Conscientious of the Conscious: Interactive Capacity as a Threshold Marker for Consciousness

REFERENCES

• Andrews , K. , Murphy , L. , Munday , R. and Littlewood , C. 1996 . Misdiagnosis of the vegetative state: Retrospective study in a rehabilitation unit . British Medical Journal , 313 ( 7048 ) : 13 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardin , J. C. , Fins , J. J. Katz , D. I. 2011 . Dissociations between behavioural and functional magnetic resonance imaging-based evaluations of cognitive function after brain injury . Brain , 134 : 769 – 782 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker , K. J. , Baxter , A. B. Cohen , W. A. 2001 . Withdrawal of support in intracerebral hemorrhage may lead to self-fulfilling prophecies . Neurology , 56 ( 6 ) : 766 – 772 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernat , J. L. 2004 . Ethical aspects of determining and communicating prognosis in critical care . Neurocritical Care , 1 ( 1 ) : 107 – 117 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernat , J. L. 2006 . Chronic disorders of consciousness . Lancet , 367 ( 9517 ) : 8 – 14 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruno , M. A. , Vanhaudenhuyse , A. , Thibaut , A. , Moonen , G. and Laureys , S. 2011 . From unresponsive wakefulness to minimal conscious PLUS and functional locked-in syndromes: Recent advances in our understanding of disorders of consciousness . Journal of Neurology , 258 ( 7 ) : 1373 – 1384 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Childs , N. L. , Mercer , W. N. and Childs , H. W. 1993 . Accuracy of diagnosis of persistent vegetative state . Neurology , 43 ( 8 ) : 1465 – 1467 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruse , D. , Chennu , S. Chatelle , C. 2012 . Bedside detection of awareness in the vegetative state: A cohort study . Lancet , 378 ( 9809 ) : 2088 – 2094 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di , H. B. , Yu , S. M. Weng , X. C. 2007 . Cerebral response to patient's own name in the vegetative and minimally conscious states . Neurology , 68 : 895 – 899 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faugeras , F. , Rohaut , B. Weiss , N. 2011 . Probing consciousness with event-related potentials in the vegetative state . Neurology , 77 : 264 – 268 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fins , J. J. 2005 . Clinical pragmatism and the care of brain damaged patients: Toward a palliative neuroethics for disorders of consciousness . Progress in Brain Research , 150 : 565 – 582 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fins , J. J. 2008 . Neuroethics and neuroimaging: moving toward transparency . American Journal of Bioethics , 8 ( 9 ) : 46 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fins , J. J. 2009 . The ethics of measuring and modulating consciousness: the imperative of minding time . Progress in Brain Research , 177 : 371 – 382 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fins , J. J. 2012 . Wait, wait … don't tell me: Tuning in the injured brain . Archives of Neurology , 69 ( 2 ) : 158 – 160 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fins , J. J. and Plum , F. 2004 . Neurological diagnosis is more than a state of mind: diagnostic clarity and impaired consciousness . Archives of Neurology , 61 : 1354 – 1355 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fins , J. J. and Schiff , N. D. 2006 . Shades of gray: New insights from the vegetative state . Hastings Center Report , 36 ( 6 ) : 8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fins , J. J. and Schiff , N. D. 2010 . In the blink of the mind's eye . Hastings Center Report , 40 ( 3 ) : 21 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fins , J. J. , Illes , J. , Bernat , J. L. , Hirsch , J. , Laureys , S. and Murphy , E. 2008 . Participants of the working meeting on ethics, neuroimaging and limited states of consciousness. Neuroimaging and disorders of consciousness: Envisioning an ethical research agenda . American Journal of Bioethics , 8 ( 9 ) : 3 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fins , J. J. , Master , M. G. , Gerber , L. M. and Giacino , J. T. 2007 . The minimally conscious state: diagnosis in search of an epidemiology . Archives of Neurology , 64 ( 10 ) : 1400 – 1405 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giacino , J. T. , Ashwal , S. Childs , N. 2002 . The minimally conscious state: definition and diagnostic criteria . Neurology , 58 ( 3 ) : 349 – 353 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin , E. B. and Bernat , J. L. 2011 . Ethical aspects of disordered states of consciousness . Neurologic Clinics , 29 : 1055 – 1071 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkin , M. 2006 . ‘Vegetative’ patient shows signs of conscious thought . Nature , 443 ( 7108 ) : 132 – 133 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennett , B. and Plum , F. 1972 . Persistent vegetative state after brain damage. A syndrome in search of a name . Lancet , 1 ( 7753 ) : 734 – 737 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John , E. R. , Halper , J. P. , Lowe , R. S. III , Merkin , H. , Defina , P. and Prichep , L. S. 2011 . Source of imaging of QEEG as a method to detect awareness in a person in vegetative state . Brain Injury , 25 ( 4 ) : 426 – 432 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuehlmeyer , K. , Borasio , G. D. and Jox , R. J. 2012 . How family caregivers’ medical and moral assumptions influence decision making for patients in the vegetative state: A qualitative interview study . Journal of Medical Ethics , 38 : 332 – 337 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lammi , M. H. , Smith , V. H. , Tate , R. L. and Taylor , C. M. 2005 . The minimally conscious state and recovery potential: a follow-up study 2 to 5 years after traumatic brain injury . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 86 ( 4 ) : 746 – 754 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luauté , J. , Maucort-Boulch , M. Tell , L. 2010 . Long-term outcomes of chronic minimally conscious and vegetative states . Neurology , 75 ( 3 ) : 246 – 252 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahan , J. 2006 . Alternative to brain death . Journal of Law, Medicine, & Ethics , 34 ( 1 ) : 44 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monti , M. M. , Vanhaudenhuyse , A. Coleman , M. R. 2010 . Willful modulation of brain activity in disorders of consciousness . New England Journal of Medicine , 362 : 579 – 589 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Multi-Society Task Force on PVS . 1994 . Medical aspects of the persistent vegetative state (2) . The New England Journal of Medicine , 330 ( 22 ) : 1572 – 1579 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen , A. M. and Coleman , M. R. 2008 . Functional neuroimaging of the vegetative state . Nature Reviews Neuroscience , 9 : 235 – 243 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen , A. M. , Coleman , M. R. , Boly , M. , Davis , M. H. , Laureys , S. and Pickard , J. D. 2006 . Detecting awareness in the vegetative state . Science , 313 : 1402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saper , C. B. , Schiff , N. , Plum , F. and Posner , J. 2007 . Plum and Posner's diagnosis of stupor and coma, 4th ed , New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schnakers , C. , Vanhaudenhuyse , A. Giacino , J. 2009 . Diagnostic accuracy of the vegetative and minimally conscious state: Clinical consensus versus standardized neurobehavioral assessment . BioMed Central Neurology , 9 ( 35 ) : 1 – 5 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shewmon , D. A. 2004a . A critical analysis of conceptual domains of the vegetative state: Sorting fact from fancy . NeuroRehabilitation , 19 ( 4 ) : 343 – 347 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shewmon , D. A. 2004b . The ABC of PVS: Problems of definition . Advances in ExperimentalMedicine and Biology , 550 : 215 – 228 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veatch , R. M. 1993 . The impending collapse of the whole-brain definition of death . Hastings Center Report , 23 ( 4 ) : 18 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar