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008;79:248–255.
  • Mas-Coma S, Funatsu IR, Bargues MD. Fasciola hepatica and lymnaeid snails occurring at very high altitude in South America. Parasitology. 2001;123(Suppl):S115–S127.
  • Malcicka M. Life history and biology of Fascioloides magna (Trematoda) and its native and exotic hosts. Ecol Evol. 2015;5:1381–1397.
  • Sadun EH. Studies on Opisthorchis viverrini in Thailand. Am J Hyg. 1955;62:81–115.
  • Pumidonming W, Katahira H, Igarashi M, et al. Potential risk of a liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini infection brought by immigrants from prevalent areas: a case study in the lower Northern Thailand. Acta Trop. 2018;178:213–218.
  • Del Brutto OH, García HH. Taenia solium cysticercosis – the lessons of history. J Neurol Sci. 2015;359:392–395.
  • Subianto DB, Tumada LR, Margono SS. Burns and epileptic fits associated with cysticercosis in mountain people of Irian Jaya. Trop Geogr Med. 1978;30:275–278.
  • Singh G, Prabhakar S, Ito A, et al. Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis in Asia. In: Singh G, Prabhakar S, editors. Taenia solium cysticercosis. From basic to clinical science. Wallingford, Oxon: CABI Publishing; 2002. p. 111–128.
  • Montenegro A, Araujo A, Eby M, et al. Parasites, paleoclimate, and the peopling of the Americas. Using the hookworm to time the Clovis migration. Curr Anthropol. 2006;47:193–200.
  • Lesnek AJ, Briner JP, Lindqvist C, et al. Deglaciation of the Pacific coastal corridor directly preceded the human colonization of the Americas. Sci Adv. 2018;4:eaar5040.
  • Skoglund P, Mallick S, Bortolini MC, et al. Genetic evidence for two founding populations of the Americas. Nature. 2015;525:104–108.
  • Darling ST. Comparative helminthology as an aid in the solution of ethnological problems. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1925;s1-5:323–337.
  • Peduzzi R, Piffaretti JC. Ancylostoma duodenale and the Saint Gothard anaemia. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1983;287:1942–1945.
  • Bugnion E. On the epidemic caused by Ankylostomum among the workmen in the St. Gothard Tunnel. Br Med J. 1881;1(1054):382.
  • Nauss RW. Hookworm in California gold mines. Am J Public Health (N Y). 1921;11:439–451.
  • Boycott AE, Haldane JS. An outbreak of ankylostomiasis in England: no I. J Hyg (Lond). 1903;3:95–136.
  • Geary D. The myth of the radical miner. In: Berger S, Croll A, LaPorte N, editors. Towards a comparative history of coalfield societies. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing; 2005. p. 43–64.
  • Zimmerman PA, Katholi CR, Wooten MC, et al. Recent evolutionary history of American Onchocerca volvulus, based on analysis of a tandemly repeated DNA sequence family. Mol Biol Evol. 1994;11:384–392.
  • Gustavsen K, Hopkins A, Sauerbrey M. Onchocerciasis in the Americas: from arrival to (near) elimination. Parasit Vectors. 2001;4:205.
  • Paniagua F. Prevalence study of bancroftian filiariasis in Puerto Limón, Costa Rica. Epidemiol Bull. 1983;4:13–14.
  • Small ST, Labbé F, Coulibaly YI, et al. Human migration and the spread of the nematode parasite Wuchereria bancrofti. Mol Biol Evol. 2019;36:1931–1941.
  • Tavares da Silva LB, Crainey JL, Ribeiro da Silva TR, et al. Molecular verification of New World Mansonella perstans parasitemias. Emer Infect Dis. 2017;23:545–547.
  • Crewe W. Loiasis. In: Service MW, editor. The encyclopedia of arthropod-transmitted infections of man and domesticated animals. Wallingford, Oxon: CABI Publishing; 2001. p. 286–290.
  • Cox FEG. History of human Parasitology. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002;15:595–612.
  • Hinz E. Human helminthiases in the Philippines. The epidemiological and geomedical situation. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag; 1985.
  • Watts S. Dracunculiasis in the Caribbean and South America: a contribution to the history of dracunculiasis eradication. Med Hist. 2000;45:227–250.
  • Kliks MM, Palumbo NE. Eosinophilic meningitis beyond the Pacific Basin: the global dispersal of a peridomestic zoonosis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis, the nematode lungworm of rats. Soc Sci Med. 1992;34:199–212.
  • Martins YC, Tanowitz HB, Kazacos KR. Central nervous system manifestations of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection. Acta Trop. 2015;141(Pt A):46–53.
  • Wang Q-P, Wu Z-D, Wei J, et al. Human Angiostrongylus cantonensis: an update. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;31:389–395.
  • Hinz E. Einschleppung und Ausbreitung von Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Amerika. Mitt Österr Ges Tropenmed Parasitol. 1991;13:101–110.
  • Reiter P. Erratum: Aedes albopictus does not occur in Africa. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1986;2:378.
  • Reiter P, Sprenger D. The used tire trade: a mechanism for the worldwide dispersal of container breeding mosquitoes. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1987;3:494–501.
  • Marini F, Caputo B, Pombi M, et al. Study of Aedes albopictus dispersal in Rome, Italy, using sticky traps in mark-release-recapture experiments. Med Vet Entomol. 2010;24:361–368.
  • Forattini OP. Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) identification in Brazil. Rev Saude Publica. 1986;20:244–245.
  • Carvalho RG, Lourenço-de-Oliveira R, Braga IA. Updating the geographical distribution and frequency of Aedes albopictus in Brazil with remarks regarding its range in the Americas. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2014;109:787–796.
  • Adhami J, Reiter P. Introduction and establishment of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) in Albania. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1998;14:340–343.
  • Raineri V, Trovato G, Sabatini A, et al. Ulteriori dati sulla diffusione a Genova di Aedes albopictus. Parassitologia. 1991;33:183–185.
  • Della Pozza G, Majori G. First record of Aedes albopictus establishment in Italy. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1992;8:318–320.
  • Della Pozza GL, Romi R, Severini C. Source and spread of Aedes albopictus in the Veneto region of Italy. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1994;10:589–592.
  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Aedes albopictus – factsheet for experts; 2016 [cited 2020 Jun 14]. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/disease-vectors/facts/mosquito-factsheets/aedes-albopictus
  • Medlock JM, Vaux AGC, Cull B, et al. Detection of the invasive mosquito species Aedes albopictus in southern England. Lancet Inf Dis. 2017;17:140.
  • Scholte E-J, Dijkstra E, Blok H, et al. Accidental importation of the mosquito Aedes albopictus into the Netherlands: a survey of mosquito distribution and the presence of dengue virus. Med Vet Entomol. 2008;22:352–358.
  • Demeulemeester J, Deblauwe I, De Witte J, et al. First interception of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus in Lucky bamboo shipments in Belgium. J Eur Mosq Control Assoc. 2014;32:14–16.
  • Cornel AJ, Hunt RH. Aedes albopictus in Africa? First records of live specimens in imported tires in Cape Town. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1991;7:107–108.
  • Fontenille D, Toto JC. Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse), a potential new Dengue vector in southern Cameroon. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7:1066–1067.
  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Aedes aegypti – factsheet for experts; 2016 [cited 2020 Jun 14]. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/disease-vectors/facts/mosquito-factsheets/aedes-aegypti
  • Brathwaite Dick O, San Martín JL, Montoya RH, et al. The history of dengue outbreaks in the Americas. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;87:584–593.
  • Hobbs JH, Hughes EA, Eichold BH 2nd. Replacement of Aedes aegypti by Aedes albopictus in Mobile, Alabama. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1991;7:488–498.
  • Muzari M, Davis J, Bellwood R, et al. Dominance of the tiger: the displacement of Aedes aegypti by Aedes albopictus in parts of the Torres Strait, Australia. Commun Dis Intell. 2019;43:17.
  • Scholte EJ, Den Hartog W, Dik M, et al. (2010) Introduction and control of three invasive mosquito species in the Netherlands, July-October 2010. Euro Surveill. 2010;15:19710.
  • Brown JE, Scholte E-J, Dik M, et al. Aedes aegypti mosquitoes imported into the Netherlands, 2010. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:2335–2337.
  • Schaffner F. Mosquitoes in used tyres in Europe: species list and larval key. Eur Mosq Bull. 2003;16:7–12.
  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Aedes atropalpus – factsheet for experts; 2014 [cited 2020 Jun 14]. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/disease-vectors/facts/mosquito-factsheets/aedes-atropalpus
  • European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Aedes japonicus – factsheet for experts; 2014 [cited 2020 Jun 14]. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/disease-vectors/facts/mosquito-factsheets/aedes-japonicus
  • Laird M, Calder L, Thornton RC, et al. Japanese Aedes albopictus among four mosquito species reaching New Zealand in used tires. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1994;10:14–23.
  • Peyton EL, Campbell SR, Candeletti TM, et al. Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus japonicus (Theobald), a new introduction into the United States. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1999;15:238–241.
  • Fonseca DM, Campbell S, Crans WJ, et al. Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae), a newly recognized mosquito in the United States: analyses of genetic variation in the United States and putative source populations. J Med Entomol. 2001;38:135–146.
  • Hu Y, Gao M-Z, Huang P, et al. Taxonomic integrative and phylogenetic identification of the first recorded Triatoma rubrofasciata in Zhangzhou, Fujian Province and Maoming, Guangdong Province, China. Infect Dis Poverty. 2019;8:70.
  • Hieu HV, Do LT, Pita S, et al. Biological attributes of the kissing bug Triatoma rubrofasciata from Vietnam. Parasit Vectors. 2019;12:585.
  • Patterson JS, Schofield CJ, Dujardin JP, et al. Population morphometric analysis of the tropicopolitan bug Triatoma rubrofasciata and relationships with Old World species of Triatoma: evidence of New World ancestry. Med Vet Entomol. 2001;15:443–451.
  • Hinz E. Zur Verbreitung und Ausbreitung der Gattung Tunga (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von T. penetrans. Mitt Österr Ges Tropenmed Parasitol. 1996;18:173–182.
  • Hoeppli R. Parasitic diseases in Africa and the western hemisphere: early documentation and transmission by the slave trade. Acta Trop Suppl. 1969;10:1–240.
  • Heukelbach J. Tungiasis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2005;47:307–313.
  • Lebarbenchon C, Brown SP, Poulin R, et al. Evolution of pathogens in a man-made world. Mol Ecol. 2008;17:475–484.
  • Rosenthal J. Climate change and the geographic distribution of infectious diseases. Ecohealth. 2009;6:489–495.
  • Swaminathan A, Viennet E, McMichael AJ, et al. Climate change and the geographical distribution of infectious diseases. In: Peterson E, Chen LH, Schlagenhauf-Lawlor P, editors. Infectious diseases: a geographic guide. Second ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; 2017. p. 470–480.
  • Walsh JF, Molyneux DH, Birley MH. Deforestation: effects on vector-borne disease. Parasitology. 1993;106(Suppl):S55–S75.