143
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Features - Original Research

Determinants of glycemic control among diabetes mellitus patients in a tertiary clinic in Gaborone, Botswana: findings and implications

, , , , , ORCID Icon, , & show all
Pages 34-41 | Received 18 Apr 2018, Accepted 09 Oct 2018, Published online: 05 Nov 2018

References

  • Koro CE, Bowlin SJ, Bourgeois N, et al. Glycemic control from 1988 to 2000 among US adults diagnosed with type2diabetes: A preliminary report. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(1):17−20.
  • International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes atlas. 8th. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation; 2017. Available at URL: http://www.diabetesatlas.org/resources/2017-atlas.html
  • Hall V, Thomsen RW, Henriksen O, et al. Diabetes in Sub Saharan Africa 1999-2011: epidemiology and public health implications. a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:564.
  • Baleta A, Mitchell F. Country in focus: diabetes and obesity in South Africa. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(9):687–688.
  • Botswana International Diabetes Federation Atlas (2015). [cited 2018 Oct 14]. Available at URL: https://www.idf.org/our-network/regions-members/africa/members/1-botswana.html.
  • Saadine JB, Engelgau MM, Beckles GL, et al. A diabetes report card for the United States: quality of care in the 1990’s. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136:565−74.
  • The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:977−86.
  • Prospective diabetes UK. Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood glucose control with sulphanylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 1998;352:837−53.
  • Middleton J. The effect of case management on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Case Manager. 2003;14:43–47.
  • Da Mata AR, Alvares J, Diniz LM, et al. Quality of life of patients with diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2 from a referral health centre in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2016;9(5):739–746.
  • Rwegerera GM, Moshomo T, Gaenamong M, et al. Health related quality of life and associated factors among patients with diabetes mellitus in Botswana. Alexandria J Med. 2018;54:111–118. Available at URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S209050681730091X
  • Karter AJ, Moffet HH, Liu J, et al. Achieving good glycemic control: initiation of new anti-hyperglycemic therapies in patient with type 2 diabetes from the Kaiser permanente northern california diabetes registry. Am J Manag Care. 2005;11:262−70.
  • Marra LP, Araujo VE, Oliveira GC, et al. The clinical effectiveness of insulin glargine in patients with type I diabetes in Brazil: findings and implications. J Comp Eff Res. 2017;6(6):519–527.
  • Iqbal Q, Bashir S, Iqbal J, et al. Assessment of medication adherence among type 2 diabetic patients in Quetta city, Pakistan. Postgrad Med. 2017;129(6):637–643.
  • Aung WP, Htet AS, Bjertness E, et al. Urban–rural differences in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus among 25–74 year-old adults of the Yangon region, Myanmar: two cross-sectional studies. BMJ Open. 2018;8(3):e020406.
  • Wallace TM, Matthews DR. Poor glycemic control in type 2 diabetes, conspiracy of disease, suboptimal therapy and attitude. Q J Med. 2000;93:369−74.
  • Rhee MK, Slocum W, Ziemer DC, et al. Patient adherence improves glycemic control. Diabetes Educator. 2005;31:240−50.
  • Khattab M, Khader YS, Al-Khawaldeh A, et al. Factors associated with poor glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications. 2003;24:84–89.
  • Blaum CS, Velez L, Hiss RG, et al. Characteristics related to poor glycemic control in NIDDM patients in community practice. Diabetes Care. 1997;20(1):7–11.
  • Goudswaard AN, Stolk RP, Zuithoff P, et al. Patient characteristics do not predict poor glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes patients treated in primary care. Eur J Epidemiol. 2004;19:541–545.
  • Meyer JC, Schellack N, Stokes J, et al. Ongoing initiatives to improve the quality and efficiency of medicine use within the public healthcare system in South Africa; a preliminary study. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8:751.
  • Rwegerera GM, Moshomo T, Gaenamong M, et al. Antidiabetic medication adherence and associated factors among patients in Botswana; implications for the future. Alexandria J Med. 2018;54:103–109. Available at URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090506817300064
  • Gerstein HC, Swedberg K, Carlsson J, et al. The hemoglobin A1c level as a progressive risk factor for cardiovascular death, hospitalization for heart failure, or death in patients with chronic heart failure: an analysis of the Candesartan in Heart failure: assessment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity (CHARM) program. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:1699–1704.
  • World Health Organization. Physical status: theuse and interpretation of anthropometry. Geneva: WHO Technical Report Series 854; 1995. ww.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/bmi_text/en/Last accessed on 02nd October 2018.
  • World Health Organization. Nutritional anaemias. Report of a WHO scientific group. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 405-5-37. 1968.
  • Lo SK, Li IT, Tsou TS, et al. Non-significant in univariate but significant in multivariate analysis: a discussion with examples. Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1995;18(2):95–101.
  • Fox KM, Gerber RA, Bolinder B, et al. Prevalence of inadequate glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes in the United Kingdom general practice research database: a series of retrospective analyses of data from 1998 through 2002. Clin Ther. 2006;28(3):388–395.
  • Kassahun T, Eshetie T, Gesesew H. Factors associated with glycemic control among adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional survey in Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2016;9:78.
  • Gebrehiwot T, Jemal H, Dawit T. Non-adherence and associated factors among type 2 diabetic patients at jimma university specialized hospital, southwest Ethiopia. J Med Sci. 2013;13:578–584.
  • Hailu E, Mariam WH, Belachew T, et al. Self-care practice and glycaemic control amongst adults with diabetes at the Jimma University specialized hospital in south-west Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 2012;4(1):311–316.
  • Benoit SR, Fleming R, Philis-Tsimikas A, et al. Predictors of glycemic control among patients with Type 2 diabetes: a longitudinal study. BMC Public Health. 2005;5:36.
  • American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes. 2009;32(Suppl 1):S13-61.
  • Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2012;35(6):1364–1379.
  • Bansal P, Nayak P, Sharma BD. Understanding glycosylated haemoglobin. JIACM. 2014;15(3–4):220–221.
  • Unnikrishnan R, Anjana RM, Mohan V. Drugs affecting HbA1c levels. Indian J Endocr Metab. 2012;16:528–531.
  • Farasat T, Sharif S, Naz S, et al. Significant association of serum creatinine with HbA1C in impaired glucose tolerant Pakistani subjects. Pak J Med Sci. 2015;31(4):991–994.
  • Herman WH, Cohen RM. Racial and ethnic differences in the relationship betweenHbA1c and blood glucose: implicationsfor the diagnosis of diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Apr;97(4):1067–1072.
  • Venkataraman K, Kao SL, Thai AC, et al. Ethnicity modifies the relation between fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c in Indians, Malays and Chinese. Diabet Med. 2012 Jul;29(7):911–917.
  • SEMDSA 2017. Guidelines for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus SEMDSA type 2 diabetes guidelines expert committee. JEMDSA. 2017;22(Supplement 1):S1–S196.
  • Omech B, Tshikuka J-G, Amone-P’Olak K, et al. The utilization of HbA1c test in the screening and diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus: an outpatient clinics survey in Botswana. J Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017; 8:1–8.
  • Sakthidasan S, Hemachandrika C, Suthakaran C. Relationship between the levels of glycosylated haemoglobin red cell width and haemoglobin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Indian J Basic Appl Med Res. 2017;6(2):645–651.
  • Christy AL, Manjrekar PA, Babu RP, et al. Influence of iron deficiency anaemia on hemoglobin A1c levels in diabetic individuals with controlled plasma glucose levels. Iran Biomed J. 2014;18(2):88–93.
  • Sinha N, Mishra TK, Singh T, et al. Effect of iron deficiency anaemia on hemoglobin A1c levels. Ann Lab Med. 2012;32(1):17–22.
  • Bruce DG, Davis WA, Davis TM. Glycemic control in older subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the fremantle diabetes study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(11):1449–1453.
  • Chiu C-J, Wray LA. Factors predicting glycemic control in middle-aged and older adults with type 2 diabetes. Prev Chronic Dis. 2010;7(1):A08.
  • Valle T, Koivisto A, Reunanen A, et al. Glycemic control in patients with diabetes in Finland. Diabetes Care. 1999;22(4):575−79.
  • Verma M, Paneri S, Badi P, et al. Effect of increasing duration of diabetes mellitus type 2 on glycated hemoglobin and insulin sensitivity. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2006;21(1):142−46.
  • Rothenbacher D, Ruter G, Saam S, et al. Younger patients with type 2 diabetes need better glycemic control: results of a community-based study describing factors associated with a high HbA1c value. Br J Gen Pract. 2003;53:389−91.
  • Juarez DT, Sentell T, Tokumaru S, et al. Factors associated with poor glycemic control or wide glycemic variability among diabetes patients in Hawaii, 2006–2009. Prev Chronic Dis. 2012;9:120065.
  • Davidson MB, Schriger DL. Effect of age and race/ethnicity on HbA1c levels in people without known diabetes mellitus: implications for the diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010;87:415–421.
  • Gulliford MC, Ukoumunne OC. Determinants of glycated haemoglobin in the general population: associations with diet, alcohol and cigarette smoking. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2001;55:615–623.
  • Chan WB, Chan JC, Chow CC, et al. Glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes: the impact of body weight, beta-cell function and patient education. Qjm. 2000;93:183:190.
  • Rwegerera GM. Adherence to anti-diabetic drugs among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at Muhimbili National Hospital, dar es salaam, Tanzania—a cross-sectional study. Pan Afr Med J. 2014;17(252).
  • Hartz A, Kent S, James P, et al. Factors that influence improvement for patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2006;74:227–232.
  • Vrijens B, Antoniou S, Burnier M, et al. Current situation of medication adherence in hypertension. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8:100.
  • Adeniyi OV, Yogeswaran P, Longo-Mbenza B, et al. Cross-sectional study of patients with type 2 diabetes in OR Tambo district, South Africa. BMJ Open. 2016;6:e010875.
  • Kumar P. Kumar & Clark’s clinical Medicine. International Edition ed; 2009, Elsevier, England.
  • Ghazanfari Z, Niknami S, Ghofranifour F, et al. Determinants of glycemic control in female diabetic patients: a study from Iran. Lipids Health Dis. 2010;9:83.
  • Woldu MA, Wami CD, Lenjisa JL, et al. Factors associated with poor glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in ambo hospital, ambo; Ethiopia. Endocrinol Metab Synd. 2014;3(4):1–6.
  • Zhang SL, Chen ZC, Yan L, et al. Determinants for inadequate glycaemic control in Chinese patients with mild-to-moderate type 2 diabetes on oral antidiabetic drugs alone. Chin Med J. 2011;124:2461–2468.
  • Brown JB, Nichols GA, Perry A. The burden of treatment failure in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1535–1540.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.