SARS-CoV-2 versus other minor viral infection on kidney injury in asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic patients

References

• Zheng KI, Feng G, and Liu W-Y, et al. Extrapulmonary complications of COVID-19: a multisystem disease?. J Med Virol. 2021 Jan;93(1):323–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, et al. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death of patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 2020 May;97(5):829–838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moledina DG, Simonov M, Yamamoto Y, et al. The association of COVID-19 with acute kidney injury independent of severity of illness: a multicenter cohort study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2021 Apr;77(4):490–499.e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raina R, Mahajan ZA, Vasistha P, et al. Incidence and outcomes of acute kidney injury in COVID-19: a systematic review. Blood Purif. 2022;51(3):199–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monto AS, Gravenstein S, Elliott M, et al. Clinical signs and symptoms predicting influenza infection. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Nov 27;160(21):3243–3247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shu-Cheong Hui D, Wong P-C, Wang C. SARS: Clinical features and diagnosis. Respirology. 2003 Nov;8(Suppl(Suppl1)):S20–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rebholz H, Braun RJ, and Ladage D, et al. Loss of olfactory function-early indicator for covid-19, other viral infections and neurodegenerative disorders. Front Neurol. 2020 Oct 26;11:569333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe T. Renal complications of seasonal and pandemic influenza a virus infections. Eur J Pediatr. 2013 Jan;172(1):15–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P, et al. Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021 Mar;19(3):141–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson CB, Farzan M, Chen B, et al. Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2022 Jan;23(1):3–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahbar Saadat Y, Mahdi Hosseiniyan Khatibi S, Zununi Vahed S, et al. Host serine proteases: a potential targeted therapy for COVID-19 and influenza. Front Mol Biosci. 2021 Aug 30;8:725528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berdowska I, Matusiewicz M. Cathepsin L, transmembrane peptidase/serine subfamily member 2/4, and other host proteases in COVID-19 pathogenesis - with impact on gastrointestinal tract. World J Gastroenterol. 2021 Oct 21;27(39):6590–6600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansen J, Reimer KC, Nagai JS, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infects the human kidney and drives fibrosis in kidney organoids. Cell Stem Cell. 2022 Feb 3;29(2):217–231.e8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dou D, Revol R, Östbye H, et al. Influenza a virus cell entry, replication, virion assembly and movement. Front Immunol. 2018 Jul 20;9:1581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schweitzer KS, Crue T, Nall JM, et al. Influenza virus infection increases ACE2 expression and shedding in human small airway epithelial cells. Eur Respir J. 2021 Jul 1;58(1):2003988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belouzard S, Chu VC, Gary R GR. Activation of the SARS coronavirus spike protein via sequential proteolytic cleavage at two distinct sites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S a. 2009 Apr 7;106((14)):5871–5876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdelrahman Z, Li M, Wang X. Comparative review of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and influenza a respiratory viruses. Front Immunol. 2020 Sep 11;11:552909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu J, Gong E, Zhang B, et al. Multiple organ infection and the pathogenesis of SARS. J Exp Med. 2005 Aug 1;202(3):415–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigues Guimarães Alves V, Helena Perosa A, de Souza Luna LK, et al. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection and viral load analysis in patients with different clinical presentations. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2020 ;115:e200009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peiris JSM, Chu CM, Cheng VCC, et al. Clinical progression and viral load in a community outbreak of coronavirus-associated SARS pneumonia: a prospective study. Lancet. 2003 May 24;361(9371):1767–1772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nalbandian A, Sehgal K, Gupta A, et al. Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Nat Med. 2021 Apr;27(4):601–615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan KS, Zheng JP, Mok YW, et al. SARS: prognosis, outcome and sequelae. Respirology. 2003 Nov;8(Suppl(Suppl 1)):S36–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kotton CN, Fishman JA. Viral infection in the renal transplant recipient. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005 Jun;16(6):1758–1774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puelles VG, Lütgehetmann M, Lindenmeyer MT, et al. Multiorgan and renal tropism of SARS-CoV-2. N Engl J Med. 2020 Aug 6;383(6):590–592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z, Hu J, Liu L, et al. SARS-CoV-2 causes acute kidney injury by directly infecting renal tubules. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021 May;31(9):664868.
   Google Scholar
• Su H, Wan C, Wang Z-D, et al. Expression of CD147 and cyclophilin a in kidneys of patients with COVID-19. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021 Apr 7;16(4):618–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelli RK, Kuchipudi SV, White GA, et al. Gavin a white et al.comparative distribution of human and avian type sialic acid influenza receptors in the pig. BMC Vet Res. 2010 Jan 27;6:4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuchipudi SV, Nelli RK, Gontu A, et al. Sialic acid receptors: the key to solving the enigma of zoonotic virus spillover. Viruses. 2021 Feb 8;13(2):262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong M, Zhang J, Ma X, et al. ACE2, TMPRSS2 distribution and extrapulmonary organ injury in patients with COVID-19. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020 Nov;131:110678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salamanna F, Maglio M, Paola Landini M, et al. Body localization of ACE-2: on the trail of the keyhole of SARS-CoV-2. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020 Dec;3(7):594495.
   Google Scholar
• Ertuğlu LA, Kanbay A, Afşar B, et al. COVID-19 and acute kidney injury. Tuberk Toraks. 2020 Dec;68(4):407–418. DOI:10.5578/tt.70010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedetti C, Waldman M, Zaza G, et al. COVID-19 and the kidneys: an update. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020 Jul 21;7:423.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020 Feb 15;395(10223):497–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caceres PS, Savickas G, Murray SL, et al. High SARS-CoV-2 viral load in urine sediment correlates with acute kidney injury and poor COVID-19 outcome. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021 Oct;32(10):2517–2528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paranjpe I, Chaudhary K, Johnson KW, et al. Association of SARS-CoV-2 viral load at admission with in-hospital acute kidney injury: a retrospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2021 Feb 24;16(2):e0247366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun F, Huber TB, Puelles VG. Proximal tubular dysfunction in patients with COVID-19: What have we learnt so far? Kidney Int. 2020 Nov;98(5):1092–1094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen D, Li X, Song Q, et al. Assessment of hypokalemia and clinical characteristics in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wenzhou, China. JAMA Network Open. 2020 Jun 1;3(6):e2011122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang M, Xiong H, Chen H, et al. Renal injury by SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review. Kidney Dis (Basel). 2021 Mar;7(2):100–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demirjian SG, Raina R, Bhimraj A, et al. Influenza a infection and acute kidney injury: incidence, risk factors, and complications. Am J Nephrol 2011. 2009;34(1):1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Carmona F, Carlotti APCP, Ramalho LNZ, et al. Evidence of renal infection in fatal cases of 2009 pandemic influenza a (H1N1). Am J Clin Pathol. 2011 Sep;136(3):416–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong D, Long L, Wang AY, et al. Kidney manifestations of mild, moderate and severe coronavirus disease 2019: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Kidney J. 2020 May 9;13(3):340–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furuya-Kanamori L, Cox M, Milinovich GJ, et al. Heterogeneous and dynamic prevalence of asymptomatic influenza virus infections. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016 Jun;22(6):1052–1056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masutani K. Viral infections directly involved in kidney allograft function. Nephrology (Carlton). 2018 Jul;23(Suppl 2):31–37.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benotmane I, Gautier-Vargas G, Wendling M-J, et al. In-Depth virological assessment of kidney transplant recipients with COVID-19. AAm J Transplant. 2020 Nov;20(11):3162–3172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan S, King KL, Ali Husain S, et al. COVID-19-associated mortality among kidney transplant recipients and candidates in the United States. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021 Nov;16(11):1695–1703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang Y-C, Tsai P-H, Chou Y-C, et al. Biomarkers linked with dynamic changes of renal function in asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic COVID-19 Patients. J Pers Med. 2021 May 19;11(5):432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fajnzylber J, Regan J, Coxen K, et al. SARS-CoV-2 viral load is associated with increased disease severity and mortality. Nat Commun. 2020 Oct 30;11(1):5493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pujadas E, Chaudhry F, McBride R, et al. SARS-CoV-2 viral load predicts COVID-19 mortality. Lancet Respir Med. 2020 Sep;8(9):e70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan A, Fink SL, Gattuso MA, et al. SARS-CoV-2 viral load on admission is associated with 30-day mortality. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020 Nov 3;7(12):ofaa535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cocconcelli E, Castelli G, Onelia F, et al. Disease severity and prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized patients is not associated with viral load in nasopharyngeal swab. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021 Sep 10;8:714221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trunfio M, Calcagno A, Bonora S, et al. Lowering SARS-CoV-2 viral load might affect transmission but not disease severity in secondary cases. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021 Jul;21(7):914–915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Challenger JD, Foo CY, Wu Y, et al. Modelling upper respiratory viral load dynamics of SARS-CoV-2. BMC Med. 2022 Jan 13;20(1):25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyton RJ, Altmann DM. The immunology of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection: What are the key questions? Nat Rev Immunol. 2021 Dec;21(12):762–768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long Q-X, Tang X-J, Shi Q-L, et al. Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections. Nat Med. 2020 Aug;26(8):1200–1204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasanoglu I, Korukluoglu G, Asilturk D, et al. Higher viral loads in asymptomatic COVID-19 patients might be the invisible part of the iceberg. Infection. 2021 Feb;49(1):117–126. DOI:10.1007/s15010-020-01548-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catherine McEllistrem M, Clancy CJ, Buehrle DJ, et al. SARS-CoV-2 is associated with high viral loads in asymptomatic and recently symptomatic healthcare workers. PLoS One. 2021 Mar 18;16(3):e0248347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalkeri R, Goebel S, Dutt Sharma G. SARS-CoV-2 shedding from asymptomatic patients: contribution of potential extrapulmonary tissue reservoirs. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020 Jul;103(1):18–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadim MK, Forni LG, Mehta RL, et al. COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury: consensus report of the 25th acute disease quality initiative (ADQI) workgroup. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020 Dec;16(12):747–764.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cipolla EM, Huckestein BR, Alcorn JF. Influenza sequelae: from immune modulation to persistent alveolitis. Clin Sci (Lond). 2020 Jul 17;134(13):1697–1714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowe B, Xie Y, Xu E, et al. Kidney outcomes in long COVID. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021 Nov;32(11):2851–2862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uribarri A, Núñez-Gil IJ, Aparisi A, et al. Impact of renal function on admission in COVID-19 patients: an analysis of the international HOPE COVID-19 (health outcome predictive evaluation for COVID 19) registry. J Nephrol. 2020 Aug;33(4):737–745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu C, Zhou M, Liu Y, et al. Characteristics of asymptomatic COVID-19 infection and progression: a multicenter, retrospective study. Virulence. 2020 Dec;11(1):1006–1014. DOI:10.1080/21505594.2020.1802194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar