Impacts of forest management on liana abundance and liana–tree relationships in a tropical forest in Malaysia and implications for conservation

References

• Addo-Fordjour , P , Anning , AK , Atakora , EA and Agyei , PS. 2008 . Diversity and distribution of climbing plants in a semi-deciduous rain forest, KNUST Botanic Garden, Ghana . Int J Bot. , 4 ( 2 ) : 186 – 195 .
   Google Scholar
• Addo-Fordjour , P , Anning , AK , Larbi , JA and Akyeampong , S. 2009a . Liana species richness, abundance and relationship with trees in the Bobiri forest reserve, Ghana: impact of management systems . For Ecol Manage. , 157 ( 8 ) : 1822 – 1828 .
   Google Scholar
• Addo-Fordjour , P , Obeng , S , Addo , MG and Akyeampong , S. 2009b . Effects of human disturbances and plant invasion on liana community structure and relationship with trees in the Tinte Bepo forest reserve, Ghana . For Ecol Manage. , 258 ( 5 ) : 728 – 734 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alder , D and Synott , JT. 1992 . Permanent sample plot techniques for mixed tropical forests , Oxford , , UK : Oxford Forestry Institute . Tropical Forestry Paper No. 25.
   Google Scholar
• Alvira , D , Putz , FE and Fredericksen , TS. 2004 . Liana loads and post-logging liana densities after liana cutting in a lowland forest in Bolivia . For Ecol Manage. , 190 ( 1 ) : 73 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appanah , S and Weinland , G. 1993 . Will the management system for hill dipterocarp forests, stand up? . J Trop For Sci. , 3 ( 2 ) : 140 – 158 .
   Google Scholar
• Bongers , F , Parren , MPE , Swaine , MD and Traoré , D. 2005 . “ Forest climbing plants of West Africa: introduction ” . In Forest climbing plants of West Africa: diversity, ecology and management , Edited by: Bongers , F , Parren , MPE and Traoré , D . 5 – 18 . Oxfordshire , , UK : CAB International .
   Google Scholar
• DeWalt , SJ and Chave , J. 2004 . Structure and biomass of four lowland neotropical forests . Biotropica. , 36 ( 1 ) : 7 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeWalt , SJ , Schnitzer , SA and Denslow , JS. 2000 . Density and diversity of lianas along a chronosequence in a central Panamanian lowland forest . J Trop Ecol. , 16 ( 1 ) : 1 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Dransfield , J. 1979 . A manual of the rattans of the Malay Peninsula , Kepong , , Malaysia : Forest Research Institute of Malaysia . Malaysian Forest Records. No. 29.
   Google Scholar
• Ewango , CEN . 2010 . The liana assemblage of a Congolian rainforest: diversity, structure and dynamics [PhD thesis] , Wageningen , , The Netherlands : Wageningen University .
   Google Scholar
• Foli , EG and Pinard , MA. 2009 . Liana distribution and abundance in moist tropical forest in Ghana 40 years following silvicultural interventions . Ghana J For. , 25 : 1 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Kammesheidt , L. 1999 . Liana infestation of trees: some observations in a neotropical lowland forest . Ecotropica. , 5 ( 1 ) : 217 – 220 .
   Google Scholar
• Keng , H and Keng , R-SL. 1990 . The concise flora of Singapore: gymnosperms and dicotyledons. Vol. 2 , Singapore : Singapore University Press, Kent Ridge .
   Google Scholar
• Kilgore , A , Lambert , TD and Adler , GH. 2010 . Lianas influence fruit and seed use by rodents in a tropical forest . Trop Ecol. , 51 ( 2 ) : 265 – 271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King , G. 1902 . Materials for a flora of the Malayan Peninsula , Calcutta , West Bengal : Royal Botanic Garden .
   Google Scholar
• Laurence , WF , Pérez-Salicrup , D , Delamônica , P , Feamside , P , Sammya , DA , Jerozolinski , A , Pohl , L and Lovejoy , TE. 2001 . Rain forest fragmentation and the structure of Amazonian liana communities . Ecology. , 82 ( 1 ) : 105 – 116 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madeira , BG , Espírito-Santo , MM , Neto , SD , Nunes , Y , Sánchez Azofeifa , GA , Fernandes , GW and Quesada , M. 2009 . Changes in tree and liana communities along successional gradient in a tropical dry forest in south-eastern Brazil . Plant Ecol. , 201 ( 1 ) : 291 – 304 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Salicrup , DR. 2001 . Effect of liana cutting on tree regeneration in a liana forest in Amazonian Bolivia . Ecology. , 82 ( 2 ) : 389 – 396 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Salicrup , DR and de Meijere , W. 2005 . Number of lianas per tree and number of trees climbed by lianas at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico . Biotropica. , 37 ( 1 ) : 153 – 156 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Salicrup , DR , Sork , VL and Putz , FE. 2001 . Lianas and trees in a liana forest of Amazonian Bolivia . Biotropica. , 33 ( 1 ) : 34 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman , MM , Begum , F , Nishat , A , Islam , KK and Vacik , H. 2010 . Species richness of climbers in natural and successional stands of Madhupur Sal (Shorea robusta C.F. Gaertn) forest, Bangladesh . Trop Subtrop Agroecosys. , 12 ( 1 ) : 117 – 122 .
   Google Scholar
• Rutishauser , SE . 2011 . Increasing liana abundance and biomass in tropical forests: testing mechanistic explanations [MS thesis] , Milwaukee , WI : University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee .
   Google Scholar
• Saenz , G , Finegan , B and Guariguata , M. 1999 . Sapling growth and mortality of seven tree species in an altered very moist tropical forest, Costa Rica . Rev Biol Trop. , 47 ( 1–2 ) : 45 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnitzer , SA and Bongers , F. 2002 . The ecology of lianas and their role in forests . Trends Ecol Evol. , 17 ( 5 ) : 223 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnitzer , SA and Bongers , F. 2011 . Increasing liana abundance and biomass in tropical forests: emerging patterns and putative mechanisms . Ecol Lett. , 14 ( 4 ) : 397 – 406 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnitzer , SA , Dalling , JW and Carson , WP. 2000 . The impact of lianas on tree regeneration in tropical forest canopy gaps: evidence for an alternative pathway of gap-phase regeneration . J Ecol. , 88 ( 4 ) : 655 – 666 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnitzer , SA , Kuzee , ME and Bongers , F. 2005 . Disentangling above- and below-ground competition between lianas and trees in a tropical forest . J Ecol. , 93 ( 6 ) : 1115 – 1125 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnitzer , SA , Parren , MPE and Bongers , F. 2004 . Recruitment of lianas into logging gaps and the effects of pre-harvest climber cutting in a lowland forest in Cameroon . For Ecol Manage. , 190 ( 1 ) : 87 – 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhengyi , W , Raven , PH and Deyuan , H. 2010 . Flora of China. Vol. 10. Fabaceae , 121 St. Louis , MO : Botanical Garden Press .
   Google Scholar