Harnessing local strength for sustainable coffee value chains in India and Nicaragua: reevaluating certification to global sustainability standards

References

• 4C Association. 2009. What we do; [accessed 2014 Oct 06]. http://www.4c-coffeeassociation.org.
   Google Scholar
• Alvarez G, von Hagen O. 2012. When do private standards work? Literature review series on the impact of private standards - Part IV. Geneva: International Trade Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Ambinakudige S. 2009. The global coffee crisis and indian farmers: the livelihood vulnerability of smallholders. Canadian J Dev Stu/Rev Canadienne D’études Du Développement. 28:553–566.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambinakudige S, Choi J. 2009. Global coffee market influence on land-use and land-cover change in the Western Ghats of Insia. Land Degrad Dev. 20:327–335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambinakudige S, Sathish B. 2009. Comparing tree diversity and composition in coffee farms and sacred forests in the Western Ghats of India. Biodivers Conserv. 18:987–1000.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand MO, Krishnaswamy J, Das A. 2008. Proximity of forests drives bird conservation value of coffee plantations: implications for certification. Ecol Appl. 18:1754–1763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand MO, Krishnaswamy J, Kumar A, Bali A. 2010. Sustaining biodiversity conservation in human-modified landscapes in the Western Ghats: remnant forests matter. Biol Conserv. 143:2363–2374.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baca M, Läderach P, Haggar J, Schroth G, Ovalle O, Bond-Lamberty B. 2014. An integrated framework for assessing vulnerability to climate change and developing adaptation strategies for coffee growing families in Mesoamerica. PLoS ONE. 9:e88463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baca M, Liebig T, Caswell M, Castro-Tanzi S, Méndez VE, Läderach P, Aguirre Y 2013. Revisiting the thin months in coffee communities of Guatemala, Mexico and Nicaragua. Final Research Report. Calí & Vermont: CIAT & Agroecology and Rural Livelihoods Group, University of Vermont.
   Google Scholar
• Bacon C. 2005. Confronting the coffee crisis: can fair trade, organic, and specialty coffees reduce small-scale farmer vulnerability in Northern Nicaragua? World Dev. 33:497–511.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacon C, Méndez VE, Fox JA. 2008a. Cultivating sustainable coffee: persistent paradoxes. In: Bacon C, Méndez VE, Gliessman SR, Goodman D, Fox JA, editors. Confronting the coffee crisis: fairt Trade, sustainable livelihoods and ecosystems in Mexico and Central America. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bacon CM. 2010. A spot of coffee in crisis. Lat Am Perspect. 37:50–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacon CM. 2013. Quality revolutions, solidarity networks, and sustainability innovations: following Fair Trade coffee from Nicaragua to California. J Political Ecol. 20(5–10):98–115.
   Google Scholar
• Bacon CM, Méndez VE, Flores Gomez MA, Stuart D, Díaz Flores SR. 2008b. Are sustainable coffee certifications enough to secure farmer livelihoods? The millenium development goals and Nicaragua’s Fair Trade cooperatives. Globalizations. 5:259–274.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bacon CM, Sundstrom WA, Flores Gómez ME, Méndez VE, Santos R, Goldoftas B, Dougherty I. 2014. Explaining the ‘hungry farmer paradox’: smallholders and fair trade cooperatives navigate seasonality and change in Nicaragua’s corn and coffee markets. Global Env Change. 25:133–149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bali A, Kumar A, Krishnaswamy J. 2007. The mammalian communities in coffee plantations around a protected area in the Western Ghats, India. Biol Conserv. 139:93–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beuchelt TD, Zeller M. 2011. Profits and poverty: certification’s troubled link for Nicaragua’s organic and fairtrade coffee producers. Ecol Econ. 70:1316–1324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beuchelt TD, Zeller M. 2013. The role of cooperative business models for the success of smallholder coffee certification in Nicaragua: a comparison of conventional, organic and Organic-Fairtrade certified cooperatives. Renew Agric Food Syst. 28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhagwat S, Kushalappa CG, Williams PH, Brown N. 2005a. The role of informal protected areas in maintaining biodiversity in the Western Ghats of India. Conserv Biol. 10:8.
   Google Scholar
• Bhagwat SA, Kushalappa CG, Williams PH, Brown ND. 2005b. A landscape approach to biodiversity conservation of sacred groves in the Western Ghats of India. Conserv Biol. 19:1853–1862.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhagwat SA, Willis KJ, Birks HJB, Whittaker RJ. 2008. Agroforestry: a refuge for tropical biodiversity? Trends Ecol Evol. 23:261–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bitzer V, Francken M, Glasbergen P. 2008. Intersectoral partnerships for a sustainable coffee chain: really addressing sustainability or just picking (coffee) cherries? Global Env Change. 18:271–284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackman A, Rivera J. 2011. Producer-level benefits of sustainability certification. Conserv Biol. 25:1176–1185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolwig S, Gibbon P, Jones S. 2009. The economics of smallholder organic contract farming in tropical Africa. World Dev. 37:1094–1104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boreux V, Krishnan S, Cheppudira KG, Ghazoul J. 2013a. Impact of forest fragments on bee visits and fruit set in rain-fed and irrigated coffee agro-forests. Agric Ecosyst Environ. 172:42–48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boreux V, Kushalappa CG, Vaast P, Ghazoul J. 2013b. Interactive effects among ecosystem services and management practices on crop production: pollination in coffee agroforestry systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 110(21):8387–8392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bose A 2014. Ficus to filter: the political ecology of market-based incentives for conserving biodiversity. [PhD Thesis]. Cambridge (UK): University of Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Bose A, Vira B, Garcia C. 2016. Does environmental certification in coffee promote “business as usual”? A case study from the Western Ghats, India. Ambio. 45:946–955.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bray JG, Neilson J. 2017. Reviewing the impacts of coffee certification programmes on smallholder livelihoods. Int J Biodivers Sci Ecosyst Serv Manag. 13(1):216–232.
   Google Scholar
• Brown N, Bhagwat S, Watkinson S. 2006. Macrofungal diversity in fragmented and disturbed forests of the Western Ghats of India. J Appl Ecol. 43:11–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce A. 2016. The legacy of agrarian reform in Latin America: foundations of the fair trade cooperative system. Geogr Compass. 10:485–498.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunn C, Läderach P, Ovalle Rivera O, Kirschke D. 2015. A bitter cup: climate change profile of global production of Arabica and Robusta coffee. Clim Change. 129:89–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CAFENICA. 2016. CAFENICA: about; [accessed 2016 May 08]. http://cafenica.net/en/about.
   Google Scholar
• CAFNET. 2011. Final report - India. Bangalore (India): Regional Centre, Coffee Agroforestry Network - Connecting, Enhancing and Sustaining Environmental Services and Market Values of Coffee Agroforestry in Central America, East Africa and India.
   Google Scholar
• Caswell M, Méndez VE, Baca M, Läderach P, Liebig T, Castro-Tanzi S, Fernández M. 2014. Revisiting the “thin months”- a follow-up study on livelihoods of Mesoamerican coffee farmers. Cali (Colombia): Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT).
   Google Scholar
• Caudill A, Vaast P, Husband T. 2014. Assessment of small mammal diversity in coffee agroforestry in the Western Ghats, India. Agrofor Syst. 88:173–186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CBD. 2017. List of parties; [accessed 2017 July 25]. https://www.cbd.int/information/parties.shtml
   Google Scholar
• CBI. 2016. Database on coffee. Coffee Board of India; [accessed 2016 May 24]. http://www.indiacoffee.org/database-coffee.html.
   Google Scholar
• CBI. 2017. Indian coffee exporters; [accessed 2017 Oct 22]. http://www.indiacoffee.org/Indian%20Coffee/Indian%20Coffee%20Exporters[1]_2.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• CEI. undated. Export directory; [accessed 2016 Mar 01]. http://www.cei.org.ni/exporters.php?empresa=Company&dpto=+&producto=coffee&sac=HS+Code&lvl=102&lvl2=103&form_exportadores_buscar=Search.
   Google Scholar
• Central Ground Water Board. 2007. Ground water information booklet, Kodagu District, Karnataka. Bangalore: Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India.
   Google Scholar
• CEPALSTAT. 2014. Nicaragua: pérfil nacional económico; [accessed 2014 Mar 01]. http://interwp.cepal.org/cepalstat/WEB_cepalstat/Perfil_nacional_economico.asp?Pais=NIC&idioma=e.
   Google Scholar
• Chandran MS. 1997. On the ecological history of the Western Ghats. Curr Sci. 73:146–155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhary A, Kastner T. 2016. Land use biodiversity impacts embodied in international food trade. Global Env Change. 38:195–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chemonics International. (2006). Central American and Dominican Republic Quality Coffee Program (CADR QCP). Final Report. USAID. http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pdacj043.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Chengappa PG, Rich K, Muniyappa A, Yadava CG, Pradeepa B, Rich M. 2014. Promoting conservation in India by greening coffee. Oslo (Norway): Norwegian Institute of International Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Chethana A, Nagaraj N, Chengappa P, Gracy C. 2010. Geographical indications for Kodagu Coffee - a socio-economic feasibility analysis. Agric Econ Res Rev. 23:97–103.
   Google Scholar
• Craves J 2017. The new rainforest Alliance shade requirements. Coffee & Certification; [accessed 2017 Oct 22]. http://www.coffeehabitat.com/2017/02/new-rainforest-alliance-shade-requirements/.
   Google Scholar
• Damodaran A. 2002. Conflict of trade-facilitating environmental regulations with biodiversity concerns: the case of coffee-farming units in India. World Dev. 30:1123–1135.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daviron B, Vagneron I. 2011. From commoditisation to de-commoditisation … and back again: discussing the role of sustainability standards for agricultural products. Dev Policy Rev. 29:91–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis SC, Boddey RM, Alves BJR, Cowie AL, George BH, Ogle SM, Van Wijk MT. 2013. Management swing potential for bioenergy crops. GCB Bioenergy. 5:623–638.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Janvry A, McIntosh C, Sadoulet E. 2015. Fair trade and free entry: can a disequilibrium market serve as a development tool? Rev Econ Stat. 97:567–573.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Depommier D. 2003. The tree behind the forest: ecological and economic importance of traditional agroforestry systems and multiple uses of trees in India. Int Soc Trop Ecol. 44:63–71.
   Google Scholar
• Desjeux Y. 1999. Contribution des arbres d’ombrages des caféiers à l’approvisionnement en bois de feu des petits planteurs du Coorg, (Karnataka, Inde du Sud). ENITA, Mémoire de fin d’études.
   Google Scholar
• Dewi S, Van Noordwijk M, Zulkarnain MT, Dwiputra A, Hyman G, Prabhu R, Gitz V, Nasi R. 2017. Tropical forest-transition landscapes: a portfolio for studying people, tree crops and agro-ecological change in context. Int J Biodivers Sci Ecosyst Serv Manag. 13(1):312–329.
   Google Scholar
• Dolia J, Devy MS, Aravind NA, Kumar A. 2008. Adult butterfly communities in coffee plantations around a protected area in the Western Ghats, India. Anim Conserv. 11:26–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan J, Poole N. 2014. Changing asset endowments and smallholder participation in higher value markets: evidence from certified coffee producers in Nicaragua. Food Policy. 44:1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elder SD, Lister J, Dauvergne P. 2014. Big retail and sustainable coffee: a new development studies research agenda. Prog Dev Stud. 14:77–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAOSTAT. 2016. Production, trade & macro-statistics. http://faostat3.fao.org/.
   Google Scholar
• FLO. 2011. Fairtrade standard for small producer organizations. Version 01. 05.2011_v1.3. Bonn: Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser J, Fisher E, Arce A. 2014. Reframing ‘Crisis’ in fair trade coffee production: trajectories of agrarian change in Nicaragua. J Agrarian Change. 14:52–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs D, Kalfagianni A, Clapp J, Busch L 2011a. Introduction to symposium on private agrifood governance: values, shortcomings and strategies. Agric Hum Values. 28:335–344. doi:10.1007/s10460-011-9310-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs D, Kalfagianni A, Havinga T. 2011b. Actors in private food governance: the legitimacy of retail standards and multistakeholder initiatives with civil society participation. Agric Human Values. 28:353–367.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadgil M, Berkes F, Folke C. 1993. Indigenous knowledge for biodiversity conservation. Ambio. 22:151–156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia C, Pascal J. 2006. Sacred forests of Kodagu: ecological value and social role. In: Cederlof G, Sivaramakrishnan K, editors. Ecological nationalisms: nature, livelihoods and identities in South Asia. Seattle: University of Washington Press; p. 199–229.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia CA, Bhagwat SA, Ghazoul J, Nath CD, Nanaya KM, Kushalappa CG, Vaast P. 2010. Biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes: challenges and opportunities of coffee agroforests in the Western Ghats, India. Conserv Biol. 24:479–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaucherel C, Alet J, Garcia C. 2016. Coffee monoculture trends in tropical agroforested landscapes of Western Ghats (India). Environ Conserv. 44:183–190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GCP. 2017. Frequently asked questions. The Global Coffee Platform; [accessed 2017 Oct 22]. http://www.globalcoffeeplatform.org/about/faq.
   Google Scholar
• Gereffi G, Humphrey J, Sturgeon T. 2005. The governance of global value chains. Rev Int Political Economy. 12:78–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghazoul J, Garcia C, Kushalappa C. 2009. Landscape labelling: a concept for next-generation payment for ecosystem service schemes. For Ecol Manage. 258:1889–1895.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert CL 2005. The long run impact of the ending of coffee control. Paper presented at the Second World Coffee Conference; Sep 23–25; Salvador (Bahia), Brazil.
   Google Scholar
• Global Coffee Platform. 2016. Baseline common code GCP_Doc_01_Baseline Common Code_v2.1_en. Bonn: Global Coffee Platform.
   Google Scholar
• GoI. 2008. National biodiversity action plan. New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests.
   Google Scholar
• GoI. 2011. Government policy documents - National Environmental Policy (NEP) 2006. http://www.wiienvis.nic.in/Content/GovernmentPolicyDocuments_8100.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Goodall KE 2013. Conservation, agroecology and livelihoods: shade trees, birds and farmer decisions in smallholder coffee cooperatives of Northern Nicaragua [Ph.D. Thesis]. Burlington (VT): University of Vermont.
   Google Scholar
• Goodall KE, Bacon CM, Méndez VE. 2015. Shade tree diversity, carbon sequestration, and epiphyte presence in coffee agroecosystems: a decade of smallholder management in San Ramón, Nicaragua. Agric Ecosyst Environ. 199:200–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorrie P 2009 Guilt-free mass-market coffee - ’greenwashing’? thestar.com; [accessed 2017 Jul 30]. https://www.thestar.com/news/insight/2009/04/25/guiltfree_massmarket_coffee__greenwashing.html.
   Google Scholar
• Guía Agropecuaria. undated. Servicios Beneficios de Café; [accessed 2016 Mar 01]. http://www.guiagronicaragua.com/index.php/servicios/beneficios-de-cafe.html
   Google Scholar
• Haggar J, Asigbaase M, Bonilla G, Pico J, Quilo A. 2015. Tree diversity on sustainably certified and conventional coffee farms in Central America. Biodivers Conserv. 24:1175–1194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegde R, Suryaprakas S, Achoth L, Bawa KS. 1996. Extraction of non-timber forest products in the forests of Biligi Ranhan Hills, India. 1. Contribution to rural income. Econ Bot. 50:243–251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henson S. 2011. Private agrifood governance: conclusions, observations and provocations. Agric Hum Values. 28:443–451.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphrey J, Schmitz H. 2001. Governance in global value chains. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Ibanez M, Blackman A. 2016. Is eco-certification a win–win for developing country agriculture? Organic coffee certification in Colombia. World Dev. 82:14–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ICO. 2013. Exports of organic coffee and differentiated coffees. Calendar years 2005 to 2012; [accessed 2016 May 20]. http://dev.ico.org/documents/cy2012-13/sc-26e-organic.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• ICO. 2015. New public-private alliance for the long-term sustainability of the world coffee market. http://icocoffeeorg.tumblr.com/post/113173211320/new-public-private-alliance-for-the-long-term.
   Google Scholar
• ICO. 2016. Country data on the global coffee trade | #CoffeeTradeStats; [accessed 2016 Jun 15]. http://www.ico.org/profiles_e.asp.
   Google Scholar
• ICO. undated-a. History; [accessed 2015 Aug 27]. http://www.ico.org/icohistory_e.asp?section=About_Us.
   Google Scholar
• ICO. undated-b. Historical data on the global coffee trade, prices to growers - annual averages, [accessed 2016 Jun 15]. http://www.ico.org/new_historical.asp.
   Google Scholar
• IFOAM. 2014. The IFOAM NORMS for organic production and processing version 2014. Bonn (Germany): International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements.
   Google Scholar
• INIDE, MAGFOR. 2012. Informe final: IV censo nacional agropecuario. Nicaragua: Instituto Nacional de Información de Desarrollo (INIDE) y Ministerio Agropecuario y Forestal (MAGFOR).
   Google Scholar
• ISEAL. 2014. Setting social and environmental standards ISEAL code of good practice. London (UK): ISEAL Alliance.
   Google Scholar
• ISEAL. 2016. About us; [accessed 2016 May 12]. http://www.isealalliance.org/about-us.
   Google Scholar
• ITC. 2015. Trade map. Geneva (Switzerland): International Trade Centre based on UN COMTRADE.
   Google Scholar
• Jena PR, Grote U. 2017. Fairtrade certification and livelihood impacts on small-scale coffee producers in a tribal community of India. Appl Econ Perspect Policy. 39:87–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jena PR, Stellmacher T, Grote U. 2017. Can coffee certification schemes increase incomes of smallholder farmers? Evidence from Jinotega, Nicaragua. Environ Dev Sustain. 19:45–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jha S, Bacon CM, Philpott SM, Méndez VE, Läderach P, Rice RA. 2014. Shade coffee: update on a disappearing refuge for biodiversity. Bio Sci. 64:416–428.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John J, Mansingh P. 2013. Plantation labour act 1951 and social cost – the case of tea industry. Bangalore (India): Institute of Social and Economic Change.
   Google Scholar
• Joshi AA, Mudappa D, Raman TRS. 2009. Brewing trouble: coffee invasion in relation to edges and forest structure in tropical rainforest fragments of the Western Ghats, India. Biol Invasions. 11:2387.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplinsky R. 2004. Competitions policy and the global coffee and cocoa value chains. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, and Centre for Research in Innovation Management, University of Brighton.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplinsky R, Fitter R. 2004. Technology and globalisation: who gains when commodities are de-commodified? Int J Technol Global. 1:5–28.
   Google Scholar
• Kapoor V. 2008. Effects of rainforest fragmentation and shade-coffee plantations on spider communities in the Western Ghats, India. J Insect Conserv. 12:53–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolk A. 2012. Towards a sustainable coffee market: paradoxes faced by a multinational company. Corporate Soc Responsibility Environ Manag. 19:79–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolk A. 2013. Mainstreaming sustainable coffee. Sustain Dev. 21:324–337.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kushalappa CG, Yenagulla R, Vaast P, Garcia C. undated. Project CAFNET - An effort to document the ecosystem services from coffee based agroforesry systems in Kodagu. Bangalore (India): CAFNET.
   Google Scholar
• Lal JB, Singh J, Gulati AK, Prajapati RC. 1990. Deforestation study in Kodagu District of Karnataka using Landsat MSS data. Indian Forester. 116:487–493.
   Google Scholar
• Lambin EF, Meyfroidt P, Rueda X, Blackman A, Börner J, Cerutti PO, Wunder S. 2014. Effectiveness and synergies of policy instruments for land use governance in tropical regions. Global Env Change. 28:129–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee HL, Lee CY, editors. 2007. Building supply chain excellence in emerging economies. Vol. 98. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media.
   Google Scholar
• Levi M, Linton A. 2003. Fair trade: a cup at a time?. Politics & Society. 31(3):407–432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy D, Reinecke J, Manning S. 2016. The political dynamics of sustainable coffee: contested value regimes and the transformation of sustainability. J Manag Stud. 53:364–401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macura B, Zorondo-Rodríguez F, Grau-Satorras M, Demps K, Laval M, Garcia CA, Reyes-García V. 2011. Local community attitudes toward forests outside protected areas in India. Impact of legal awareness, trust, and participation. Ecol Soc. 16:10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhusudan MD. 2005. The global village: linkages between international coffee markets and grazing by livestock in a South Indian wildlife reserve. Conserv Biol. 19(2):411–420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MAGFOR, CONACAFE, IICA. 2008. Reconversión y diversificación competitiva de la caficultura Nicaragüense y seguridad alimentaria. Managua (Nicaragua): Ministerio Agropecuario y Forestal (MAGFOR).
   Google Scholar
• Manning S, Boons F, von Hagen O, Reinecke J. 2012. National contexts matter: the co-evolution of sustainability standards in global value chains. Ecol Econ. 83:197–209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• March E 2007. Making the origin count: two coffees. WIPO Magazine; Sep.
   Google Scholar
• Marie-Vivien D, Garcia CA, Kushalappa CG, Vaast P. 2014. Trademarks, geographical indications and environmental labelling to promote biodiversity: the case of agroforestry coffee in India. Dev Policy Rev. 32:379–398.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Méndez VE, Bacon CM, Olson M, Morris KS, Shattuck A. 2010b. Agrobiodiversity and shade coffee smallholder livelihoods: a review and synthesis of ten years of research in central America. Prof Geographer. 62:357–376.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Méndez VE, Bacon CM, Olson M, Petchers S, Herrador D, Carranza C, Mendoza A. 2010a. Effects of fair trade and organic certifications on small-scale coffee farmer households in Central America and Mexico. Renew Agric Food Syst. 25:236–251.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menon S, Bawa KS. 1997. Applications of geographic information systems, remote-sensing, and a landscape ecology approach to biodiversity conservation in the Western Ghats. Curr Sci. 73:134–145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercereau D, Vignault C. 2008. Coffee value chain and geographical indications in India: origin, reputation and marketing of Indian coffees. Paris: CIRAD (Agricultural Research for Development).
   Google Scholar
• Milder JC, Arbuthnot M, Blackman A, Brooks SE, Giovannucci D, Gross L, Zrust M. 2015. An agenda for assessing and improving conservation impacts of sustainability standards in tropical agriculture. Conserv Biol. 29:309–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millard E. 2011. Incorporating agroforestry approaches into commodity value chains. Environ Manage. 48:365–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mithöfer D, Van Noordwijk M, Leimona B, Cerutti PO. 2017. Certify and shift blame, or resolve issues? Environmentally and socially responsible global trade and production of timber and tree crops. Int J Biodivers Sci Ecosyst Serv Manag. 13(1):72–85.
   Google Scholar
• Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, Da Fonseca GAB, Kent J. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature. 403:853–858. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v403/n6772/suppinfo/403853a0_S1.html
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nath CD, Pélissier R, Ramesh BR, Garcia C. 2011. Promoting native trees in shade coffee plantations of southern India: comparison of growth rates with the exotic Grevillea robusta. Agroforestry Syst. 83:107–119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nath CD, Schroth G, Burslem DFRP. 2016. Why do farmers plant more exotic than native trees? A case study from the Western Ghats, India. Agric Ecosyst Environ. 230:315–328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neilson J. 2008. Global private regulation and value-chain restructuring in Indonesian smallholder coffee systems. World Dev. 36:1607–1622.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neilson J, Pritchard B. 2007. Green coffee? The contradictions of global sustainability initiatives from an Indian perspective. Dev Policy Rev. 25:311–331.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neilson J, Pritchard B. 2010a. Fairness and ethicality in their place: the regional dynamics of fair trade and ethical sourcing agendas in the plantation Districts of South India. Environ Plann. 42:1833–1851.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neilson J, Pritchard B. 2010b. Value chain struggles: Institutions and governance in the plantation districts of South India. Chichester (UK): Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• NewForesight Consultancy. 2015. Vision 2020 Webinar report, Webinar sessions for stakeholder update and input, May 11, 2015. London: International Coffee Organization, 4C Association and IDH – the Sustainable Trade Initiative.
   Google Scholar
• Ninan KN, Sathyapalan J. 2005. The economics of biodiversity conservation: a study of a coffee growing region in the Western Ghats of India. Ecol Econ. 55:61–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noponen MRA, Edwards-Jones G, Haggar JP, Soto G, Attarzadeh N, Healey JR. 2012. Greenhouse gas emissions in coffee grown with differing input levels under conventional and organic management. Agric Ecosyst Environ. 151:6–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ormsby A. 2013. Analysis of local attitudes toward the sacred groves of Meghalaya and Karnataka, India. Conserv Soc. 11:187–197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panhuysen S, van Reenen M. 2012. Coffee barometer 2012. The Hague (The Netherlands): Tropical Commodity Coalition.
   Google Scholar
• Perfecto I, Vandermeer J, Mas A, Pinto LS. 2005. Biodiversity, yield, and shade coffee certification. Ecol Econ. 54:435–446.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pino M. 2014. Agrobiodiversity and food security in coffee growing communities of Nicaragua [ M.S.] Burlington (VT): University of Vermont.
   Google Scholar
• Ponte S. 2002. The `Latte Revolution’? Regulation, markets and consumption in the global coffee chain. World Dev. 30:1099–1122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponte S, Sturgeon T. 2013. Explaining governance in global value chains: a modular theory-building effort. Rev Int Political Economy. 21:195–223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potts J, Lynch M, Wilkings A, Huppé G, Cunningham M, Voora V. 2014. The state of sustainability initiatives review 2014: standards and the Green Economy. Winnipeg (Manitoba, Canada): International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) & London, (UK): International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED).
   Google Scholar
• Potts J, van der Meer J, Daitchman J. 2010. The state of sustainability initiatives review 2010: sustainability and transparency. Winnipeg (Manitoba, Canada): International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) & London(UK): International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED).
   Google Scholar
• Prakash N, Mudappa D, Raman TRS, Kumar A. 2012. Conservation of the Asian small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) in human-modified landscapes, Western Ghats, India. Trop Conserv Sci. 5:67–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rainforest Alliance. 2017. The rainforest alliance and UTZ to merge, forming new, stronger organization. Rainforest Alliance; [accessed 2017 Oct 22]. https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/articles/rainforest-alliance-utz-merger.
   Google Scholar
• Raman TRS. 2006. Effects of habitat structure and adjacent habitats on birds in tropical rainforest fragments and shaded plantations in the Western Ghats, India. Biodivers Conserv. 15:1577–1607.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raman TRS, Mudappa D. 2003. Correlates of hornbill distribution and abundance in rainforest fragments in the southern Western Ghats, India. Bird Conserv Int. 13:199–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raynolds L, Murray D (2011). Fair trade USA’s split from FLO: issues and implications; [accessed 2017 Nov 02]. http://cfat.colostate.edu/fair-trade-usas-split-from-flo-issues-and-implications/
   Google Scholar
• Raynolds LT. 2009. Mainstreaming fair trade coffee: from partnership to traceability. World Dev. 37:1083–1093.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raynolds LT, Murray D, Heller A. 2007. Regulating sustainability in the coffee sector: a comparative analysis of third-party environmental and social certification initiatives. Agric Human Values. 24:147–163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinecke J, Manning S, von Hagen O. 2012. The emergence of a standards market: multiplicity of sustainability standards in the global coffee industry. Organ Stud. 33:791–814.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocha JL. 2003. La década de los años 80: revolución en nicaragua, revolución en la caficultora nicaragüense. Annuario De Estudios Centroamericanos. 29: 69–99.
   Google Scholar
• Ruben R, Zuniga G. 2011. How standards compete: comparative impact of coffee certification schemes in Northern Nicaragua. Supply Chain Manage An Int J. 16:98–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell B, Mohan S, Banerjee A. 2012. Coffee market liberalisation and the implications for producers in Brazil, Guatemala and India. World Bank Econ Rev. 26:514–538.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAN. 2010. Sustainable agriculture standard. Version 4. New York (London): Sustainable Agriculture Network.
   Google Scholar
• SAN. 2017. July 2017 sustainable agriculture standard. Version 1.2. Red de Agricultura Sostenibla, A.C. http://san.ag/web/our-standard-2/#tab3
   Google Scholar
• Sathish B, Kushalappa C, Wall S 2006. An insight into the socio-economic view of coffee based agroforestry systems of Kodagu: a small scale forestry Small-scale forestry and rural development: the intersection of ecosystems, economics and society. Paper presented at the IUFRO 3.08 Conference; Jun 18–23; Galway, Ireland: Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology.
   Google Scholar
• SCP. Undated. About the initiatives. Sustainable coffee program. idh the sustainable trade initiative; [accessed 2017 Oct 22]. http://www.sustainablecoffeeprogram.com/en/about-coffee.
   Google Scholar
• Sodhi NS, Koh LP, Clements R, Wanger TC, Hill JK, Hamer KC, Lee TM. 2010. Conserving Southeast Asian forest biodiversity in human-modified landscapes. Biol Conserv. 143:2375–2384.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solér C, Sandström C, Skoog H. 2017. How can high-biodiversity coffee make it to the mainstream market? The performativity of voluntary sustainability standards and outcomes for coffee diversification. Environ Manage. 59:230–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soto G, Le Coq J-F. 2011. Certification process in the coffee value chain: achievements and limits to foster provision of environmental services. In: Rapidel B, DeClerck F, Le Coq J-F, Beer J, editors. Ecosystem services from agriculture and agroforestry: measurement and payment. London and Washington (DC): Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Soto-Pinto L, Perfecto I, Castillo-Hernandez J, Caballero-Nieto J. 2000. Shade effect on coffee production at the northern Tzeltal zone of the state of Chiapas, Mexico. Agric Ecosyst Environ. 80:61–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SPP-FUNDEPPO. 2016. ¿QUÉ ES EL SPP? [accessed 2016 May 12]. http://spp.coop/.
   Google Scholar
• Steering Committee of the State-of-Knowledge Assessment of Standards and Certification. 2012. Toward sustainability - The roles and limitations of certification. Washington (DC): RESOLVE, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Swinnen J, Vandeplas A. 2011. Rich consumers and poor producers: quality and rent distribution in global value chains. J Globalization Dev. 2: 1948–1837.
   Google Scholar
• Talbot JM. 2002. Tropical commodity chains, forward integration strategies and international inequality: coffee, cocoa and tea. Rev Int Political Economy. 9:701–734.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor PL. 2005. In the market but not of it: fair trade coffee and forest stewardship council certification as market-based social change. World Dev. 33:129–147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomich TP, Chomitz K, Francisco H, Izac A-M, Murdiyarso D, Ratner BD, Van Noordwijk M. 2004. Policy analysis and environmental problems at different scales: asking the right questions. Agric Ecosyst Environ. 104:5–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNESCO. 2013. Twenty-six new sites inscribed on UNESCO world heritage list. Western Ghats; [accessed 2013 Dec 30]. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1342/
   Google Scholar
• Upendranadh C. 2013. Coffee Conundrum: whither the Future of Small Growers in India? Bangalore (India): Institute of Social and Economic Change.
   Google Scholar
• USAID, & Rainforest Alliance. 2010. Nicaragua Sustainable Forestry, Agriculture and Tourism Alliance (NIFATA). Cooperative agreement No: 524-A-00-06-00008-00. Final report. New York: Rainforest Alliance. http://www.eco-index.org/search/pdfs/1110report_2.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Utting K. 2009. Assessing the impact of fair trade coffee: towards an integrative framework. J Bus Ethics. 86:127–149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UTZ. 2015a. Code of conduct: coffee module version 1.1. Amsterdam: UTZ.
   Google Scholar
• UTZ. 2015b. Core code of conduct: for group and multi-group certification. Version 1.1. Amsterdam (The Netherlands): UTZ Standard and Certification Department.
   Google Scholar
• UTZ. 2015c. List of banned pesticides and pesticide watchlist. Version 1.0. Amsterdam (The Netherlands): UTZ Standard and Certification Department.
   Google Scholar
• Vaast P, Harmand JM, Rapidel B, Jagoret P, Deheuvels O. 2016. Coffee and cocoa production in agroforestry - A climate-smart agriculture model. In: Torquebiau E, editors. Climate change and agriculture worldwide. 209–224. Heidelberg: Springer doi:10.1007/978-94-017-7462-8_16
   Google Scholar
• Valkila J. 2009. Fair Trade organic coffee production in Nicaragua — sustainable development or a poverty trap? Ecol Econ. 68:3018–3025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valkila J, Haaparanta P, Niemi N. 2010. Empowering coffee traders? The coffee value chain from Nicaraguan fair trade farmers to finnish consumers. J Bus Ethics. 97:257–270.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valkila J, Nygren A. 2010. Impacts of fair trade certification on coffee farmers, cooperatives, and laborers in Nicaragua. Agric Human Values. 27:321–333.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Rijsbergen B, Elbers W, Ruben R, Njuguna SN. 2016. The ambivalent impact of coffee certification on farmers’ welfare: a matched panel approach for cooperatives in Central Kenya. World Dev. 77:277–292.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Rikxoort H, Schroth G, Läderach P, Rodríguez-Sánchez B. 2014. Carbon footprints and carbon stocks reveal climate-friendly coffee production. Agron Sustain Dev. 34:887–897.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vellema W, Buritica Casanova A, Gonzalez C, D’Haese M. 2015. The effect of specialty coffee certification on household livelihood strategies and specialisation. Food Policy. 57:13–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermeulen WJV, Kok MTJ. 2012. Government interventions in sustainable supply chain governance: experience in Dutch front-running cases. Ecol Econ. 83:183–196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson BR. 2010. Indebted to fair trade? Coffee and crisis in Nicaragua. Geoforum. 41:84–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson BR. 2015. Reclaiming the worker’s property: control grabbing, farmworkers and the Las Tunas Accords in Nicaragua. J Peasant Stud. 42:747–763.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wordley CFR, Sankaran M, Mudappa D, Altringham JD. 2015. Landscape scale habitat suitability modelling of bats in the Western Ghats of India: bats like something in their tea. Biol Conserv. 191:529–536.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar