1,186
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Features - Original Research

A national, multicentre web-based point prevalence survey of antimicrobial use in community healthcare centres across South Africa and the implications

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 306-317 | Received 21 Dec 2021, Accepted 15 Aug 2022, Published online: 13 Sep 2022

References

  • Godman B, Haque M, McKimm J, et al. Ongoing strategies to improve the management of upper respiratory tract infections and reduce inappropriate antibiotic use particularly among lower and middle-income countries: findings and implications for the future. Curr Med Res Opin. 2020;36(2):301–327.
  • Mashalla Y, Setlhare V, Massele A, et al. Assessment of prescribing practices at the primary healthcare facilities in Botswana with an emphasis on antibiotics: findings and implications. Int J Clin Pract. 2017;71(12):e13042.
  • Rezal RS, Hassali MA, Alrasheedy AA, et al. Prescribing patterns for upper respiratory tract infections: a prescription-review of primary care practice in Kedah, Malaysia, and the implications. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2015;13(12):1547–1556.
  • Teixeira Rodrigues A, Roque F, Falcao A, et al. Understanding physician antibiotic prescribing behaviour: a systematic review of qualitative studies. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2013;41(3):203–212.
  • Havers FP, Hicks LA, Chung JR, et al. Outpatient antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory infections during influenza seasons. JAMA Network Open. 2018;1(2):e180243.
  • Wei X, Zhang Z, Hicks JP, et al. Long-term outcomes of an educational intervention to reduce antibiotic prescribing for childhood upper respiratory tract infections in rural China: follow-up of a cluster-randomised controlled trial. PLoS Med. 2019;16(2):e1002733.
  • Alshaikh FS, Godman B, Sindi ON et al. Prevalence of bacterial coinfection and patterns of antibiotics prescribing in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2022;17(8):e0272375
  • Klein EY, Van Boeckel TP, Martinez EM, et al. Global increase and geographic convergence in antibiotic consumption between 2000 and 2015. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018;115(15):E3463–e70.
  • Ayukekbong JA, Ntemgwa M, Atabe AN. The threat of antimicrobial resistance in developing countries: causes and control strategies. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2017;6(1):47.
  • Godman B, Egwuenu A, Haque M, et al. Strategies to improve antimicrobial utilization with a special focus on developing countries. Life. 2021;11(6).
  • Hofer U. The cost of antimicrobial resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2019;17(1):3.
  • Godman B, Egwuenu A, Wesangula E et al. Tackling antimicrobial resistance across sub-Saharan Africa; current challenges and implications for the future. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 2022
  • Iwu CD, Patrick SM. An insight into the implementation of the global action plan on antimicrobial resistance in the WHO African region: a roadmap for action. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2021;58(4):106411.
  • Department of Health Republic of South Africa. SOUTH AFRICAN ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE NATIONAL STRATEGY FRAMEWORK; A ONE HEALTH APPROACH - 2017–2024. 2017. Available at URL: https://www.knowledgehub.org.za/system/files/elibdownloads/2020-03/AMR%20National%20Action%20Plan%202018%20-%202024.pdf
  • Auta A, Hadi MA, Oga E, et al. Global access to antibiotics without prescription in community pharmacies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect. 2019;78(1):8–18.
  • National department of Health, Republic of South Africa - republic of South Africa. Implementation Plan for Antimicrobial Resistance National Strategy Framework 2014-2019. [cited 18 June 2022]. Available at URL: http://www.health.gov.za/index.php/antimicrobial-resistance
  • Meyer JC, Schellack N, Stokes J, et al. Ongoing initiatives to improve the quality and efficiency of medicine use within the public healthcare system in South Africa; a preliminary study. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8:751.
  • Reublic of South Africa Statistics Department. Mid-year population estimates 2021. [Accessed 18 June 2022]. Available at URL: http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022021.pdf.
  • McKenzie A, Schneider H, Schaay N, et al. PRIMARY HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS (PRIMASYS)- Case study from South Africa. 2017. [cited 17 June 2022]. Available at URL: https://www.who.int/alliance-hpsr/projects/alliancehpsr_southafricaprimasys.pdf?ua=1.
  • Matsitse TB, Helberg E, Meyer JC, et al. Compliance with the primary health care treatment guidelines and the essential medicines list in the management of sexually transmitted infections in correctional centres in South Africa: findings and implications. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2017;15(10):963–972.
  • Stott BA, Moosa S. Exploring the sorting of patients in community health centres across Gauteng Province, South Africa. BMC Fam Pract. 2019;20(1):5.
  • Manderson L. Prescribing, care and resistance: antibiotic use in urban South Africa. Humanit Soc Sci Commun. 2020;7(1):77.
  • Torres N, Chibi B Antibiotic use and resistance in South Africa: the need for better data. 2019. [cited 17 June 2022]. Available at URL: http://www.hsrc.ac.za/en/review/hsrc-review-june-2019/antibiotic-use-and-resistance-in-sa.
  • Ncube NB, Solanki GC, Kredo T, et al. Antibiotic prescription patterns of South African general medical practitioners for treatment of acute bronchitis. S Afr Med J. 2017;107(2):119–122.
  • McCarthy K, Fielding K, Churchyard GJ, et al. Empiric tuberculosis treatment in South African primary health care facilities - for whom, where, when and why: implications for the development of tuberculosis diagnostic tests. PLoS One. 2018;13(1):e0191608.
  • Schellack N, Benjamin D, Brink A, et al. A situational analysis of current antimicrobial governance, regulation, and utilization in South Africa. Int J Infect Dis. 2017;64:100–106.
  • Kruger D, Dlamini NN, Meyer JC, et al. Development of a web-based application to improve data collection of antimicrobial utilization in the public health care system in South Africa. Hosp Pract. 2021;49(3):184–193.
  • Finlayson H, Versporten A, Whitelaw A, Goossens H, et al. The global point prevalence survey of antimicrobial consumption and resistance (global-pps): results of antimicrobial prescribing in a south African tertiary hospital. [cited 8 June 2022]. Available at URL: http://www.global-pps.com/wp-content/uploads/ECCMID-2016_South-Africa.pdf. Available at URL.
  • Skosana PP, Schellack N, Godman B, et al. A point prevalence survey of antimicrobial utilisation patterns and quality indices amongst hospitals in South Africa; findings and implications. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2021;19(10):1353–1366.
  • Dlamini NN, Meyer JC, Kruger D, et al. Feasibility of using point prevalence surveys to assess antimicrobial utilisation in public hospitals in South Africa: a pilot study and implications. Hosp Pract. 2019;47(2):88–95.
  • Skosana PP, Schellack N, Godman B, et al. A national, multicentre, web-based point prevalence survey of antimicrobial use and quality indices among hospitalised paediatric patients across South Africa. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2021;29:542–550.
  • Massele A, Tiroyakgosi C, Matome M, et al. Research activities to improve the utilization of antibiotics in Africa. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2017;17(1):1–4.
  • Versporten A, Zarb P, Caniaux I, et al. Antimicrobial consumption and resistance in adult hospital inpatients in 53 countries: results of an internet-based global point prevalence survey. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6(6):e619–e29.
  • ECDC. Point prevalence survey of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use in European acute care hospitals 2011–2012. [cited 8 June 2022]. Available at URL: https://ecdc.europa.eu/sites/portal/files/media/en/publications/Publications/healthcare-associated-infections-antimicrobial-use-PPS.pdf.
  • Plachouras D, Karki T, Hansen S, et al. Antimicrobial use in European acute care hospitals: results from the second point prevalence survey (PPS) of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use, 2016 to 2017. Euro surveillance. 2018; 23(46)
  • Anand Paramadhas BD, Tiroyakgosi C, Mpinda-Joseph P, et al. Point prevalence study of antimicrobial use among hospitals across Botswana; findings and implications. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2019;17(7):535–546.
  • Gwebu PC, Meyer JC, Schellack N, et al. A web-based point prevalence survey of antimicrobial use and quality indicators at Raleigh Fitkin Memorial Hospital in the Kingdom of Eswatini and the implications. Hosp Pract. 2022;1–8.
  • National Department of Health (NDoH). Regulations relating to categories of hospitals. Government Notices. Pretoria, South Africa. [cited 10 June 2022]. Available at URL: http://www.health.gov.za/index.php/2014-03-17-09-09-38/legislation/joomla-split-menu/category/84-2012r?download=138:regulations-relating-to-categories-of-hospitals-r185-20122
  • WHO. WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. ATC/ DDD Index. [cited 10 June 2022]. Available at URL: https://www.whocc.no/
  • Sharland M, Pulcini C, Harbarth S, et al. Classifying antibiotics in the WHO Essential Medicines List for optimal use-be AWaRe. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):18–20.
  • Sharland M, Gandra S, Huttner B, et al. Encouraging AWaRe-ness and discouraging inappropriate antibiotic use-the new 2019 Essential Medicines List becomes a global antibiotic stewardship tool. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19(12):1278–1280.
  • Hsia Y, Lee BR, Versporten A, et al. Use of the WHO Access, Watch, and Reserve classification to define patterns of hospital antibiotic use (AWaRe): an analysis of paediatric survey data from 56 countries. Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7(7):e861–e71.
  • Hsia Y, Sharland M, Jackson C, et al. Consumption of oral antibiotic formulations for young children according to the WHO Access, Watch, Reserve (AWaRe) antibiotic groups: an analysis of sales data from 70 middle-income and high-income countries. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):67–75.
  • Klein EY, Milkowska-Shibata M, Tseng KK, et al. Assessment of WHO antibiotic consumption and access targets in 76 countries, 2000-15: an analysis of pharmaceutical sales data. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):107–115.
  • Saleem Z, Hassali MA, Godman B, et al. Sale of WHO AWaRe groups antibiotics without a prescription in Pakistan: a simulated client study. J Pharm Policy Pract. 2020;13(1):26.
  • Afriyie DK, Sefah IA, Sneddon J, et al. Antimicrobial point prevalence surveys in two Ghanaian hospitals: opportunities for antimicrobial stewardship. JAC Antimicrob Resist. 2020;2(1):dlaa001.
  • Mwita JC, Ogunleye OO, Olalekan A, et al. Key Issues Surrounding Appropriate Antibiotic Use for Prevention of Surgical Site Infections in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: a Narrative Review and the Implications. Int J Gen Med. 2021;14:515–530.
  • Zhang HL, Bodinayake C, Wijayaratne GB, et al. Point-prevalence survey of outpatient antibiotic prescription at a tertiary medical center in Sri Lanka: opportunities to improve prescribing practices for respiratory illnesses. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):97.
  • Kurdi A, Hasan AJ, Baker KI, et al. A multicentre point prevalence survey of hospital antibiotic prescribing and quality indices in the Kurdistan regional government of Northern Iraq: the need for urgent action. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2021;19(6):805–814.
  • Versporten A, Bielicki J, Drapier N, et al. The Worldwide Antibiotic Resistance and Prescribing in European Children (ARPEC) point prevalence survey: developing hospital-quality indicators of antibiotic prescribing for children. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71(4):1106–1117.
  • Saleem Z, Hassali MA, Versporten A, et al. A multicenter point prevalence survey of antibiotic use in Punjab, Pakistan: findings and implications. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2019;17(4):285–293.
  • Olaru ID, Meierkord A, Godman B, et al. Assessment of antimicrobial use and prescribing practices among pediatric inpatients in Zimbabwe. J Chemother. 2020;32(8):456–459.
  • Campbell S, Meyer JC, Godman B. Why compliance to national prescribing guidelines is important especially across sub-Saharan Africa and suggestions for the future. J Biomed Pharm Sci. 2021;4: 316.
  • Sefah IA, Essah DO, Kurdi A, et al. Assessment of adherence to pneumonia guidelines and its determinants in an ambulatory care clinic in Ghana: findings and implications for the future. JAC Antimicrob Resist. 2021;3(2):dlab080.
  • Momanyi L, Opanga S, Nyamu D, et al. Antibiotic prescribing patterns at a leading referral hospital in Kenya: a point prevalence survey. J Res Pharm Pract. 2019;8(3):149–154.
  • Okoth C, Opanga S, Okalebo F, et al. Point prevalence survey of antibiotic use and resistance at a referral hospital in Kenya: findings and implications. Hosp Pract. 2018;46(3):128–136.
  • Mustafa ZU, Salman M, Yasir M, et al. Antibiotic consumption among hospitalized neonates and children in Punjab province, Pakistan. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2022;20(6):931–939.
  • Fink G, D’Acremont V, Leslie HH, et al. Antibiotic exposure among children younger than 5 years in low-income and middle-income countries: a cross-sectional study of nationally representative facility-based and household-based surveys. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(2):179–187.
  • Nepal A, Hendrie D, Robinson S, et al. Analysis of patterns of antibiotic prescribing in public health facilities in Nepal. J Infect Developing Countries. 2020;14(1):18–27.
  • Ahiabu MA, Tersbol BP, Biritwum R, et al. A retrospective audit of antibiotic prescriptions in primary health-care facilities in Eastern Region, Ghana. Health Policy Plan. 2016;31(2):250–258.
  • Chem ED, Anong DN, Akoachere JKT. Prescribing patterns and associated factors of antibiotic prescription in primary health care facilities of Kumbo East and Kumbo West Health Districts, North West Cameroon. PloS one. 2018;13(3):e0193353.
  • Kasabi GS, Subramanian T, Allam RR, et al. Prescription practices & use of essential medicines in the primary health care system, Shimoga district, Karnataka, India. Indian J Med Res. 2015;142(2):216–219.
  • Raza UA, Khursheed T, Irfan M, et al. Prescription patterns of general practitioners in peshawar, Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci. 2014;30(3):462–465.
  • Greer RC, Intralawan D, Mukaka M, et al. Retrospective review of the management of acute infections and the indications for antibiotic prescription in primary care in northern Thailand. BMJ open. 2018;8(7):e022250.
  • Ab Rahman N, Teng CL, Sivasampu S. Antibiotic prescribing in public and private practice: a cross-sectional study in primary care clinics in Malaysia. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16(1):208.
  • Sulis G, Adam P, Nafade V, et al. Antibiotic prescription practices in primary care in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2020;17(6):e1003139.
  • Ofori-Asenso R, Agyeman AA. A review of injection and antibiotic use at primary health care (public and private) centers in Africa. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2015;7(3):175–180.
  • Hassali MA, Kamil TK, Md Yusof FA, et al. General practitioners’ knowledge, attitude and prescribing of antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections in Selangor, Malaysia: findings and implications. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2015;13(4):511–520.
  • Soleymani F, Godman B, Yarimanesh P, et al. Prescribing patterns of physicians working in both the direct and indirect treatment sectors in Iran; findings and implications. Jphs. 2019;10:407–413.
  • Tiroyakgosi C, Matome M, Summers E, et al. Ongoing initiatives to improve the use of antibiotics in Botswana: university of Botswana symposium meeting report. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy. 2018;16(5):381–384.
  • Engler D, Meyer JC, Schellack N, et al. Compliance with South Africa’s Antimicrobial Resistance National Strategy Framework: are we there yet? J Chemother. 2021;33(1):21–31.
  • Brink AJ, Messina AP, Feldman C, et al. Antimicrobial stewardship across 47 South African hospitals: an implementation study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(9):1017–1025.
  • National Department of Health (NDoH). Antimicrobial resistance. National Strategy Framework 2014-2024. Pretoria, South Africa. [cited 10 June 2022]. Available at URL: http://www.health.gov.za/index.php/antimicrobial-resistance.
  • Shamsuddin S, Akkawi ME, Zaidi ST, et al. Antimicrobial drug use in primary healthcare clinics: a retrospective evaluation. Int J Infect Dis. 2016;52:16–22.
  • Godman B, Haque M, McKimm J et al. Ongoing strategies to improve the management of upper respiratory tract infections and reduce inappropriate antibiotic use particularly among lower and middle-income countries: findings and implications for the future. Curr Med Res Opin. 2020;36(2):301–27.
  • Pereko DD, Lubbe MS, Essack SY. Surveillance of antibiotic use in the private sector in Namibia using sales and claims data. J Infect Developing Countries. 2016;10(11):1243–1249.
  • Kilipamwambu A, Bwire GM, Myemba DT, et al. WHO/INRUD core prescribing indicators and antibiotic utilization patterns among primary health care facilities in Ilala district, Tanzania. JAC-Antimicrob Resist. 2021;3(2). DOI:10.1093/jacamr/dlab049
  • WHO. Global tuberculosis reports. 2020. Available at URL: https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/tb-reports.
  • Kredo T, Cooper S, Abrams AL, et al. ‘Building on shaky ground’-challenges to and solutions for primary care guideline implementation in four provinces in South Africa: a qualitative study. BMJ open. 2020;10(5):e031468.
  • Ofori-Asenso R, Brhlikova P, Pollock AM. Prescribing indicators at primary health care centers within the WHO African region: a systematic analysis (1995-2015). BMC Public Health. 2016;16:724.
  • Niaz Q, Godman B, Massele A, et al. Validity of World Health Organisation prescribing indicators in Namibia’s primary healthcare: findings and implications. Int J Qual Health Care. 2019;31(5):338–345.
  • Chigome AK, Matlala M, Godman B, et al. Availability and use of therapeutic interchange policies in managing antimicrobial shortages among south African public sector hospitals; findings and implications. Antibiotics. 2019;9(1). DOI:10.3390/antibiotics9010004
  • Engler D, Meyer JC, Schellack N, et al. Antimicrobial stewardship activities in public healthcare facilities in South Africa: a baseline for future direction. Antibiotics. 2021;10(8):996.
  • Godman B, Fadare J, Kwon HY, et al. Evidence-based public policy making for medicines across countries: findings and implications for the future. J Comp Eff Res. 2021;10(12):1019–1052.
  • Godman B, Massele A, Fadare J, et al. Generic drugs – essential for the sustainability of healthcare systems with numerous strategies to enhance their use. Pharmaceutical Sciences And Biomedical Analysis Journal. 2021;4(1):126.
  • Kaiser AH, Hehman L, Forsberg BC, et al. Availability, prices and affordability of essential medicines for treatment of diabetes and hypertension in private pharmacies in Zambia. PloS one. 2019;14(12):e0226169.
  • South African Government. Medicines and Related Substances Control Amendment Act 1997. [cited 8 June 2022]. https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/201409/a90-97.pdf.
  • Fadare JO, Adeoti AO, Desalu OO, et al. The prescribing of generic medicines in Nigeria: knowledge, perceptions and attitudes of physicians. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2016;16(5):639–650.
  • Brink AJ, Cotton M, Feldman C, et al. Updated recommendations for the management of upper respiratory tract infections in South Africa. S Afr Med J. 2015;105(5):344–352.
  • Hoxha I, Malaj A, Kraja B, et al. Are pharmacists’ good knowledge and awareness on antibiotics taken for granted? The situation in Albania and future implications across countries. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2018;13:240–245.
  • Kalungia AC, Mwambula H, Munkombwe D, et al. Antimicrobial stewardship knowledge and perception among physicians and pharmacists at leading tertiary teaching hospitals in Zambia: implications for future policy and practice. J Chemother. 2019;31(7–8):378–387.