Management of patients with septic shock due to Candida infection

References

• Vincent JL, Sakr Y, Sprung CL, et al. Sepsis in European intensive care units: results of the SOAP study. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:344–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bone RC, Fisher CJ Jr, Clemmer TP, et al. A controlled clinical trial of high-dose methylprednisolone in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:653–658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brun-Buisson C, Doyon F, Carlet J, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and outcome of severe sepsis and septic shock in adults. A multicenter prospective study in intensive care units. French ICU group for severe sepsis. JAMA. 1995;274:968–974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opal SM, Cohen J. Clinical gram-positive sepsis: does it fundamentally differ from gram-negative bacterial sepsis? Crit Care Med. 1999;27:1608–1616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard GR, Vincent JL, Laterre PF, et al. Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:699–709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rangel-Frausto MS, Pittet D, Costigan M, et al. The natural history of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). A prospective study. JAMA. 1995;273:117–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadley S, Lee WW, Ruthazer R, et al. Candidemia as a cause of septic shock and multiple organ failure in nonimmunocompromised patients. Crit Care Med. 2002;30:1808–1814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittet D, Li N, Woolson RF, et al. Microbiological factors influencing the outcome of nosocomial bloodstream infections: a 6-year validated, population-based model. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;24:1068–1078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein MP, Towns ML, Quartey SM, et al. The clinical significance of positive blood cultures in the 1990s: a prospective comprehensive evaluation of the microbiology, epidemiology, and outcome of bacteremia and fungemia in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 1997;24:584–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassetti M, Righi E, Ansaldi F, et al. A multicenter study of septic shock due to candidemia: outcomes and predictors of mortality. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40:839–845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kollef M, Micek S, Hampton N, et al. Septic shock attributed to Candida infection: importance of empiric therapy and source control. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:1739–1746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombo AL, de Almeida Júnior JN, Slavin MA, et al. Candida and invasive mould diseases in non-neutropenic critically ill patients and patients with haematological cancer. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17:e344–e356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassetti M, Carnelutti A, Peghin M, et al. Estimated burden of fungal infections in Italy. J Infect. 2018;76:103–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent JL, Rello J, Marshall J, et al. International study of the prevalence and outcomes of infection in intensive care units. JAMA. 2009;302:2323–2329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisplinghoff H, Bischoff T, Tallent SM, et al. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:309–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchetti O, Bille J, Fluckiger U, et al. Epidemiology of candidemia in Swiss tertiary care hospitals: secular trends, 1991-2000. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:311–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisplinghoff H, Seifert H, Wenzel RP, et al. Inflammatory response and clinical course of adult patients with nosocomial bloodstream infections caused by Candida spp. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006;12:170–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutiérrez SM, Heredia M, Gómez E, et al. Candidemia in ICU patients with sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2013;4:e385.
   Google Scholar
• Guzman JA, Tchokonte R, Sobel JD. Septic shock due to candidemia: outcomes and predictors of shock development. J Clin Med Res. 2011;3:65–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leroy O, Gangneux J-P, Montravers P, et al. Epidemiology, management, and risk factors for death of invasive Candida infections in critical care: a multicenter, prospective, observational study in France (2005-2006). Crit Care Med. 2009;37:1612–1618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, et al. The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1546–1554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venkatesh B, Finfer S, Cohen J, et al. Adjunctive glucocorticoid therapy in patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:797–808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouncey PR, Osborn TM, Power GS, et al. Trial of early, goal-directed resuscitation for septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1301–1311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payen DM, Guilhot J, Launey Y, et al. Early use of polymyxin B hemoperfusion in patients with septic shock due to peritonitis: a multicenter randomized control trial. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41:975–984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maccallum DM. Hosting infection: experimental models to assay Candida virulence. Int J Microbiol. 2012;2012:363764.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huffnagle GB, Noverr MC. The emerging world of the fungal microbiome. Trends Microbiol. 2013;21:334–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole GT, Halawa AA, Anaissie EJ. The role of the gastrointestinal tract in hematogenous candidiasis: from the laboratory to the bedside. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;22:S73–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amara U, Rittirsch D, Flierl M, et al. Interaction between the coagulation and complement system. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2008;632:71–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oikonomopoulou K, Ricklin D, Ward PA, et al. Interactions between coagulation and complement–their role in inflammation. Semin Immunopathol. 2012;34:151–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward PA, Guo RF, Riedemann NC. Manipulation of the complement system for benefit in sepsis. Crit Care Res Pract. 2012;2012:427607.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ward PA, Gao H. Sepsis, complement and the dysregulated inflammatory response. J Cell Mol Med. 2009;13:4154–4160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duggan S, Leonhardt I, Hünniger K, et al. Host response to Candida albicans bloodstream infection and sepsis. Virulence. 2015;6:316–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittet D, Monod M, Suter PM, et al. Candida colonization and subsequent infections in critically ill surgical patients. Ann Surg. 1994;220:751–758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luzzati R, Cavinato S, Giangreco M, et al. Peripheral and total parenteral nutrition as the strongest risk factors for nosocomial Candidemia in elderly patients: a matched case–control study. Mycoses. 2013 May;56:664–671. Epub ahead of print.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falcone M, Russo A, De Rosa FG, et al. Clinical experience of anidulafungin for the treatment of patients with documented candidemia. J Chemother. 2010;22:397–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raad I, Hanna H, Boktour M, et al. Management of central venous catheters in patients with cancer and candidemia. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:1119–1127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassetti M, Merelli M, Ansaldi F, et al. Clinical and therapeutic aspects of candidemia: a five year single centre study. PLoS One. 2015 May 26;10(5):e0127534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tascini C, Sozio E, Tintori G, et al. Peripherally inserted central catheter as a predominant risk factor for candidemia in critically ill patients in internal medicine wards in Italy. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41:1498–1499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassetti M, Peghin M, Carnelutti A, et al. Clinical characteristics and predictors of mortality in cirrhotic patients with candidemia and intra-abdominal candidiasis: a multicenter study. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43:509–518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassetti M, Righi E, Ansaldi F, et al. A multicenter multinational study of abdominal candidiasis: epidemiology, outcomes and predictors of mortality. Intensive Care Med. 2015;41:1601–1610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandven P, Qvist H, Skovlund E, et al. Significance of Candida recovered from intraoperative specimens in patients with intraabdominal perforations. Crit Care Med. 2002;30:541–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montravers P, Dupont H, Gauzit R, et al. Candida as a risk factor for mortality in peritonitis. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:646–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupont H, Paugam-Burtz C, Muller-Serieys C, et al. Predictive factors of mortality due to polymicrobial peritonitis with Candida isolation in peritoneal fluid in critically ill patients. Arch Surg. 2002;137:1341–1346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montravers P, Mira JP, Gangneux JP, et al. A multicentre study of antifungal strategies and outcome of Candida spp peritonitis in intensive-care units. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17:1061–1067.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassetti M, Marchetti M, Chakrabarti A, et al. A research agenda on the management of intra-abdominal candidiasis: results from a consensus of multinational experts. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39:2092–2106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassetti M, Garnacho-Montero J, Calandra T, et al. Intensive care medicine research agenda on invasive fungal infection in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2017;43:1225–1238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tascini C, Falcone M, Bassetti M, et al. Candidemia in patients with body temperature below 37°C and admitted to internal medicine wards: assessment of risk factors. Am J Med. 2016;129:1330.e1–1330.e6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath LL, Hospenthal DR, Murray CK, et al. Detection of simulated candidemia by the BACTEC 9240 system with plus aerobic/F and anaerobic/F blood culture bottles. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:4714–4717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clancy CJ, Nguyen MH. Finding the “missing 50%” of invasive candidiasis: how nonculture diagnostics will improve understanding of disease spectrum and transform patient care. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56:1284–1292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• León C, Ruiz-Santana S, Saavedra P, et al. A bedside scoring system (“Candida score”) for early antifungal treatment in non-neutropenic critically ill patients with Candida colonization. Crit Care Med. 2006 Mar;34(3):730–737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odabasi Z, Mattiuzzi G, Estey E, et al. b-d-glucan as a diagnostic adjunct for invasive fungal infections: validation, cutoff development, and performance in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:199–205.).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onishi A, Sugiyama D, Kogata Y, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of serum 1,3-β-D-Glucan for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, invasive candidiasis, and invasive aspergillosis: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(1):7–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posteraro B, De Pascale G, Tumbarello M, et al. Early diagnosis of candidemia in intensive care unit patients with sepsis: a prospective comparison of (1→3)-β-D-glucan assay, Candida score, and colonization index. Crit Care. 2011;15:R249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortegiani A, Russotto V, Montalto F, et al. Procalcitonin as a marker of Candida species detection by blood culture and polymerase chain reaction in septic patients. BMC Anesthesiol. 2014;14:9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giacobbe DR, Mikulska M, Tumbarello M, et al. Combined use of serum (1,3)-β-D-glucan and procalcitonin for the early differential diagnosis between candidaemia and bacteraemia in intensive care units. Crit Care. 2017;21:176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassetti M, Mikulska M, Viscoli C. Bench-to-bedside review: therapeutic management of invasive candidiasis in the intensive care unit. Crit Care. 2010;14(6):244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassetti M, Peghin M, Timsit JF. The current treatment landscape: candidiasis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71:ii13–ii22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassetti M, Righi E, Montravers P, et al. What has changed in the treatment of invasive candidiasis? A look at the past 10 years and ahead. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;73:i14–i25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scudeller L, Bassetti M, Concia E, et al. MEDical wards Invasive Candidiasis ALgorithms (MEDICAL): consensusproposal for management. Eur J Intern Med. 2016;34:45–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tascini C, Menichetti F, Merelli M, et al. Variable incidence of candidemia in patients admitted to ICUs or medical wards of large tertiary-care Italian hospitals. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015;21:e71–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hope WW, Castagnola E, Groll AH, et al. ESCMID* guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: prevention and management of invasive infections in neonates and children caused by Candida spp. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(Suppl 7):38–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62:e1–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karageorgopoulos DE, Vouloumanou EK, Ntziora F, et al. β-D-glucan assay for the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:750–770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• León C, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Schuster M. What’s new in the clinical and diagnostic management of invasive candidiasis in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40:808–819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tissot F, Lamoth F, Hauser PM, et al. β-glucan antigenemia anticipates diagnosis of blood culture-negative intraabdominal candidiasis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;188:1100–1109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Jiménez MC, Muñoz P, Valerio M, et al. Candida biomarkers in patients with candidaemia and bacteraemia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70:2354–2361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikulska M, Calandra T, Sanguinetti M, et al. The use of mannan antigen and anti-mannan antibodies in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis: recommendations from the Third European Conference on Infections in Leukemia. Crit Care. 2010;14:R222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfaller MA, Castanheira M. Nosocomial Candidiasis: antifungal stewardship and the importance of rapid diagnosis. Med Mycol. 2016;54:1–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mylonakis E, Clancy CJ, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, et al. T2 magnetic resonance assay for the rapid diagnosis of candidemia in whole blood: a clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60:892–899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassetti M, Ansaldi F, Nicolini L, et al. Incidence of candidaemia and relationship with fluconazole use in an intensive care unit. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;64:625–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muñoz P, Vena A, Machado M, et al. T2MR contributes to the very early diagnosis of complicated candidaemia. A prospective study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018;73:iv13–iv19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garbino J, Lew DP, Romand JA, et al. Prevention of severe Candida infections in nonneutropenic, high-risk, critically ill patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients treated by selective digestive decontamination. Intensive Care Med. 2002;28:1708–1717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chowdhary A, Sharma C, Meis JF. Candida auris: A rapidly emerging cause of hospital-acquired multidrug-resistant fungal infections globally. PLoS Pathog. 2017;13:e1006290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scudeller L, Viscoli C, Menichetti F, et al. An Italian consensus for invasive candidiasis management (ITALIC). Infection. 2014;42:263–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knitsch W, Vincent JL, Utzolino S, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of preemptive antifungal therapy for the prevention of invasive candidiasis following gastrointestinal surgery for intra-abdominal infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:1671–1678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Shoham S, Vazquez J, et al. MSG-01: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of caspofungin prophylaxis followed by preemptive therapy for invasive candidiasis in high-risk adults in the critical care setting. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:1219–1226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valerio M, Vena A, Rodríguez-González CG, et al. Repeated antifungal use audits are essential for selecting the targets for intervention in antifungal stewardship. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018 Aug 4. Epub ahead of print.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombo AL, Guimarães T, Sukienik T, et al. Prognostic factors and historical trends in the epidemiology of candidemia in critically ill patients: an analysis of five multicenter studies sequentially conducted over a 9-year period. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40:1489–1498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrell M, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. Delaying theempiric treatment of candida bloodstream infection until positive blood culture results are obtained: a potential risk factor for hospital mortality. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:3640–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garey KW, Rege M, Pai MP, et al. Time to initiation of fluconazole therapy impacts mortality in patients with candidemia: a multi-institutional study. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:25–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornely OA, Bassetti M, Calandra T, et al. ESCMID* guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: non-neutropenic adult patients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(Suppl 7):19–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kett DH, Shorr AF, Reboli AC, et al. Anidulafungin compared with fluconazole in severely ill patients with candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis: support for the 2009 IDSA treatment guidelines for candidiasis. Crit Care. 2012;15:R253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andes DR, Safdar N, Baddley JW, et al. Impact of treatment strategy on outcomes in patients with candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis: a patient-level quantitative review of randomized trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:1110–1122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reboli AC, Shorr AF, Rotstein C, et al. Anidulafungin compared with fluconazole for treatment of candidemia and other forms of invasive candidiasis caused by Candida albicans: a multivariate analysis of factors associated with improved outcome. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11:261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aguilar-Zapata D, Petraitiene R, Petraitis V. Echinocandins: the expanding antifungal armamentarium. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(Suppl 6):S604–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukherjee PK, Sheehan D, Puzniak L, et al. Echinocandins: are they all the same? J Chemother. 2011;23:319–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanguinetti M, Posteraro P, Posteraro B. Echinocandin antifungal drug resistance in Candida species: a cause for concern? Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2010 Nov;12:437–443.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shields RK, Nguyen MH, Press EG, et al. The presence of an FSK mutation rather than MIC is an independent risk factor for failure of echinocandin therapy among patients with invasive candidiasis due to Candida glabrata. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56:4862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassetti M, Merelli M, Righi E, et al. Epidemiology, species distribution, antifungal susceptibility, and outcome of candidemia across five sites in Italy and Spain. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51:4167–4172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett JE. Echinocandins for candidemia in adults without neutropenia. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1154–1159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiederhold NP, Lewis RE. The echinocandin antifungals: an overview of the pharmacology, spectrum and clinical efficacy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2003;12:1313–1333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Xiao M, Watts MR, et al. Development of fluconazole resistance in a series of Candida parapsilosis isolates from a persistent candidemia patient with prolonged antifungal therapy. BMC Infect Dis. 2015 Aug 18;15(1):340.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Branco J, Silva AP, Silva RM, et al. Fluconazole and voriconazole resistance in Candida parapsilosis is conferred by gain-of-function mutations in MRR1 trascrption factor gene. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015 Oct;59(10):6629–6633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timsit JF, Azoulay E, Schwebel C, et al. Empirical micafungin treatment and survival without invasive fungal infection in adults with ICU-Acquired sepsis, Candida colonization, and multiple organ failure: the EMPIRICUS randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016;316:1555–1564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-Cortés LE, Almirante B, Cuenca-Estrella M, et al. Empirical and targeted therapy of candidemia with fluconazole versus echinocandins: a propensity score-derived analysis of a population-based, multicentre prospective cohort. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22:733.e1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez-Jiménez MC, Muñoz P, Valerio M, et al. Combination of Candida biomarkers in patients receiving empirical antifungal therapy in a Spanish tertiary hospital: a potential role in reducing the duration of treatment. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71:2679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nucci M, Nouér SA, Esteves P, et al. Discontinuation of empirical antifungal therapy in ICU patients using 1,3-β-d-glucan. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71:2628–2633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar