Feeling better or worse? The lived experience of non-suicidal self-injury among Malaysian University students

References

• Andover, M. S., & Morris, B. W. (2014). Expanding and clarifying the role of emotion regulation in nonsuicidal self-injury. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 59(11), 569–575.
   Google Scholar
• Armey, M. F., Crowther, J. H., & Miller, I. W. (2011). Changes in ecological momentary assessment reported effect associated with episodes of nonsuicidal self-injury. Behavior Therapy, 42, 579–588.
   Google Scholar
• Armiento, J. S., Hamza, C., & Willoughby, T. (2014). An examination of disclosure of nonsuicidal self-injury among university students. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 24, 518–533.
   Google Scholar
• Bonn, G., & Tam, C. L. (2016). Imagining a good life in Malaysia and China: Cultural beliefs among Mainland Chinese, Malaysian Chinese, and Malay university students. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 19, 145–153.
   Google Scholar
• Borrill, J., Fox, P., Flynn, M., & Roger, D. (2009). Students who self-harm: Coping style, rumination and alexithymia. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 22(4), 361–372.
   Google Scholar
• Bresin, K., & Gordon, K. H. (2013). Endogenous opioids and nonsuicidal self-injury: A mechanism of affect regulation. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 37, 374–383.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, M. Z., Comtois, K. A., & Linehan, M. M. (2002). Reasons for suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self-injury in women with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 198–202.
   Google Scholar
• Chapman, A. L., Gratz, K. L., & Brown, M. Z. (2006). Solving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm: The experiential avoidance model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 371–394.
   Google Scholar
• DeAngelis, T. (2015). A new look at self-injury. Monitor on Psychology, 46(7), 58. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/monitor/2015/07-08/self-injury.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Evans, K., Tyrer, P., Catalan, J., Schmidt, U., Davidson, K., Dent, J., … Thompson, S. (1999). Manual-assisted cognitive-behaviour therapy (MACT): A randomized controlled trial of a brief intervention with bibliotherapy in the treatment of recurrent deliberate self-harm. Psychological Medicine, 29, 19–25.
   Google Scholar
• Fleischhaker, C., Böhme, R., Sixt, B., Brück, C., Schneider, C., & Schulz, E. (2011). Dialectical Behavioral Therapy for Adolescents (DBT-A): A clinical trial for patients with suicidal and self-injurious behavior and borderline symptoms with a one-year follow-up. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 5, 3.
   Google Scholar
• Fliege, H., Lee, J., Grimm, A., & Klapp, B. F. (2009). Risk factors and correlates of deliberate self-harm behavior: A systematic review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 66, 477–493.
   Google Scholar
• Franklin, J. C., Aaron, R. V., Arthur, M. S., Shorkey, S. P., & Prinstein, M. J. (2012). Nonsuicidal self-injury and diminished pain perception: The role of emotion dysregulation. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53, 691–700.
   Google Scholar
• Gottman, J. M. (1997). The heart of parenting: Raising an emotionally intelligent child. New York: Simon & Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Gratz, K. L., & Chapman, A. L. (2007). The role of emotional responding and childhood maltreatment in the development and maintenance of deliberate self-harm among male undergraduates. Psychology of Men and Masculinity, 8, 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2008). The relationship between emotion dysregulation and deliberate self-harm among female undergraduate students at an urban commuter university. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 37(1), 14–25.
   Google Scholar
• Gratz, K. L., & Tull, M. T. (2011). Extending research on the utility of an adjunctive emotion regulation group therapy for deliberate self-harm among women with borderline personality pathology. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 2, 316–326.
   Google Scholar
• Gratz, K. L., Conrad, S. D., & Roemer, L. (2002). Risk factors for deliberate self-harm among college students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 72(1), 128–140.
   Google Scholar
• Gratz, K. L., Tull, M. T., & Levy, R. L. (2014). Randomized controlled trial and uncontrolled 9-month follow-up of an adjunctive emotion regulation group therapy for deliberate self-harm among women with borderline personality pathology. Psychological Medicine, 44, 2099–2112.
   Google Scholar
• Haines, J., & Williams, C. L. (1997). Coping and problem solving of self-mutilators. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53, 177–186.
   Google Scholar
• Haines, J., Williams, C. L., Brain, K. L., & Wilson, G. V. (1995). The psychophysiology of self-mutilation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 471–489.
   Google Scholar
• Hjelmeland, H., & Knizek, B. L. (2010). Why we need qualitative research in suicidology. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 40(1), 74–80.
   Google Scholar
• Hodgson, S. (2004). Cutting through the silence: A sociological construction of self-injury. Social Inquiry, 74, 162–179.
   Google Scholar
• Hooley, J. M., & St Germain, S. A. (2014). Nonsuicidal self-injury, pain, and self-criticism: Does changing self-worth change pain endurance in people who engage in self-injury? Clinical Psychological Science, 2(3), 297–305.
   Google Scholar
• Kakhnovets, R., Young, H. L., Purnell, A. L., Huebner, E., & Bishop, C. (2010). Self-reported experience of self-injurious behavior in college students. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 32(4), 309–323.
   Google Scholar
• Klonsky, E. D. (2007). The functions of deliberate self-injury: A review of evidence. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(2), 226–239.
   Google Scholar
• Klonsky, E. D., Oltmanns, T. F., & Turkheimer, E. (2003). Deliberate self-harm in a nonclinical population: Prevalence and psychological correlates. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 1501–1508.
   Google Scholar
• Klonsky, E. D., Victor, S. E., & Saffer, B. Y. (2014). Nonsuicidal self-injury: What we know, and what we need to know. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 59(11), 565–568.
   Google Scholar
• Leibenluft, E., Gardner, D. L., & Cowdry, R. W. (1987). The inner experience of the borderline self-mutilator. Journal of Personality Disorders, 1, 317–324.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, S. P. (2016). The overlooked role of self-injury scars. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 204(1), 33–35.
   Google Scholar
• Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Muehlenkamp, J. J., Claes, L., Havertape, L., & Plener, P. L. (2012). International prevalence of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 6, 10.
   Google Scholar
• Ng, T. P., Fones, C. S. P., & Kua, E. H. (2003). Preference, need, and utilization of mental health services, Singapore National Mental Health Survey. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 613–619.
   Google Scholar
• Nock, M. K. (2009). Why do people hurt themselves? New insights into the nature and functions of self-injury. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(20), 78–83.
   Google Scholar
• Nock, M. K. (2012). Future directions for the study of suicide and self-injury. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 41(2), 255–259.
   Google Scholar
• Nock, M. K., Prinstein, M. J., & Sterba, S. K. (2009). Revealing the form and functions of self-injurious thoughts and behaviors: A real-time ecological assessment study among adolescents and young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 816–827.
   Google Scholar
• Parker, G., Cheah, Y. C., & Roy, K. (2001). Do the Chinese somatize depression? A cross-cultural study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 36, 287–293.
   Google Scholar
• Sahlin, H., Bjureberg, J., Gratz, K. L., Tull, M. T., Hedman, E., Bjärehed, J., … Hellner, C. (2017). Emotion regulation group therapy for deliberate self-harm: A multi-site evaluation in routine carer using an uncontrolled open trial design. BMJ Open, 7, e016220.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, S. N. (2006). A qualitative investigation into women’s journeys to stop self-injuring. Women and Therapy, 29(1–2), 153–177.
   Google Scholar
• Shenton, A. K. (2004). Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. Education for Information, 22, 63–75.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, J. A., Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2009). Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, N. B., Steele, A. M., Weitzman, M. L., Trueba, A. F., & Mueret, A. E. (2015). Investigating the role of self-disgust in nonsuicidal self-injury. Archives of Suicide Research, 19, 60–74.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, H. K., & Hasking, P. A. (2009). Reviewing self-injury: Implications for the study of self-injury and suicidal behavior in Malaysia. Jurnal Sains Kesihatan, 7(2), 1–27. Retrieved from http://ejournals.ukm.my/jskm/article/view/1553/1346
   Google Scholar
• Turner, B. J., Austin, S. B., & Chapman, A. L. (2014). Treating nonsuicidal self-injury: A systematic review of psychological and pharmacological interventions. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 59(11), 576–585.
   Google Scholar
• Wong, K. P., Bonn, G., Tam, C. L., & Wong, C. P. (2018). Preferences for online and/or face-to-face counseling among university students in Malaysia. Frontiers in Psychology: Clinical and Health Psychology. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00064
   Google Scholar
• Yeoh, S. H., Tam, C. L., Wong, C. P., & Bonn, G. (2017). Examining depressive symptoms and their predictors in Malaysia: Stress, locus of control, and occupation. Frontiers in Psychology: Clinical and Health Psychology, 8. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01411
   Google Scholar
• Washburn, J. J., Richardt, S. L., Styer, D. M., Gebhardt, M., Juzwin, K. R., Yourek, A., & Aldridge, D. (2012). Psychotherapeutic approaches to non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 6, 14.
   Google Scholar