449
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Target Article

Public Opinion on Cognitive Enhancement Varies across Different Situations

REFERENCES

  • Aikins, R. D. 2011. Academic performance enhancement: A qualitative study of the perceptions and habits of prescription stimulant-using college students. Journal of College Student Development 52 (5):560–576. doi:10.1353/csd.2011.0064.
  • Appel, J. M. 2008. When the boss turns pusher: A proposal for employee protections in the age of cosmetic neurology. Journal of Medical Ethics 34 (8):616–618. doi:10.1136/jme.2007.022723.
  • Austin, D. S. 2013. Killing them softly: Neuroscience reveals how brain cells die from law school stress. SSRN Electronic Journal 59: 791–859. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2227155.
  • Baylis, F. , and J. S. Robert . 2004. The inevitability of genetic enhancement technologies. Bioethics 18 (1):1–26. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2004.00376.x.
  • Bell, S. , B. Partridge , J. Lucke , and W. Hall . 2013. Australian University Students’ attitudes towards the acceptability and regulation of pharmaceuticals to improve academic performance. Neuroethics 6 (1):197–205. doi:10.1007/s12152-012-9153-9.
  • Bogle, K. E. , and B. H. Smith . 2009. Illicit methylphenidate use: A review of prevalence, availability, pharmacology, and consequences. Current Drug Abuse Reviews 2 (2):157–176. doi:10.2174/1874473710902020157.
  • Bostrom, N. , and A. Sandberg . 2009. Cognitive enhancement: Methods, ethics, regulatory challenges. Science and Engineering Ethics 15 (3):311–341. doi:10.1007/s11948-009-9142-5.
  • Brühl, A. B. , C. d’Angelo , and B. J. Sahakian . 2019. Neuroethical issues in cognitive enhancement: Modafinil as the example of a workplace drug? Brain and Neuroscience Advances 3 (January):2398212818816018. doi:10.1177/2398212818816018.
  • Brukamp, K. 2013. Better brains or bitter brains? The ethics of neuroenhancement. In Cognitive enhancement: An interdisciplinary perspective , ed. E Hildt and A G Franke , 99–112. New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6253-4_9.
  • Cakic, V. 2009. Smart drugs for cognitive enhancement: Ethical and pragmatic considerations in the era of cosmetic neurology. Journal of Medical Ethics 35 (10):611–615. doi:10.1136/jme.2009.030882.
  • Castelo, N. , B. Schmitt , and M. Sarvary . 2019. Human or robot? Consumer responses to radical cognitive enhancement products. Journal of the Association for Consumer Research 4 (3):217–230. doi:10.1086/703462.
  • Chatterjee, A. 2004. Cosmetic neurology: The controversy over enhancing movement, mentation, and mood. Neurology 63 (6):968–974. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000138438.88589.7c.
  • Chatterjee, A. 2006. The promise and predicament of cosmetic neurology. Journal of Medical Ethics 32 (2):110–113. doi:10.1136/jme.2005.013599.
  • Coercion, A. S. 2004. Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Choice Reviews Online 41 (12):41Sup-0181-41Sup – 0181. doi:10.5860/CHOICE.41Sup-0181.
  • Colaneri, N. , M. Sheldon , and A. Adesman . 2018. Pharmacological cognitive enhancement in pediatrics. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 30 (3):430–437. doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000615.
  • Conrad, E. C. , S. Humphries , and A. Chatterjee . 2019. Attitudes toward cognitive enhancement: The role of metaphor and context. AJOB Neuroscience 10 (1):35–47. doi:10.1080/21507740.2019.1595771.
  • Cova, F. , J. Boudesseul , and A. Lantian . 2019. “Sounds fine, but no thanks!”: On distinguishing judgments about action and acceptability in attitudes toward cognitive enhancement. AJOB Neuroscience 10 (1):57–59. doi:10.1080/21507740.2019.1595777.
  • DeGrazia, D. 2000. Prozac, enhancement, and self-creation. The Hastings Center Report 30 (2):34–40. doi:10.2307/3528313.
  • DeGrazia, D. 2005. Human identity and bioethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511614484.
  • DeSantis, A. D. , and A. C. Hane . 2010. “Adderall is definitely not a drug”: Justifications for the illegal use of ADHD stimulants. Substance Use & Misuse 45 (1–2):31–46. doi:10.3109/10826080902858334.
  • Dietz, P. , H. Striegel , A. G. Franke , K. Lieb , P. Simon , and R. Ulrich . 2013. Randomized response estimates for the 12-month prevalence of cognitive-enhancing drug use in university students. Pharmacotherapy 33 (1):44–50. doi:10.1002/phar.1166.
  • Dubljević, V. , S. Sattler , and É. Racine . 2014. Cognitive enhancement and academic misconduct: A study exploring their frequency and relationship. Ethics & Behavior 24 (5):408–420. doi:10.1080/10508422.2013.869747.
  • Farah, M. J. 2011. Neuroethics: An introduction with readings. Neurology . Vol. 76. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e318212ab6a.
  • Farah, M. J. , J. Illes , R. Cook-Deegan , et al. 2004. Neurocognitive enhancement: What can we do and what should we do? Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 5 (5):421–425. doi:10.1038/nrn1390.
  • Forlini, C. , and E. Racine . 2009. Autonomy and coercion in academic ‘cognitive enhancement’ using methylphenidate: Perspectives of key stakeholders. Neuroethics 2 (3):163–177. doi:10.1007/s12152-009-9043-y.
  • Forlini, C. , J. Schildmann , P. Roser , R. Beranek , and J. Vollmann . 2015. Knowledge, experiences and views of German University students toward neuroenhancement: An empirical-ethical analysis. Neuroethics 8 (2):83–92. doi:10.1007/s12152-014-9218-z.
  • Franke, A. G. , C. Bagusat , P. Dietz , et al. 2013. Use of illicit and prescription drugs for cognitive or mood enhancement among surgeons. BMC Medicine 11 (1):102. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-102.
  • Goodman, R. 2010. Cognitive enhancement, cheating, and accomplishment. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 20 (2):145–160. doi:10.1353/ken.0.0309.
  • Greely, H. , B. Sahakian , J. Harris , et al. 2013. Towards responsible use of cognitive-enhancing drugs by the healthy. Nanotechnology, the Brain, and the Future 456 (7223):235–245. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1787-9_14.
  • Green, P. E. , and V. R. Rao . 1970. Rating scales and information recovery. How many scales and response categories to use? Journal of Marketing 34 (3):33. doi:10.2307/1249817.
  • Hotze, T. D. , K. Shah , E. E. Anderson , M. K. Wynia . 2011. “Doctor, would you prescribe a pill to help me … ?” A national survey of physicians on using medicine for human enhancement. The American Journal of Bioethics: AJOB 11 (1):3–13. doi:10.1080/15265161.2011.534957.
  • Hyman, S. E. 2011. Cognitive enhancement: Promises and perils. Neuron 69 (4):595–598. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.02.012.
  • Kass, L. R. 2003. Ageless bodies, happy souls: Biotechnology and the pursuit of perfection. New Atlantis (Washington, D.C.) 1 (1):9–28.
  • Levy, N. , and N. Levy . 2011. The presumption against direct manipulation. Neuroethics . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511811890.004.
  • Lucke, J. , B. Partridge , C. Forlini , and E. Racine . 2015. Using neuropharmaceuticals for cognitive enhancement: Policy and regulatory issues. In Handbook of neuroethics , ed. J. Clausen and N. Levy , 1085–1100. New York, NY: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4707-4_72.
  • Lucke, J. , S. Bell , B. Partridge , and W. D. Hall . 2010. Weak evidence for large claims contribute to the phantom debate. BioSocieties 5 (4):482–483. doi:10.1057/biosoc.2010.31.
  • Lyon, J. 2017. Chess study revives debate over cognition-enhancing drugs. JAMA 318 (9):784–786. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.8114.
  • Maher, B. 2008. Poll results: Look who’s doping. Nature 452 (7188):674–675. doi:10.1038/452674a.
  • Maier, L. J. , E. Liakoni , J. Schildmann , M. P. Schaub , and M. E. Liechti . 2015. Swiss University students’ attitudes toward pharmacological cognitive enhancement. PLoS One 10 (12):e0144402. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144402.
  • Maslen, H. , F. Santoni de Sio , and N. Faber . 2015. With cognitive enhancement comes great responsibility? Responsible Innovation 2: Concepts, Approaches, and Applications 2: 121–138. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-17308-5_7.
  • McCabe, S. E. 2008. Misperceptions of non-medical prescription drug use: A web survey of college students. Addictive Behaviors 33 (5):713–724. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2007.12.008.
  • McCabe, S. E. , C. J. Teter , C. J. Boyd , J. R. Knight , and H. Wechsler . 2005. Nonmedical use of prescription opioids among U.S. College students: Prevalence and correlates from a national survey. Addictive Behaviors 30 (4):789–805. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.08.024.
  • Mohamed, A. D. 2014. Neuroethical issues in pharmacological cognitive enhancement. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Cognitive Science 5 (5):533–549. doi:10.1002/wcs.1306.
  • Outram, S. M. 2010. The use of methylphenidate among students: The future of enhancement? Journal of Medical Ethics 36 (4):198–202. doi:10.1136/jme.2009.034421.
  • Outram, S. M. , and E. Racine . 2011. Developing public health approaches to cognitive enhancement: An analysis of current reports. Public Health Ethics 4 (1):93–105. doi:10.1093/phe/phr006.
  • Paolacci, G. , J. Chandler , and P. G. Ipeirotis . 2010. Running experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Judgment and Decision Making 5 (5):411–419.
  • Parens, E. 2000. Enhancing human traits and social implications . Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
  • Partridge, B. 2013. A bubble of enthusiasm: How prevalent is the use of prescription stimulants for cognitive enhancement? In Cognitive enhancement: An interdisciplinary perspective , ed. E. Hildt and A. G. Franke , 39–47. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6253-4_4.
  • Partridge, B. , J. Lucke , J. Finnoff , and W. Hall . 2011. Begging important questions about cognitive enhancement. The American Journal of Bioethics 11 (1):14–15. doi:10.1080/15265161.2010.534536.
  • Partridge, B. , J. Lucke , and W. Hall . 2012. A comparison of attitudes toward cognitive enhancement and legalized doping in sport in a community sample of Australian adults. AJOB Primary Research 3 (4):81–86. doi:10.1080/21507716.2012.720639.
  • Peer, E. , J. Vosgerau , and A. Acquisti . 2014. Reputation as a sufficient condition for data quality on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Behavior Research Methods 46 (4):1023–1031. doi:10.3758/s13428-013-0434-y.
  • Racine, E. , and C. Forlini . 2010. Cognitive enhancement, lifestyle choice or misuse of prescription drugs?: Ethics blind spots in current debates. Neuroethics 3 (1):1–4. doi:10.1007/s12152-008-9023-7.
  • Rasmussen, N. 2011. Medical science and the military: The Allies’ use of amphetamine during world War II. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 42 (2):205–233. https://doi.org/10.2307/41291190. doi:10.1162/JINH_a_00212.
  • Ray, K. S. 2016. Not just “Study Drugs” for the rich: Stimulants as moral tools for creating opportunities for socially disadvantaged students. The American Journal of Bioethics : AJOB 16 (6):29–38. doi:10.1080/15265161.2016.1170231.
  • Santoni de Sio, F. , N. Faulmüller , and N. A. Vincent . 2014. How cognitive enhancement can change our duties. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience 8: 131–134. (JULY):. doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00131.
  • Sattler, S. , and C. Wiegel . 2013. Cognitive test anxiety and cognitive enhancement: The influence of students’ worries on their use of performance-enhancing drugs. Substance Use & Misuse 48 (3):220–232. doi:10.3109/10826084.2012.751426.
  • Sattler, S. , C. Forlini , É. Racine , and C. Sauer . 2013. Impact of contextual factors and substance characteristics on perspectives toward cognitive enhancement. PLoS One 8 (8):e71452. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071452.
  • Schelle, K. J. , N. Faulmüller , L. Caviola , and M. Hewstone . 2014. Attitudes toward pharmacological cognitive enhancement-a review. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience 8: 53. doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00053.
  • Scheske, C. , and S. Schnall . 2012. The ethics of ‘smart drugs’: Moral judgments about healthy people’s use of cognitive-enhancing drugs. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 34 (6):508–515. doi:10.1080/01973533.2012.711692.
  • Schoomaker, E. B. 2007. Military medical research on cognitive performance: The Warfighter’s competitive edge. Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine 78 (5 II):B4–B6.
  • Schuijff, M. , and F. W. A. Brom . 2013. The dynamics of citizen deliberation regarding human enhancement in the Netherlands. In Beyond therapy v. enhancement?: Multidisciplinary analyses of heated debate , ed. F. Lucivero and A. Vedder , 143–161. Pisa, Italy: Pisa University Press. doi:10.1400/219818.
  • Teter, C. J. , S. E. McCabe , K. LaGrange , J. A. Cranford , and C. J. Boyd . 2006. Illicit use of specific prescription stimulants among college students: Prevalence, motives, and routes of administration. Pharmacotherapy 26 (10):1501–1510. doi:10.1592/phco.26.10.1501.
  • Tubig, P. , and S. Simmerman . 2019. Cognitive enhancement and metaphor choice as moral choice. AJOB Neuroscience 10 (1):50–51. doi:10.1080/21507740.2019.1595780.
  • Turner, D. C. , and B. J. Sahakian . 2006. Neuroethics of cognitive enhancement. BioSocieties 1 (1):113–123. doi:10.1017/S1745855205040044.
  • Warren, O. J. , D. R. Leff , T. Athanasiou , C. Kennard , and A. Darzi . 2009. The neurocognitive enhancement of surgeons: An ethical perspective. The Journal of Surgical Research 152 (1):167–172. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2007.12.761.
  • Weyandt, L. L. , G. Janusis , K. G. Wilson , et al. 2009. Nonmedical prescription stimulant use among a sample of college students: Relationship with psychological variables. Journal of Attention Disorders 13 (3):284–296. doi:10.1177/1087054709342212.
  • Wiegel, C. , S. Sattler , A. S. Göritz , and M. Diewald . 2016. Work-related stress and cognitive enhancement among university teachers. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping 29 (1):100–117. doi:10.1080/10615806.2015.1025764.
  • Wilens, T. E. , L. A. Adler , J. Adams , et al. 2008. Misuse and diversion of stimulants prescribed for ADHD: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 47 (1):21–31. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31815a56f1.
  • Winder, R. , and J. Borrill . 1998. Fuels for memory: The role of oxygen and glucose in memory enhancement. Psychopharmacology 136 (4):349–356. doi:10.1007/s002130050577.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.