Reliability of induced sputum test is greater than that of throat swab test for detecting SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19: A multi-center cross-sectional study

References

• WHO. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) situation reports. 2020 [cited 2020 Sept 23]. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports
   Google Scholar
• National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China. Diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia infected with novel coronavirus. 2020 Mar 3 [cited 2020 Aug 5]. Available from: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202003/46c9294a7dfe4cef80dc7f5912eb1989.shtml (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Yuan J, Kou S, Liang Y, et al. PCR assays turned positive in 25 discharged COVID-19 patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2020. published online Apr 8. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa398
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lan L, Xu D, Ye G, et al. Positive RT-PCR test results in patients recovered from COVID-19. JAMA. 2020;323:1502. published online Feb 27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woloshin S, Patel N, Kesselheim AS. False negative tests for SARS-COV-2 infection - challenges and implications. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:e38. Epub ahead of print June 5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kucirka LM, Lauer SA, Laeyendecker O, et al. Variation in false-negative rate of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction-based SARS-CoV-2 tests by time since exposure. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173:262–267. Epub ahead of print May 13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippi G, Simundic AM, Plebani M. Potential preanalytical and analytical vulnerabilities in the laboratory diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;58:1070–1076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wahidi MM, Shojaee S, Lamb CR, et al. The use of bronchoscopy during the COVID-19 pandemic: CHEST/AABIP guideline and expert panel report. Chest. 2020. Epub ahead of print May 9. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.04.036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang W, Xu YL, Gao R, et al. Detection of SARSCoV-2 in different types of clinical specimens. JAMA. 2020;323:1843–1844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo WL, Jiang Q, Ye F, et al. Effect of throat washings on detection of 2019 Novel coronavirus. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;ciaa416. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa416
   Google Scholar
• Argenziano MG, Bruce SL, Slater CL, et al. Characterization and clinical course of 1000 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York: retrospective case series. BMJ. 2020;369:m1996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395:497–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai T, Tian B, Cao C, et al. HDAC2 suppresses IL17a-mediated airway remodeling in human and experimental modeling of COPD. Chest. 2018;153:863–875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahy JV. A safe, simple, standardized method should be used for sputum induction for research purposes.. Clin Exp Allergy. 1998;28:1047–1049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han H, Luo Q, Mo F, et al. SARS-CoV-2 RNA more readily detected in induced sputum than in throat swabs of convalescent COVID-19 patients. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20:P655–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corman VM, Landt O, Kaiser M, et al. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT–PCR. Euro Surveill. 2020;25:1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Ziegler CGK, Allon SJ, Nyquist SK, et al. SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 is an interferon-stimulated gene in human airway epithelial cells and is detected in specific cell subsets across tissues. Cell. 2020;181:1016–35.e19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawes C, Wong DTW. Role of saliva and salivary diagnostics in the advancement of oral health. J Dent Res. 2019;98:133–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keremi B, Beck A, Fabian TK, et al. Stress and salivary glands. Curr Pharm Des. 2017;23:4057–4065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niedrig M, Patel P, El Wahed AA, et al. Find the right sample: a study on the versatility of saliva and urine samples for the diagnosis of emerging viruses. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18:707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyllie AL, Fournier J, Casanovas-Massana A, et al. Saliva or nasopharyngeal swab specimens for detection of SARS-CoV-2. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:1283–1286. published online Aug 28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sri Santosh T, Parmar R, Anand H, et al. A review of salivary diagnostics and its potential implication in detection of Covid-19. Cureus. 2020;12:e7708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar