Polypharmacy and Food–Drug Interactions Among Older Persons: A Review

REFERENCES

• Catlin A , Cowan C , Hartman M , Heffler S . National Health Expenditure Accounts Team. National health spending in 2006: a year of change for prescription drugs . Health Aff (Millwood) . 2008 ; 27 ( 1 ): 14 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanlon JT , Fillenbaum GG , Ruby CM , Gray S , Bohannon A . Epidemiology of over-the-counter drug use in community dwelling elderly—United States perspective . Drugs Aging . 2001 ; 18 ( 2 ): 123 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radimer K , Bindewald B , Hughes J , Ervin B , Swanson C , Picciano MF . Dietary supplement use by U.S. adults: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2000 . Am J Epidemiol. 2004 ; 160 ( 4 ): 339 – 49 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu Q , Dillon CF , Burt VL . Prescription drug use continues to increase: U.S. prescription drug data for 2007–2008. NCHS Data Brief . 2010 ; 42 : 1 – 8 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brager R , Sloand E . The spectrum of polypharmacy . Nurse Pract. 2005 ; 30 ( 6 ): 44 – 50 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Avorn J . Medication use in older patients: better policy could encourage better practice . J Am Med Assoc. 2010 ; 304 ( 14 ): 1606 – 7 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fradà G , Bennati E , Cardillo E , Ferlito L , Motta M . Pharmacotherapy in the extreme longevity . Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2009 ; 49 ( 1 ): 60 – 3 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edlund BJ . Pharmacotherapy in older adults: a clinician's challenge . J Gerontol Nurs. 2007 ; 33 ( 7 ): 3 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulton MM , Allen ER . Polypharmacy in the elderly: a literature review . J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 2005 ; 17 ( 4 ): 123 – 32 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gray CL , Gardner C . Adverse drug events in the elderly: an ongoing problem . J Manag Care Pharm. 2009 ; 15 ( 7 ): 568 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanlon JT , Schmader KE . Drug–drug interactions in older adults: which ones matter? Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2005 ; 3 ( 2 ): 61 – 3 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaufman G . Polypharmacy in older adults . Nurs Stand. 2011 ; 25 ( 38 ): 49 – 55 ; quiz 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Pronsky Z , Crowe S . Food medication interactions , 17th ed. Birchrunville , PA : FMI Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Heuberger RA , Caudell K . Polypharmacy and nutritional status in older adults: a cross-sectional study . Drugs Aging . 2011 ; 28 ( 4 ): 315 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurwitz JH , Field TS , et al. . Incidence and preventability of adverse drug events among older persons in the ambulatory setting . JAMA . 2003 ; 289 ( 9 ): 1107 – 1116 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold J , Baron J , Schwab W . Pharmacology, nutrition and the older adult . In: Bernstein M , Scmidt-Luggen A , eds. Nutrition for the older adult . Sudbury , MA : Jones and Bartlett Publications ; 2010 : 307 – 320 .
   Google Scholar
• Caffery C , Sengupta M , et al. . Residents Living in Residential Care Facilities in the United States 2010 . NCHS data brief no. 91 April 2012 . Hyattsville , MD : National Center for Health Statistics ; 2012 .
   Google Scholar
• Onder G , Liperoti R , Fialova D , Topinkova E , Tosato M , et al. . Polypharmacy in nursing home in Europe: results from the SHELTER study . J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2012 ; 67A ( 6 ): 698 – 704 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boparai MK , Korc-Grodzicki B . Prescribing for older adults . Mt Sinai J Med. 2011 ; 78 ( 4 ): 613 – 26 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane-Gill SL , Van Den Bos J , Handler SM . Adverse drug reactions in hospital and ambulatory care settings identified using a large administrative database. Ann Pharmacother. 2010; 44(6):983–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharkey JR , Browne B , Ory MG , Wang S . Patterns of therapeutic prescription medication category use among community-dwelling homebound older adults . Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2005 ; 14 ( 10 ): 715 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stegemann S , Ecker F , Maio M , Kraahs P , Wohlfart R , et al. . Geriatric drug therapy: neglecting the inevitable majority . Ageing Res Rev. 2010 ; 9 ( 4 ): 384 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinman MA , Hanlon JT . Managing medications in clinically complex elders: “There's got to be a happy medium.” J Am Med Assoc. 2010 ; 304 ( 14 ): 1592 – 601 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jyrkkä J , Enlund H , Korhonen MJ , Sulkava R , Hartikainen S . Polypharmacy status as an indicator of mortality in an elderly population . Drugs Aging . 2009 ; 26 ( 12 ): 1039 – 48 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wehling M . Guideline-driven polypharmacy in elderly, multimorbid patients is basically flawed: there are almost no guidelines for these patients . J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 ; 59 ( 2 ): 376 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng HY . Polypharmacy was associated with mortality in the elderly Hispanic population: how strong was the association? J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006 ; 61 ( 8 ): M874 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilmer SN , Gnjidic D . The effects of polypharmacy in older adults . Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009 ; 85 ( 1 ): 86 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nobili A , Pasina L , Tettamanti M , Lucca U , Riva E , et al. . Potentially severe drug interactions in elderly outpatients: the results of an observational study of an administrative prescription database . J Clin Pharm Ther. 2009 ; 34 ( 4 ): 377 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flinders A , Nair V , Nazarko L , Beck D . Prescribing for older people . Nurs Older People . 2009 ; 21 ( 2 ): 27 – 8 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harugeri A , Joseph J , Parthasarathi G , Ramesh M , Guido S . Prescribing patterns and predictors of high-level polypharmacy in the elderly population: a prospective surveillance study from two teaching hospitals in India . Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2010 ; 8 ( 3 ): 271 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jyrkkä J , Vartiainen L , Hartikainen S , Sulkava R , Enlund H . Increasing use of medicines in elderly persons: a five-year follow-up of the Kuopio 75+study . Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2006 ; 62 ( 2 ): 151 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hovstadius B , Hovstadius K , Astrand B , Petersson G . Increasing polypharmacy—an individual-based study of the Swedish population 2005–2008 . BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2010 ; 10 : 16 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Linton A , Garber M , Fagan NK , Peterson MR . Examination of multiple medication use among TRICARE beneficiaries aged 65 years and older . J Manag Care Pharm. 2007 ; 13 ( 2 ): 155 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arinzon Z , Peisakh A , Zuta A , Berner YN . Drug use in a geriatric long-term care setting: comparison between newly admitted and institutionalised patients . Drugs Aging . 2006 ; 23 ( 2 ): 157 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aparasu RR , Mort JR , Brandt H . Polypharmacy trends in office visits by the elderly in the United States, 1990 and 2000 . Res Social Adm Pharm. 2005 ; 1 ( 3 ): 446 – 59 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dwyer LL , Han B , Woodwell DA , Rechtsteiner EA . Polypharmacy in nursing home residents in the United States: results of the 2004 National Nursing Home Survey. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2010; 8(1):63–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qato D , Alexander GC , Conti RM , Johnson M , Schumm P , Lindau ST . Use of prescription and over the counter medication and dietary supplements among older adults in the United States . JAMA . 2008 ; 300 ( 24 ): 2867 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugh MJV , Hanlon JT , Wang C-P , Semla T , Burk M , et al. . Trends in use of high-risk medications for older veterans: 2004 to 2006 . J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 ; 59 ( 10 ): 1891 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crentsil V , Ricks MO , Xue Q-L , Fried LP . A pharmacoepidemiologic study of community-dwelling disabled older women: factors associated with medication use . Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2010 ; 8 ( 3 ): 215 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramage-Morin PL . Medication use among Canadian seniors . Health Rep. 2009 ; 20 ( 1 ): 37 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hovstadius B , Åstrand B , Persson U , Petersson G . Acquisition cost of dispensed drugs in individuals with multiple medications—a register-based study in Sweden . Health Policy . 2011 ; 101 ( 2 ): 153 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tulner LR , Frankfort SV , Gijsen GJ , van Campen JP , Koks CH , Beijnen JH . Drug–drug interactions in a geriatric outpatient cohort: prevalence and relevance . Drugs Aging . 2008 ; 25 ( 4 ): 343 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tulner LR , Kuper IM , Frankfort SV , van Campen JP , Koks CH , et al. . Discrepancies in reported drug use in geriatric outpatients: relevance to adverse events and drug–drug interactions . Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2009 ; 7 ( 2 ): 93 – 104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hines LE , Murphy JE . Potentially harmful drug–drug interactions in the elderly: a review . Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2011 ; 9 ( 6 ): 364 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dierich MT , Mueller C , Westra BL . Medication regimens in older home care patients . J Gerontol Nurs. 2011 ; 37 ( 12 ): 45 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin C-F , Wang C-Y , Bai C-H. Polypharmacy, aging and potential drug–drug interactions in outpatients in Taiwan: a retrospective computerized screening study . Drugs Aging . 2011 ; 28 ( 3 ): 219 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott RA , Woodward MC . Medication-related problems in patients referred to aged care and memory clinics at a tertiary care hospital . Australas J Ageing . 2011 ; 30 ( 3 ): 124 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang S , Gerten KA , Granieri E , Richter HE . Pharmacologic management of the older woman undergoing surgery . Women's Health (Lond Engl) . 2009 ; 5 ( 2 ): 205 – 19 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Astrand E , Astrand B , Antonov K , Petersson G . Potential drug interactions during a three-decade study period: a cross-sectional study of a prescription register . Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2007 ; 63 ( 9 ): 851 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey IM , De Wilde S , Harris T , Victor C , Richards N , et al. . What factors predict potentially inappropriate primary care prescribing in older people? Analysis of U. K. primary care patient record database . Drugs Aging . 2008 ; 25 ( 8 ): 693 – 706 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jyrkka J , Enlund H , Korhonen MJ , Sulkava R , Hartikainen S . Patterns of drug use and factors associated with polypharmacy and excessive polypharmacy in elderly persons: results of the Kuopio 75+ study: a cross-sectional analysis . Drugs Aging . 2009 ; 26 ( 6 ): 493 – 503 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gokce Kutsal Y , Barak A , Atalay A , Baydar T , Kucukoglu S , et al.. Polypharmacy in the elderly: a multicenter study. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2009; 10(7):486–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnell K , Weitoft GR , Fastbom J . Sex differences in inappropriate drug use: a register-based study of over 600,000 older people . Ann Pharmacother. 2009 ; 43 ( 7 ): 1233 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss L , Crane PB . Exploring polypharmacy in elderly women after myocardial infarction . J Women Aging . 2010 ; 22 ( 1 ): 22 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nobili A , Franchi C , Pasina L , Tettamanti M , Baviera M , et al. . Drug utilization and polypharmacy in an Italian elderly population: the EPIFARM-elderly project . Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2011 ; 20 ( 5 ): 488 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson K , Ananou A , Lafortune L , Brayne C , Matthews FE . Variation over time in the association between polypharmacy and mortality in the older population . Drugs Aging . 2011 ; 28 ( 7 ): 547 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culberson JW , Ziska M . Prescription drug misuse/abuse in the elderly . Geriatrics . 2008 ; 63 ( 9 ): 22 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nobili A , Marengoni A , Tettamanti M , Salerno F , Pasina L , et al. . Association between clusters of diseases and polypharmacy in hospitalized elderly patients: results from the REPOSI study . Eur J Intern Med. 2011 ; 22 ( 6 ): 597 – 602 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjerrum L , Gonzalez Lopez-Valcarcel B , Petersen G . Risk factors for potential drug interactions in general practice . Eur J Gen Pract. 2008 ; 14 ( 1 ): 23 – 9 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kadam UT . Potential health impacts of multiple drug prescribing for older people: a case-control study . Br J Gen Pract. 2011 ; 61 ( 583 ): 128 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Permpongkosol S . Iatrogenic disease in the elderly: risk factors, consequences, and prevention . Clin Interv Aging . 2011 ; 6 : 77 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varner J . Polypharmacy and elders: a deadly combination . Ala Nurse . 2006 ; 33 ( 1 ): 26 – 7 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haider SI , Johnell K , Thorslund M , Fastbom J . Trends in polypharmacy and potential drug–drug interactions across educational groups in elderly patients in Sweden for the period 1992–2002 . Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007 ; 45 ( 12 ): 643 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hung WW , Liu S , Boockvar KS . A prospective study of symptoms, function, and medication use during acute illness in nursing home residents: design, rationale and cohort description . BMC Geriatr. 2010 ; 10 : 47 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheng H . Does the number of coexisting chronic diseases affect the adverse association between polypharmacy and prescribing quality in older adults? J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007 ; 55 ( 5 ): 803 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng HY . Effect of coexisting diseases on the treatment of unrelated disease needs more studies . J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006 ; 54 ( 7 ): 1145 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis J , Mullan J . Prescription medication borrowing and sharing-risk factors and management . Aust Fam Physician . 2009 ; 38 ( 10 ): 816 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fialová D , Onder G . Medication errors in elderly people: contributing factors and future perspectives . Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2009 ; 67 ( 6 ): 641 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassidy N , Lee SK , Donegan CF , Tracey JA . Poisoning in older adults: the experience of the national poisons information centre . Ir Med J. 2008 ; 101 ( 9 ): 268 – 70 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moen J , Antonov K , Larsson CA , Lindblad U , Nilsson JL , et al.. Factors associated with multiple medication use in different age groups. Ann Pharmacother. 2009; 43(12):1978–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulfvarson J , Adami J , Bardage C , von Bahr C , Wredling R . Drug use and perceived health in recently hospitalized older people . Br J Community Nurs. 2005 ; 10 ( 10 ): 469 – 74 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jose J , Rao PG . Pattern of adverse drug reactions notified by spontaneous reporting in an Indian tertiary care teaching hospital . Pharmacol Res. 2006 ; 54 ( 3 ): 226 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballentine NH . Polypharmacy in the elderly: maximizing benefit, minimizing harm . Crit Care Nurse Q . 2008 ; 31 ( 1 ): 40 – 5 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Byrd L . More drugs equal more problems: polypharmacy in elders—more problems than benefits? Geriatr Nurs. 2010 ; 31 ( 5 ): 389 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowry E , Woodman RJ , Soiza RL , Mangoni AA . Clinical and demographic factors associated with antimuscarinic medication use in older hospitalized patients . Hosp Pract. 2011 ; 39 ( 1 ): 30 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Haider SI , Johnell K , Thorslund M , Fastbom J . Analysis of the association between polypharmacy and socioeconomic position among elderly aged >or = 77 years in Sweden . Clin Ther. 2008 ; 30 ( 2 ): 419 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haider SI , Johnell K , Weitoft GR , Thorslund M , Fastbom J . The influence of educational level on polypharmacy and inappropriate drug use: a register-based study of more than 600,000 older people . J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009 ; 57 ( 1 ): 62 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry BA , Turner LW . A prediction model for polypharmacy: are older, educated women more susceptible to an adverse drug event? J Women Aging . 2001 ; 13 ( 4 ): 39 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pappa E , Kontodimopoulos N , Papadopoulos AA , Tountas Y , Niakas D . Prescribed-drug utilization and polypharmacy in a general population in Greece: association with socio-demographic, health needs health-services utilization, and lifestyle factors . Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2011 ; 67 ( 2 ): 185 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triller DM , Clause SL , Hamilton RA . Risk of adverse drug events by patient destination after hospital discharge . Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2005 ; 62 ( 18 ): 1883 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarowitz BJ , Stebelsky LA , Muma BK , Romain TM , Peterson EL . Reduction of high-risk polypharmacy drug combinations in patients in a managed care setting . Pharmacotherapy . 2005 ; 25 ( 11 ): 1636 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarowitz BJ . Anticoagulant polypharmacy . Geriatr Nurs. 2011 ; 32 ( 3 ): 198 – 202 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lafata JE , Schultz L , Simpkins J , Chan KA , Horn JR , et al. . Potential drug–drug interactions in the outpatient setting . Med Care . 2006 ; 44 ( 6 ): 534 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wehling M . Multimorbidity and polypharmacy: how to reduce the harmful drug load and yet add needed drugs in the elderly? Proposal of a new drug classification: fit for the aged . J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009 ; 57 ( 3 ): 560 – 1 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanlon JT , Schmader KE . What types of inappropriate prescribing predict adverse drug reactions in older adults? Ann Pharmacother. 2010 ; 44 ( 6 ): 1110 – 1 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peron EP , Gray SL , Hanlon JT . Medication use and functional status decline in older adults: a narrative review . Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2011 ; 9 ( 6 ): 378 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bushardt RL , Jones KW . Nine key questions to address polypharmacy in the elderly . JAAPA . 2005 ; 18 ( 5 ): 32 – 7 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Geerts AFJ , De Koning FHP , De Smet PAGM , Van Solinge WW , Egberts TCG . Laboratory tests in the clinical risk management of potential drug–drug interactions: a cross-sectional study using drug-dispensing data from 100 Dutch community pharmacies. Drug Saf. 2009; 32(12):1189–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picone DM , Titler MG , Dochterman J , Shever L , Kim T , et al. . Predictors of medication errors among elderly hospitalized patients . Am J Med Qual. 2008 ; 23 ( 2 ): 115 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Leuven K . Psychotropic medications and falls in older adults . J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2010 ; 48 ( 9 ): 35 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolee P , Poss J , Cook RJ , Byrne K , Hirdes JP . Fall-related hip fractures . J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009 ; 64 ( 11 ): 1199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slomski A . Falls from taking multiple medications may be a risk for both young and old . J Am Med Assoc. 2012 ; 307 ( 11 ): 1127 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher PC , Berg K , Dalby DM , Hirdes JP . Risk factors for falling among community-based seniors . J Patient Saf. 2009 ; 5 ( 2 ): 61 – 6 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jasniewski J . Putting a lid on medication-related falls . Nursing . 2006 ; 36 ( 6 ): 22 – 24 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang ES , Karter AJ , Danielson KK , Warton EM , Ahmed AT . The association between the number of prescription medications and incident falls in a multi-ethnic population of adult type-2 diabetes patients: the diabetes and aging study . J Gen Intern Med. 2010 ; 25 ( 2 ): 141 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Formiga F , Navarro M , Duaso E , Chivite D , Ruiz D , et al. . Factors associated with hip fracture-related falls among patients with a history of recurrent falling . Bone . 2008 ; 43 ( 5 ): 941 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd BD , Williamson DA , Singh NA , Hansen RD , Diamond TH , et al. . Recurrent and injurious falls in the year following hip fracture: a prospective study of incidence and risk factors from the Sarcopenia and Hip Fracture study . J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009 ; 64 ( 5 ): 599 – 609 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nykanen I , Lonnroos E , Kautiainen H , Sulkava R , Hartikainen S . Nutritional screening in a population based cohort of community dwelling older people . Eur J Public Health . 2012 ; 22 ( 4 ): 112 – 121 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moylan KC , Binder EF . Falls in older adults: risk assessment, management and prevention . Am J Med. 2007 ; 120 ( 6 ): 493.e1–6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeClerc BS , Begin C , Cadieux E , Goulet L , Leduc N , Kergoat MJ , Lebel P . Risk factors for falling among community dwelling seniors using home care services: an extended hazards model with time dependent covariates and multiple events . Chronic Dis Can. 2008 ; 28 ( 4 ): 111 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johal KS , Boulton C , Moran CG . Hip fractures after falls in hospital: a retrospective observational cohort study . Injury . 2009 ; 40 ( 2 ): 201 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kojima T , Akishita M , Nakamura T , Nomura K , Ogawa S , et al. . Association of polypharmacy with fall risk among geriatric outpatients . Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2011 ; 11 ( 4 ): 438 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paniagua MA , Malphurs JE , Phelan EA . Older patients presenting to county hospital ED after a fall: missed opportunities for prevention . Am J Emerg Med. 2006 ; 24 ( 4 ): 413 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly DM , Frick EM , Hale LS . How the medication review can help to reduce risk of falls in older patients . J Am Acad Physician Assist. 2011 ; 24 ( 4 ): 30 – 4 , 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Corsinovi L , Bo M , Ricauda Aimonino N , Marinello R , et al.. Predictors of falls and hospitalization outcomes in elderly patients admitted to an acute geriatric unit. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2009; 49(1):142–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furman JM , Raz Y , Whitney SL . Geriatric vestibulopathy assessment and management . Curr Opin Otolarangol Head Neck Surg. 2010 ; 18 ( 5 ): 386 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrae CS . Late-life comorbid insomnia: diagnosis and treatment . Am J Manag Care . 2009 ; 15 Suppl : S14 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neikrug AB , Ancoli-Israel S . Sleep disturbances in nursing homes . J Nutr Health Aging . 2010 ; 14 ( 3 ): 207 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vance DE , Heaton K , Eaves Y , Fazeli PL . Sleep and cognition on everyday functioning in older adults: implications for nursing practice and research . J Neurosci Nurs. 2011 ; 43 ( 5 ): 261 – 71 ; quiz 272–3 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHugh JE , Casey A-M, Lawlor BA . Psychosocial correlates of aspects of sleep quality in community-dwelling Irish older adults . Aging Ment Health . 2011 ; 15 ( 6 ): 749 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrario CG . Geropharmacology: a primer for advanced practice acute care and critical care nurses, part I . AACN Adv Crit Care . 2008 ; 19 ( 1 ): 23 – 35 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zurakowski T . The practicalities and pitfalls of polypharmacy . Nurse Pract. 2009 ; 34 ( 4 ): 36 – 41 ; quiz 41–2 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chutka DS , Takahashi PY , Hoel RW . Inappropriate medication use in the elderly . Essent Psychopharmacol. 2005 ; 6 ( 6 ): 331 – 40 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Page RL , Linnebur SA , Bryant LL , Ruscin JM . Inappropriate prescribing in the hospitalized elderly patient: defining the problem, evaluation tools, and possible solutions . Clin Interv Aging . 2010 ; 5 : 75 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lal R , Sukbuntherng J , Luo W , Vicente V , Blumenthal R , et al. . Clinical pharmacokinetic drug interaction studies of gabapentin enacarbil, a novel transported prodrug of gabapentin, with naproxen and cimetidine . Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2010 ; 69 ( 5 ): 498 – 507 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noreddin AM , El-Khatib W , Haynes V . Optimal dosing design for antibiotic therapy in the elderly: a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics perspective . Recent Pat Antiinfect Drug Discov. 2008 ; 3 ( 1 ): 45 – 52 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hunter KF , Cyr D . Pharmacotheraputics in older adults . J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2006 ; 33 ( 6 ): 630 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ElDesoky ES . Pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic crisis in the elderly . Am J Ther. 2007 ; 14 ( 5 ): 488 – 98 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hume AL . Safe, effective drug therapy in older adults . Med Health R I. 2005 ; 88 ( 1 ): 15 – 7 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Janmahasatian S , Duffull SB , Ash S , Ward LC , Byrne NM , Green B . Quantification of lean bodyweight . Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005 ; 44 ( 10 ): 1051 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng WX , Li HD , Zhou HH . Effect of daidzein on CYP1A2 activity and pharmacokinetics of theophylline in healthy volunteers . Eur J Clin Pharm. 2003 ; 59 ( 3 ): 237 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pergolizzi JV Jr, Labhsetwar SA , Puenpatom RA , Joo S , Ben-Joseph R , Summers KH . Exposure to potential CYP450 pharmacokinetic drug–drug interactions among osteoarthritis patients: incremental risk of multiple prescriptions . Pain Pract. 2011 ; 11 ( 4 ): 325 – 36 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ginsberg G , Hattis D , Russ A , Sonawane B . Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic factors that can affect sensitivity to neurotoxic sequelae in elderly individuals. Environ Health Perspect. 2005; 113(9):1243–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang ES , Basu A , Finch M , Frytak J , Manning W . The complexity of medication regimens and test ordering for patients with diabetes from 1995 to 2003 . Curr Med Res Opin. 2007 ; 23 ( 6 ): 1423 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber JB . Gibson SJ . Treatment of chronic non-malignant pain in the elderly: safety considerations . Drug Saf. 2009 ; 32 ( 6 ): 457 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett SR . Polypharmacy and perioperative medications in the elderly . Anesthesiol Clin. 2009 ; 27 ( 3 ): 377 – 89 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wooten J , Galavis J . Polypharmacy . Keeping the elderly safe. RN . 2005 ; 68 ( 8 ): 44 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Woods DL , Guo G , Kim H , Phillips LR . We've got trouble: medications in assisted living . J Gerontol Nurs. 2010 ; 36 ( 4 ): 30 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong CY , Chaudhry SI , Desai MM , Krumholz HM . Trend in comorbidity, disability, and polypharmacy in heart failure . Am J Med. 2011 ; 124 ( 2 ): 136 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glauser W . Seniors overmedicalized, experts say . Can Med Assoc J. 2011 ; 183 ( 11 ): E701 – 2 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beard K . Drugs in the elderly—more good than harm? Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2007 ; 6 ( 3 ): 229 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fick DM , Mion LC , Beers MH , L Waller J . Health outcomes associated with potentially inappropriate medication use on older adults . Res Nurs Health . 2008 ; 31 ( 1 ): 42 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fick DM , Cooper JW , Wade WE , Beers MH , L Waller J . Updating the Beers Criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults: Results of a U.S: consensus panel of experts . Arch Intern Med. 2003 ; 163 ( 22 ): 2716 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund BC , Steinman MA , Chrischilles EA , Kaboli PJ . Beers Criteria as a proxy for inappropriate prescribing of other medications among older adults . Ann Pharmacother. 2011 ; 45 ( 11 ): 1363 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinman MA , Rosenthal GE , Landefeld CS , Bertenthal D , Sen S , Kaboli PJ . Conflicts and concordance between measures of medication prescribing quality . Med Care . 2007 ; 45 ( 1 ): 95 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molony SL . Monitoring medication use in older adults . Am J Nurs. 2009 ; 109 ( 1 ): 68 – 78 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petrone K , Katz P . Approaches to appropriate drug prescribing for the older adult . Prim Care . 2005 ; 32 ( 3 ): 755 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Mahony D , Gallagher PF . Inappropriate prescribing in the older population: need for new criteria . Age Ageing . 2008 ; 37 ( 2 ): 138 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher PF , Barry PJ , Ryan C , Hartigan I , O'Mahony D . Inappropriate prescribing in an acutely ill population of elderly patients as determined by Beers’ Criteria . Age Ageing . 2008 ; 37 ( 1 ): 96 – 101 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy HB , Marcus EL , Christen C . Beyond the Beers Criteria: a comparative overview of explicit criteria . Ann Pharmacother. 2010 ; 44 ( 12 ): 1968 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy TE , Agostini JV , Van Ness PH , Peduzzi P , Tinetti ME , Allore H . Assessing multiple medication use with probabilities of benefits and harms . J Aging Health . 2008 ; 20 ( 6 ): 694 – 709 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang C-B , Chen J-H , Wen C-J , Kuo H-K , Lu I-S , et al.. Potentially inappropriate medications in geriatric outpatients with polypharmacy: application of six sets of published explicit criteria. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011; 72(3):482–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beglinger C . Ethics related to drug therapy in the elderly . Dig Dis. 2008 ; 26 ( 1 ): 28 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Smet PA , Denneboom W , Kramers C , Grol R . A composite screening tool for medication reviews of outpatients: general issues with specific examples . Drugs Aging . 2007 ; 24 ( 9 ): 733 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caccia S , Garattini S , Pasina L , Nobili A . Predicting the clinical relevance of drug interactions from pre-approval studies . Drug Safety . 2009 ; 32 ( 11 ): 1017 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans WJ . Drug discovery and development for ageing: opportunities and challenges . Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2011 ; 366 ( 1561 ): 113 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnipper JL . Medication safety: are we there yet? Comment on “Potentially inappropriate medications defined by STOPP criteria and the risk of adverse drug events in older hospitalized patients.” Arch Intern Med. 2011 ; 171 ( 11 ): 1019 – 20 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leloux MR , Malone MT , Kutscher EC . Medication use in the elderly: challenges and considerations . Med. 2011 ; 64 ( 9 ): 331 – 2 .
   Google Scholar
• Lenz TL , Monaghan MS , Ekeler JL , Hayes MM . An interprofessional medication risk assessment program . J Interprof Care . 2006 ; 20 ( 5 ): 558 – 60 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Franssen FME , Spruit MA , Wouters EFM . Determinants of polypharmacy and compliance with GOLD guidelines in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease . Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2011 ; 6 : 493 – 501 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huisman-Baron M , van der Veen L , Jansen PAF , van Roon EN , Brouwers JRBJ , van Marum RJ . Criteria for drug selection in frail elderly persons . Drugs Aging . 2011 ; 28 ( 5 ): 391 – 402 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laroche ML , Charmes JP , Merle L . Potentially inappropriate medications in the elderly: a French consensus panel list . Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2007 ; 63 ( 8 ): 725 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosia-Randell HM , Muurinen SM , Pitkälä KH . Exposure to potentially inappropriate drugs and drug–drug interactions in elderly nursing home residents in Helsinki, Finland: a cross-sectional study . Drugs Aging . 2008 ; 25 ( 8 ): 683 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astrand B , Astrand E , Antonov K , Petersson G . Detection of potential interactions—a model for a national pharmacy register . Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2006 ; 62 ( 9 ): 749 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt S , Schmiedl S , Thürmann PA . Potentially inappropriate medications in the elderly: the PRISCUS list . Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2010 ; 107 ( 31–32 ): 543 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horn JR , Hansten PD , Chan LN . Proposal for a new tool to evaluate drug interaction cases . Ann Pharmacother. 2007 ; 41 ( 4 ): 674 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bregnhøj L , Thirstrup S , Kristensen MB , Sonne J . Reliability of a modified medication appropriateness index in primary care . Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2005 ; 61 ( 10 ): 769 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton H , Gallagher P , Ryan C , Byrne S , O'Mahony D . Potentially inappropriate medications defined by STOPP criteria and the risk of adverse drug events in older hospitalized patients . Arch Intern Med. 2011 ; 171 ( 11 ): 1013 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher P , Baeyens JP , Topinkova E , Madlova P , Cherubini A , et al.. Inter-rater reliability of STOPP (Screening Tool of Older Persons’ Prescriptions) and START (Screening Tool to Alert doctors to Right Treatment) criteria amongst physicians in six European countries. Age Ageing . 2009; 38(5):603–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher PF , O'Connor MN , O'Mahony D . Prevention of potentially inappropriate prescribing for elderly patients: a randomized controlled trial using STOPP/START criteria . Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011 ; 89 ( 6 ): 845 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiménez Muñoz AB , Muiño Miguez A , Rodriguez Pérez MP , Durán Garcia ME , Sanjurjo Saez M . Comparison of medication error rates and clinical effects in three medication prescription-dispensation systems . Int J Health Care Qual Assur. 2011 ; 24 ( 3 ): 238 – 48 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bilyeu KM , Gumm CJ , Fitzgerald JM , Fox SW , Selig PM . Cultivating quality: reducing the use of potentially inappropriate medications in older adults . Am J Nurs. 2011 ; 111 ( 1 ): 47 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bregnhøj L , Thirstrup S , Kristensen MB , Bjerrum L , Sonne J . Combined intervention programme reduces inappropriate prescribing in elderly patients exposed to polypharmacy in primary care . Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2009 ; 65 ( 2 ): 199 – 207 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loganathan M , Singh S , Franklin BD , Bottle A , Majeed A . Interventions to optimize prescribing in care homes: systematic review . Age Ageing . 2011 ; 40 ( 2 ): 150 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinman MA , Landefeld CS , Rosenthal GE , Berthenthal D , Sen S , Kaboli PJ . Polypharmacy and prescribing quality in older people . J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006 ; 54 ( 10 ): 1516 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinman MA . Polypharmacy and the balance of medication benefits and risks . Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2007 ; 5 ( 4 ): 314 – 6 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beer C , Hyde Z , Almeida OP , Norman P , Hankey GJ , et al. . Quality use of medicines and health outcomes among a cohort of community dwelling older men: an observational study . Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011 ; 71 ( 4 ): 592 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maio V , Del Canale S , Abouzaid S , GAP Investigators. Using explicit criteria to evaluate the quality of prescribing in elderly Italian outpatients: a cohort study . J Clin Pharm Ther. 2010 ; 35 ( 2 ): 219 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espino DV , Bazaldua OV , Palmer RF , Mouton CP , Parchman ML , et al. . Suboptimal medication use and mortality in an adult community-based cohort: results from the Hispanic EPESE Study . J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006 ; 61 ( 2 ): 170 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cahir C , Fahey T , Teeling M , Teljeur C , Feely J , Bennett K . Potentially inappropriate prescribing and cost outcomes for older people: a national population study . Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2010 ; 69 ( 5 ): 543 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsson IN , Runnamo R , Engfeldt P . Medication quality and quality of life in the elderly, a cohort study . Health Qual Life Outcomes . 2011 ; 9 : 95 – 104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruggiero C , Dell'Aquila G , Gasperini B , Onder G , Lattanzio F , et al. . Potentially inappropriate drug prescriptions and risk of hospitalization among older, Italian, nursing home residents: the ULISSE project . Drugs Aging . 2010 ; 27 ( 9 ): 747 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varallo FR , Capucho HC , Planeta CS , Mastroianni Pde C . Safety assessment of potentially inappropriate medications use in older people and the factors associated with hospital admission. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2011; 14(2):283–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugh MJ , Palmer RF , Parchman ML , Mortensen E , Markides K , Espino DV . Association of suboptimal prescribing and change in lower extremity physical function over time . Gerontology . 2007 ; 53 ( 6 ): 445 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilgrim JL , Gerostamoulos D , Drummer OH . Deaths involving contraindicated and inappropriate combinations of serotonergic drugs . Int J Legal Med. 2011 ; 125 ( 6 ): 803 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott I , Jayathissa S . Quality of drug prescribing in older patients: is there a problem and can we improve it? Intern Med J. 2010 ; 40 ( 1 ): 7 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonson W , Feinberg JL . Medication-related problems in the elderly: defining the issues and identifying solutions . Drugs Aging . 2005 ; 22 ( 7 ): 559 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonson W . Medication issues . Director . 2008 ; 16 ( 1 ): 61 – 2 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shepherd G , Mohorn P , Yacoub K , May DW . Adverse drug reaction deaths reported in the United States vital statistics, 1999–2006 . Ann Pharmacother. 2012 ; 46 ( 2 ): 169 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brekke M , Rognstad S , Straand J , Furu K , Gjelstad S , et al. . Pharmacologically inappropriate prescriptions for elderly patients in general practice: how common? Baseline data from The Prescription Peer Academic Detailing (Rx-PAD) study . Scand J Prim Health Care . 2008 ; 26 ( 2 ): 80 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bregnhøj L , Thirstrup S , Kristensen MB , Bjerrum L , Sonne J . Prevalence of inappropriate prescribing in primary care . Pharm World Sci. 2007 ; 29 ( 3 ): 109 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moen J , Norrgård S , Antonov K , Nilsson JLG , Ring L . GPs’ perceptions of multiple-medicine use in older patients . J Eval Clin Pract. 2010 ; 16 ( 1 ): 69 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnell K , Fastbom J . Multi-dose drug dispensing and inappropriate drug use: a nationwide register-based study of over 700,000 elderly . Scand J Prim Health Care . 2008 ; 26 ( 2 ): 86 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapi F , Pozzi C , Mazzaglia G , Ungar A , Fumagalli S , et al. . Epidemiology of suboptimal prescribing in older community dwellers . Drugs Aging . 2009 ; 26 ( 12 ): 1029 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bongue B , Naudin F , Laroche M-L , Galteau M-M , Guy C , et al. . Trends of the potentially inappropriate medication consumption over 10 years in older adults in the East of France . Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2009 ; 18 ( 12 ): 1125 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett K , McCowan C , Evans JMM , Gillespie ND , Davey PG , Fahey T . Prevalence and outcomes of use of potentially inappropriate medicines in older people: cohort study stratified by residence in nursing home or in the community . BMJ Qual Saf. 2011 ; 20 ( 3 ): 275 – 81 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajska-Neumann A , Wieczorowska-Tobis K . Polypharmacy and potential inappropriateness of pharmacological treatment among community-dwelling older adults . Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2007 ; 44 Suppl. 1 : 303 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stafford AC , Alswayan MS , Tenni PC . Inappropriate prescribing in older residents of Australian care homes . J Clin Pharm Therap. 2011 ; 36 : 33 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau DT , Mercaldo ND , Harris AT , Trittschuh E , Shega J , Weintraub S . Polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medication use among community-dwelling elders with dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2010; 24(1):56–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buck MD , Atreja A , Brunker CP , Jain A , Suh TT , et al. . Potentially inappropriate medication prescribing in outpatient practices: prevalence and patient characteristics based on electronic health records . Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2009 ; 7 ( 2 ): 84 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon KT , Choi MM , Zuniga MA . Potentially inappropriate medication use in elderly patients receiving home health care: a retrospective data analysis . Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2006 ; 4 ( 2 ): 134 – 43 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Classen S , Meuleman J , Garvan C , Ried LD , Mann W , Asal N . Review of prescription medications in home-based older adults with stroke: a pilot study . Res Social Adm Pharm. 2007 ; 3 ( 1 ): 104 – 22 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Straubhaar B , Krähenbühl S , Schlienger RG . The prevalence of potential drug–drug interactions in patients with heart failure at hospital discharge . Drug Saf. 2006 ; 29 ( 1 ): 79 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radosević N , Gantumur M , Vlahović-Palcevski V . Potentially inappropriate prescribing to hospitalized patients . J Gerontol Nurs. 2007 ; 33 ( 7 ): 19 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher P , Lang PO , Cherubini A , Topinkova E , Cruz-Jentoft A , et al. . Prevalence of potentially inappropriate prescribing in an acutely ill population of older patients . Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2011 ; 67 : 1175 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam DP , Mak CF , Chan SM , Yao RW , Leung SS , You JH . Polypharmacy and inappropriate prescribing in elderly Hong Kong Chinese patients . J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010 ; 58 ( 1 ): 203 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guido S , Harugeri A , Joseph J , Parthasarathi G , Ramesh M . Potentially inappropriate medication use in elderly patients . J Postgrad Med. 2010 ; 56 ( 3 ): 186 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akazawa M , Imai H , Igarashi A , Tsutani K . Potentially inappropriate medication use in elderly Japanese patients . Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2010 ; 8 ( 2 ): 146 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajjar ER , Hanlon JT , Sloane RJ , Lindblad CI , Pieper CF , et al. . Unnecessary drug use in frail older people at hospital discharge . J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005 ; 53 ( 9 ): 1518 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morandi A , Vasilevskis EE , Pandharipande PP , Girard TD , Solberg LM , et al. . Inappropriate medications in elderly ICU survivors: where to intervene? Arch Intern Med. 2011 ; 171 ( 11 ): 1032 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suhrie EM , Hanlon JT , Jaffe EJ , Sevick MA , Ruby CM , Aspinall SL . Impact of a geriatric nursing home palliative care service on unnecessary mediation prescribing . Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2009 ; 7 ( 1 ): 20 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slain D , Kincaid SE , Dunsworth TS . Discrepancies between home medications listed at hospital admission and reported medical condition . Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2008 ; 6 ( 3 ): 161 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saad M , Harisingani R , Katinas L . Impact of geriatric consultation on the number of medications in hospitalized older patients . Consult Pharm. 2012 ; 27 ( 1 ): 42 – 8 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuijpers MA , van Marum RJ , Egberts AC , Jansen PA . Relationship between polypharmacy and under prescribing . Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008 ; 65 ( 1 ): 130 – 3 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorard DA . Escalating polypharmacy . QJM. 2006 ; 99 ( 11 ): 797 – 800 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van den Heuvel PML , Los M , van Marum RJ , Jansen PAF . Polypharmacy and under prescribing in older adults: rational under prescribing by general practitioners. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011; 59(9):1750–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green JL , Hawley JN , Rask KJ . Is the number of prescribing physicians an independent risk factor for adverse drug events in an elderly outpatient population? Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2007 ; 5 ( 1 ): 31 – 9 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fanciullo GJ , Washington T . Best practices to reduce the risk of drug–drug interactions: opportunities for managed care . Am J Manag Care . 2011 ; 17 ( Suppl. 11 ): S299 – 304 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hajjar ER , Cafiero AC , Hanlon JT . Polypharmacy in elderly patients . Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2007 ; 5 ( 4 ): 345 – 51 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tulner LR , Frankfort SV , Wesselius F , van Campen JP , Koks CH , Beijnen JH . Do geriatric outpatients adhere to medication changes advised after assessment? An exploratory pilot study. Curr Clin Pharmacol. 2009 ; 4 ( 2 ): 154 – 8 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tse W , Frisina PG , Hälbig TD , Gracies JM , Liang L , et al. . The effects of withdrawal of dopaminergic medication in nursing home patients with advanced parkinsonism . J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2008 ; 9 ( 9 ): 670 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bain KT , Holmes HM , Beers MH , Maio V , Handler SM , Pauker SG . Discontinuing medications: a novel approach for revising the prescribing stage of the medication-use process . J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008 ; 56 ( 10 ): 1946 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Planton J , Edlund BJ . Strategies for reducing polypharmacy in older adults . J Gerontol Nurs. 2010 ; 36 ( 1 ): 8 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straand J , Fetveit A , Rognstad S , Gjelstad S , Brekke M , Dalen I . A cluster-randomized educational intervention to reduce inappropriate prescription patterns for elderly patients in general practice—The Prescription Academic Detailing (Rx-PAD) study [NCT00281450] . BMC Health Serv Res. 2006 ; 6 : 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garfinkel D , Mangin D . Feasibility study of a systematic approach for discontinuation of multiple medications in older adults: addressing polypharmacy . Arch Intern Med. 2010 ; 170 ( 18 ): 1648 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garfinkel D , Zur-Gil S , Ben-Israel J . The war against polypharmacy: a new cost-effective geriatric-palliative approach for improving drug therapy in disabled elderly people . Isr Med Assoc J. 2007 ; 9 ( 6 ): 430 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng HY . Can combination drug therapy potentially reduce multiple medications and polypharmacy in nursing homes? J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2006 ; 7 ( 4 ): 269 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenaghan E , Holland R , Brooks A . Home-based medication review in a high risk elderly population in primary care—The POLYMED randomized controlled trial . Age Ageing . 2007 ; 36 ( 3 ): 292 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeks TW , Culberson JW , Horton MS . Medications in long-term care: when less is more . Clin Geriatr Med. 2011 ; 27 ( 2 ): 171 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalil H . Prescribing for the elderly: ethical considerations . Aust J Prim Health . 2011 ; 17 ( 1 ): 2 – 3 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen I-C , Liu M-L , Twu F-C , Yuan C-H . Use of medication by nursing home residents nearing end of life: a preliminary report . J Nurs Res. 2010 ; 18 ( 3 ): 199 – 205 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Brien CP . Withdrawing medication: managing medical comorbidities near the end of life . Can Fam Physician. 2011 ; 57 ( 3 ): 304 – 7 , e89–92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Mahony D , O'Connor MN . Pharmacotherapy at the end-of-life . Age Ageing . 2011 ; 40 ( 4 ): 419 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currow DC , Stevenson JP , Abernethy AP , Plummer J , Shelby-James TM . Prescribing in palliative care as death approaches. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007; 55(4):590–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerse N , Boyd M . Improving care for older people in residential care . N Z Med J. 2010 ; 123 ( 1308 ): 13 – 5 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sherman FT . Medication nonadherence: a national epidemic among America's seniors . Geriatrics . 2007 ; 62 ( 4 ): 5 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osterberg L , Blaschke T . Adherence to medication . N Eng J Med. 2005 ; 353 : 487 – 97 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy AK , Gatewood SBS . Medication reconciliation: an important piece of the medication puzzle . Consult Pharm. 2010 ; 25 ( 12 ): 829 – 33 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Curry LC , Walker C , Hogstel MO , Burns P . Teaching older adults to self-manage medications: preventing adverse drug reactions . J Gerontol Nurs. 2005 ; 31 ( 4 ): 32 – 42 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laufs U , Rettig-Ewen V , Böhm M . Strategies to improve drug adherence . Eur Heart J. 2011 ; 32 ( 3 ): 264 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cárdenas-Valladolid J , Martín-Madrazo C , Salinero-Fort MA , Carrillo de-Santa Pau E , Abánades-Herranz JC , de Burgos-Lunar C . Prevalence of adherence to treatment in homebound elderly people in primary health care: a descriptive, cross-sectional, multicentre study . Drugs Aging . 2010 ; 27 ( 8 ): 641 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bangalore S , Kamalakkannan G , Parkar S , Messerli FH . Fixed-dose combinations improve medication compliance: a meta-analysis . Am J Med. 2007 ; 120 ( 8 ): 713 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuya AC . Managing the medication portfolio and avoiding polypharmacy in the older adult . Med Health R I. 2007 ; 90 ( 2 ): 55 – 6 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams A , Manias E , Walker R . Interventions to improve mediation adherence in people with multiple chronic conditions: a systematic review . J Adv Nurs. 2008 ; 63 ( 2 ): 132 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams R , Bosnic N , Duncan AW , Brogan M , Cook SF . Prevalence of opioid dispensing and concurrent gastrointestinal medications in an elderly population from Ontario, Canada . J Opioid Manag. 2008 ; 4 ( 4 ): 193 – 200 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams B , Shaw A , Durrant R , Crinson I , Pagliari C , de Lusignan S . Patient perspective on multiple medications versus combined pills: a qualitative study . QJM . 2005 ; 98 ( 12 ): 885 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field TS , Mazor KM , Briesacher B , Debellis KR , Gurwitz JH . Adverse drug events resulting from patient errors in older adults . J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007 ; 55 ( 2 ): 271 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maloney KW , Kagan SH . Adherence and oral agents with older patients . Semin Oncol Nurs. 2011 ; 27 ( 2 ): 154 – 60 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Denneboom W , Dautzenberg MG , Grol R , De Smet PA . User-related pharmaceutical care problems and factors affecting them: the importance of clinical relevance . J Clin Pharm Ther. 2005 ; 30 ( 3 ): 215 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bainbridge JL , Ruscin JM . Challenges of treatment adherence in older patients with Parkinson's disease . Drugs Aging . 2009 ; 26 ( 2 ): 145 – 55 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modig S , Kristensson J , Ekwall AK , Hallberg IR , Midlöv P . Frail elderly patients in primary care—their medication knowledge and beliefs about prescribed medicines. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2009; 65(2):151–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manias E , Claydon-Platt K , McColl GJ , Bucknall TK , Brand CA . Managing complex medication regimens: perspectives of consumers with osteoarthritis and healthcare professionals . Ann Pharmacother. 2007 ; 41 ( 5 ): 764 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sygit K , Kołłątaj W , Sygit M , Kołłątaj B . The impact of economic factors on the realities of outpatient multi-drug treatment of chronic diseases in rural areas . Ann Agric Environ Med. 2011 ; 18 ( 1 ): 29 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granas AG , Bates I . Patients’ understanding and management of their illnesses and prescribed medicines—a descriptive study . Pharm World Sci. 2005 ; 27 ( 4 ): 321 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman-Evans B . AIDES to improving adherence in older adults . Geriatr Nurs. 2006 ; 27 ( 3 ): 174 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman-Evans B . Evidence based guideline: improving medication management for older adult clients . J Gerontol Nurs. 2006 ; 32 ( 7 ): 6 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott RA , Ross-Degnan D , Adams AS , Safran DG , Soumerai SB . Strategies for coping in a complex world: adherence behavior among older adults with chronic illness . J Gen Intern Med. 2007 ; 22 ( 6 ): 805 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edlund BJ . Pharmacological interventions: more nursing oversight is needed . J Gerontol Nurs. 2010 ; 36 ( 4 ): 3 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rifkin DE , Laws MB , Rao M , Balakrishnan VS , Sarnak MJ , Wilson IB . Medication adherence behavior and priorities among older adults with CKD: a semistructured interview study . Am J Kidney Dis. 2010 ; 56 ( 3 ): 439 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kairuz T , Bye L , Birdsall R , Deng T , Man L , et al. . Identifying compliance issues with prescription medicines among older people: a pilot study . Drugs Aging . 2008 ; 25 ( 2 ): 153 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gellad WF , Grenard JL , Marcum ZA . A systematic review of barriers to medication adherence in the elderly: looking beyond cost and regimen complexity . Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2011 ; 9 ( 1 ): 11 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George J , Elliott RA , Stewart DC . A systematic review of interventions to improve medication taking in elderly patients prescribed multiple medications . Drugs Aging . 2008 ; 25 ( 4 ): 307 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benner JS , Chapman RH , Petrilla AA , Tang SSK , Rosenberg N , Schwartz JS . Association between prescription burden and medication adherence in patients initiating antihypertensive and lipid-lowering therapy . Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2009 ; 66 ( 16 ): 1471 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown M , Frost R , Ko Y , Woosley R . Diagramming patients’ root causes of adverse drug events in ambulatory care: an online tool for planning education and research . Patient Educ Couns. 2006 ; 62 ( 3 ): 302 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gusdal AK , Beckman C , Wahlström R , Törnkvist L . District nurses’ use for an assessment tool in their daily work with elderly patients’ medication management . Scand J Public Health . 2011 ; 39 ( 4 ): 354 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis JC , Mullan J , Worsley T . Prescription medication hoarding, borrowing or sharing behaviors in older residents in the Illawarra, New South Wales, Australia . Australas J Ageing . 2011 ; 30 ( 3 ): 119 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis JC , Mullan J . Prescription medication borrowing and sharing—risk factors and management. Austral Fam Physician . 2009; 38(10):816–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meadows M . Medication use and older adults . FDA Consum. 2006 ; 40 ( 4 ): 20 – 6 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moen J , Bohm A , Tillenius T , Antonov K , Nilsson JL , Ring L . “I don't know how many of these [medicines] are necessary.” A focus group study among elderly users of multiple medicines . Patient Educ Couns. 2009 ; 74 ( 2 ): 135 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Vliet MJ , Schuurmans MJ , Grypdonck MH , Duijnstee MS . Improper intake of medication by elders—insights on contributing factors: a review of the literature . Res Theory Nurs Pract. 2006 ; 20 ( 1 ): 79 – 93 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ermer M , Harder S . Medication review of community-dwelling seniors using intensified home-care service . Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011 ; 49 ( 3 ): 179 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shearer J . Improving oral medication management in home health agencies . Home Healthc Nurse . 2009 ; 27 ( 3 ): 184 – 92 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Snowden A . Medication management in older adults: a critique of concordance . Br J Nurs. 2008 ; 17 ( 2 ): 114 – 9 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chapman RH , Benner JS , Girase P , Benigno M , Axelsen K , et al. . Generic and therapeutic statin switches and disruptions in therapy . Curr Med Res Opin. 2009 ; 25 ( 5 ): 1247 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell CM , Brener SS , Gunraj N , Huo C , Bierman AS , et al. . Association of ICU or hospital admission with unintentional discontinuation of medications for chronic diseases . J Am Med Assoc. 2011 ; 306 ( 8 ): 840 – 7 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad A , Hugtenburg J , Welschen LMC , Dekker JM , Nijpels G . Effect of medication review and cognitive behavior treatment by community pharmacists of patients discharged from the hospital on drug related problems and compliance: design of a randomized controlled trial . BMC Public Health . 2010 ; 10 : 133 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu JY , Leung WY , Chang S , Lee B , Zee B , et al. . Effectiveness of telephone counseling by a pharmacist in reducing mortality in patients receiving polypharmacy: randomized controlled trial . BMJ . 2006 ; 333 ( 7567 ): 522 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorensen L , Stokes JA , Purdie DM , Woodward M , Roberts MS . Medication management at home: medication-related risk factors associated with poor health outcomes . Age Ageing . 2005 ; 34 ( 6 ): 626 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis NJ , Bugdalski-Stutrud C , Abate MA , Blommel M , Wu CH , Gaither CA . The Medication Assessment Program: comprehensive medication assessments for persons taking multiple medications for chronic diseases . J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) . 2008 ; 48 ( 2 ): 171 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansur N , Weiss A , Beloosesky Y . Relationship of in-hospital medication modifications of elderly patients to post discharge medications, adherence, and mortality . Ann Pharmacother. 2008 ; 42 ( 6 ): 783 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarowitz BJ . Fixed-dose combinations for improving medication adherence in assisted living environments . Geriatr Nurs. 2007 ; 28 ( 6 ): 341 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarowitz BJ . Medication overuse and misuse . Geriatr Nurs. 2006 ; 27 ( 4 ): 204 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astin JA , Pellietier KR , Marie A , Haskell WL . Complementary and alternative medicine use among elderly persons . J Gerontol Med Sci. 2000 ; 55A ( 1 ): M4 – M9 .
   Google Scholar
• Villanyi D , Fok M , Wong RYM . Medication reconciliation: identifying medication discrepancies in acutely ill hospitalized older adults. Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2011; 9(5):339–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumngern C , Azeredo Z , Subgrangon R , Matos E , Kijjoa A . The perception of benefits of herbal medicine consumption by Thai elderly . J Nutr Health Aging . 2011 ; 15 ( 1 ): 59 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruno JJ , Ellis JJ . Herbal use among US elderly: 2002 National Health Interview Survey . Ann Pharmacother. 2005 ; 39 ( 4 ): 643 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albert NM , Rathman L , Ross D , Walker D , Bena J , et al. . Predictors of over the counter drug and herbal therapies use in elderly patients with heart failure . J Cardiac Fail. 2009 ; 15 ( 7 ): 600 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kales HC , Blow FC , Welsh DE , Mellow AM . Herbal products and other supplements: Use by elderly veterans with depression and dementia and their caregivers . J Geriatr Psychiatr Neurol. 2004 ; 17 ( 1 ): 25 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharokh LE , Lukaszuk JM , Prawitz AD . Elderly herbal supplement users less satisfied with medical care than non-users . J AM Diet Assoc. 2005 ; 105 ( 7 ): 1138 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stupay S , Sivertsen L . Herbal and nutritional supplement use in the elderly . Nurse Pract. 2000 ; 25 ( 9 ): 56 – 8 , 61–2, 64 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Christensen D , Trygstad T , Sullivan R , Garmise J , Wegner SE . A pharmacy management intervention for optimizing drug therapy for nursing home patients . Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2004 ; 2 ( 4 ): 248 – 56 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan D-C , Chen J-H , Kuo H-K , We CJ , Lu I-S , et al. . Drug-related problems (DRPs) identified from geriatric medication safety review clinics . Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2012 ; 54 ( 1 ): 168 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinks TH , de Koning FH , de Lange TM , Egberts TC . Identification of potential drug-related problems in the elderly: the role of the community pharmacist . Pharm World Sci. 2006 ; 28 ( 1 ): 33 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinks TH , Egberts TC , de Lange TM , de Koning FH . Pharmacist-based medication review reduces potential drug-related problems in the elderly: the SMOG controlled trial . Drugs Aging . 2009 ; 26 ( 2 ): 123 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh EK , Cussen K . “Take ten minutes”: a dedicated ten minute medication review reduces polypharmacy in the elderly . Ir Med J. 2010 ; 103 ( 8 ): 236 – 8 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hugtenburg JG , Borgsteede SD , Beckeringh JJ . Medication review and patient counseling at discharge from the hospital by community pharmacists . Pharm World Sci. 2009 ; 31 ( 6 ): 630 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozenfeld S , Fonseca MJ , Acurcio FA . Drug utilization and polypharmacy among the elderly: a survey in Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil . Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2008 ; 23 ( 1 ): 34 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samala R , Loquias JE , Galindo D , Ciocon J . Reducing nursing home polypharmacy using systematic medication and assessment review and tracking: the SMART Program . J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 ; 59 ( 9 ): 1771 – 3 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West DS , Golden WE . Medicare part D and medication management in the elderly . J Ark Med Soc. 2006 ; 102 ( 12 ): 320 – 1 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brulhart MI , Wermeille JP . Multidisciplinary medication review: evaluation of a pharmaceutical care model for nursing homes . Int J Clin Pharm. 2011 ; 33 ( 3 ): 549 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willis JS , Hoy RH , Jenkins WD . In-home medication reviews: a novel approach to improving patient care through coordination of care. J Community Health . 2011; 36(6):1027–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gizzi LA , Slain D , Hare JT , Sager R , Briggs F , Palmer CH . Assessment of a safety enhancement to the hospital medication reconciliation process for elderly patients . Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2010 ; 8 ( 2 ): 127 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denneboom W , Dautzenberg MG , Grol R , De Smet PA . Comparison of two methods for performing treatment reviews by pharmacists and general practitioners for home-dwelling elderly people . J Eval Clin Pract. 2008 ; 14 ( 3 ): 446 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alkema GE , Frey D . Implications of translating research into practice: a medication management intervention . Home Health Care Serv Q . 2006 ; 25 ( 1–2 ): 33 – 54 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lisby M , Thomsen A , Nielsen LP , Lyhne NM , Breum-Leer C , et al. . The effect of systematic medication review in elderly patients admitted to an acute ward of internal medicine . Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2010 ; 106 ( 5 ): 422 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drenth-van Maanen AC , van Marum RJ , Knol W , van der Linden CMJ , Jansen PAF . Prescribing optimization method for improving prescribing in elderly patients receiving polypharmacy: results of application to case histories by general practitioners . Drugs Aging . 2009 ; 26 ( 8 ): 687 – 701 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doucette WR , McDonough RP , Klepser D , McCarthy R . Comprehensive medication therapy management: identifying and resolving drug-related issues in a community pharmacy . Clin Ther. 2005 ; 27 ( 7 ): 1104 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denneboom W , Dautzenberg MG , Grol R , De Smet PA . Analysis of polypharmacy in older patients in primary care using a multidisciplinary expert panel . Br J Gen Pract. 2006 ; 56 ( 528 ): 504 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denneboom W , Dautzenberg MG , Grol R , De Smet PA . Treatment reviews of older people on polypharmacy in primary care: cluster controlled trial comparing two approaches . Br J Gen Pract. 2007 ; 57 ( 542 ): 723 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halvorsen KH , Ruths S , Granas AG , Viktil KK . Multidisciplinary intervention to identify and resolve drug-related problems in Norwegian nursing homes . Scand J Prim Health Care . 2010 ; 28 ( 2 ): 82 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim LM , Chiu LH , Dohrmann J , Tan K-L . Registered nurses’ medication management of the elderly in aged care facilities . Int Nurs Rev. 2010 ; 57 ( 1 ): 98 – 106 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krähenbühl JM , Decollogny A , Bugnon O . Using the cost of drug therapy to screen patients for a community pharmacy-based medication review program . Pharm World Sci. 2008 ; 30 ( 6 ): 816 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klopotowska JE , Wierenga PC , de Rooij SE , Stuijt CC , Arisz L , et al. . The effect of an active on-ward participation of hospital pharmacists in internal medicine teams on preventable adverse drug events in elderly inpatients: protocol of the WINGS study (Ward-oriented pharmacy in newly admitted geriatric seniors) . BMC Health Serv Res. 2011 ; 11 : 124 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trygstad TK , Christensen D , Garmise J , Sullivan R , Wegner S . Pharmacist response to alerts generated from Medicaid pharmacy claims in a long-term care setting: results from the North Carolina polypharmacy initiative . J Manag Care Pharm. 2005 ; 11 ( 7 ): 575 – 83 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trygstad TK , Christensen DB , Wegner SE , Sullivan R , Garmise JM . Analysis of the North Carolina long-term care polypharmacy initiative: a multiple-cohort approach using propensity-score matching for both evaluation and targeting. Clin Ther. 2009; 31(9):2018–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teinilä T , Kaunisvesi K , Airaksinen M . Primary care physicians’ perceptions of medication errors and error prevention in cooperation with community pharmacists . Res Social Adm Pharm. 2011 ; 7 ( 2 ): 162 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roughead E , Pratt N , Peck R , Gilbert A . Improving medication safety: influence of a patient-specific prescriber feedback program on rate of medication reviews performed by Australian general medical practitioners . Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2007 ; 16 ( 7 ): 797 – 803 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler EC , Waterhouse JK . Telephone interventions by nursing students: improving outcomes for heart failure patients in the community . J Community Health Nurs. 2006 ; 23 ( 3 ): 137 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller SW . Evaluating medication regimens in the elderly . Consult Pharm. 2008 ; 23 ( 7 ): 538 – 47 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nguyen JK , Fouts MM , Kotabe SE , Lo E . Polypharmacy as a risk factor for adverse drug reactions in geriatric nursing home residents . Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2006 ; 4 ( 1 ): 36 – 41 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joshua L , Devi P , Guido S . Adverse drug reactions in medical intensive care until of a tertiary care hospital . Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2009 ; 18 ( 7 ): 639 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourgeois FT , Shannon MW , Valim C , Mandl KD . Adverse drug events in the outpatient setting: an 11-year national analysis . Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2010 ; 19 ( 9 ): 901 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baena MI , Faus MJ , Fajardo PC , Luque FM , Sierra F , et al. . Medicine-related problems resulting in emergency department visits . Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2006 ; 62 ( 5 ): 387 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kongkaew C , Noyce PR , Ashcroft DM . Hospital admissions associated with adverse drug reactions: a systematic review of prospective observational studies . Ann Pharmacother. 2008 ; 42 ( 7 ): 1017 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvi F , Morichi V , Grilli A , Giorgi R , De Tommaso G , Dessì-Fulgheri P . The elderly in the emergency department: a critical review of problems and solutions . Intern Emerg Med. 2007 ; 2 ( 4 ): 292 – 301 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivier P , Bertrand L , Tubery M , Lauque D , Montastruc JL , Lapeyre-Mestre M . Hospitalizations because of adverse drug reactions in elderly patients admitted through the emergency department: a prospective survey . Drugs Aging . 2009 ; 26 ( 6 ): 475 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hustey FM , Wallis N , Miller J . Inappropriate prescribing in an older ED population . Am J Emerg Med. 2007 ; 25 ( 7 ): 804 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moura C , Acurcio F , Belo N . Drug–drug interactions associated with length of stay and cost of hospitalization . J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2009 ; 12 ( 3 ): 266 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lampela P , Hartikainen S , Lavikainen P , Sulkava R , Huupponen R . Effects of medication assessment as part of a comprehensive geriatric assessment on drug use over a 1-year period: a population-based intervention study . Drugs Aging . 2010 ; 27 ( 6 ): 507 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lampela P , Hartikainen S , Sulkava R , Huupponen R . Adverse drug effects in elderly people—a disparity between clinical examination and adverse effects self-reported by the patient . Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2007 ; 63 ( 5 ): 509 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwang U , Morrison RS . The geriatric emergency department. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007; 55(11):1873–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samaras N , Chevalley T , Samaras D , Gold G . Older patients in the emergency department: a review . Ann Emerg Med . 2010 ; 56 ( 3 ): 261 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed NN , Pearce SE . Acute care for the elderly: a literature review . Popul Health Manag. 2010 ; 13 ( 4 ): 219 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Secoli S-R, Figueras A , Lebrão ML , de Lima FD , Santos JLF . Risk of potential drug–drug interactions among Brazilian elderly: a population-based, cross-sectional study . Drugs Aging . 2010 ; 27 ( 9 ): 759 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitstock MT , Pearce CM , Ridout SC , Eckermann EJ . Using clinical trial data and linked administrative health data to reduce the risk of adverse events associated with the uptake of newly released drugs by older Australians: a model process . BMC Public Health . 2011 ; 11 : 361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald SP , Bean NG . An analysis of the interactions between individual comorbidities and their treatments-implications for guidelines and polypharmacy . J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2010 ; 11 ( 7 ): 475 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbatecola AM , Paolisso G , Corsonello A , Bustacchini S , Lattanzio F . Antidiabetic oral treatment in older people: does frailty matter? Drugs Aging . 2009 ; 26 ( Suppl. 1 ): 53 – 62 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooney D , Pascuzzi K . Polypharmacy in the elderly: focus on drug interactions and adherence in hypertension . Clin Geriatr Med. 2009 ; 25 ( 2 ): 221 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalyanasundaram A , Lincoff AM . Managing adverse effects and drug–drug interactions of antiplatelet agents . Nat Rev Cardiol. 2011 ; 8 ( 10 ): 592 – 600 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egger SS , Rätz Bravo AE , Hess L , Schlienger RG , Krähenbühl S . Age-related differences in the prevalence of potential drug–drug interactions in ambulatory dyslipidaemic patients treated with statins . Drugs Aging . 2007 ; 24 ( 5 ): 429 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amundsen MO , Engdahl B , Berg C , Nordeng H . Cardiovascular co-medication among users of anti-obesity drugs: a population-based study . Pharm World Sci. 2010 ; 32 ( 6 ): 752 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gastelurrutia P , Benrimoj SI , Espejo J , Tuneu L , Mangues MA , Bayes-Genis A . Negative clinical outcomes associated with drug-related problems in heart failure (HF) outpatients: impact of a pharmacist in a multidisciplinary HF clinic . J Card Fail. 2011 ; 17 ( 3 ): 217 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harder S , Saal K , Blauth E , Beyer M , Gerlach FM . Appropriateness and surveillance of medication in a cohort of diabetic patients on polypharmacy . Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009 ; 47 ( 2 ): 104 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadsby R , Galloway M , Barker P , Sinclair A . Prescribed medicines for elderly frail people with diabetes resident in nursing homes-issues of polypharmacy and medication costs . Diabet Med. 2012 ; 29 ( 1 ): 136 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Bruggen R , Gorter K , Stolk RP , Zuithoff P , Klungel OH , Rutten GE . Refill adherence and polypharmacy among patients with type 2 diabetes in general practice . Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2009 ; 18 ( 11 ): 983 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Bussel B , Pijpers E , Ferreira I , Castermans P , Kruseman AN . Polymorbidity in diabetes in older people: consequences for care and vocational training . Postgrad Med J. 2007 ; 83 ( 986 ): 763 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rifkin DE , Winkelmayer WC . Medication issues in older individuals with CKD. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2010; 17(4):320–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campese VM , Schneider EL . Reevaluating the use of antihypertensive medications, a first step toward reducing polypharmacy in very old patients . J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) . 2010 ; 12 ( 8 ): 621 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handler J . Adverse effects using combined rate-slowing antihypertensive agents . J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) . 2011 ; 13 ( 7 ): 529 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagatini F , Blatt CR , Maliska G , Trespash GV , Pereira IA , et al. . Potential drug interactions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis . Rev Bras Rheumatol. 2011 ; 51 ( 1 ): 20 – 39 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Juby A , Davis P . An evaluation of the impact of seniors on a rheumatology referral clinic: demographics and pharmacotherapy . Clin Rheumatol. 2011 ; 30 ( 11 ): 1507 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treharne GJ , Douglas KM , Iwaszko J , Panoulas VF , Hale ED , et al. . Polypharmacy among people with rheumatoid arthritis: the role of age, disease duration and comorbidity . Musculoskeletal Care . 2007 ; 5 ( 4 ): 175 – 90 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weber V , White A , McIlvried R . An electronic medical record (EMR)-based intervention to reduce polypharmacy and falls in an ambulatory rural elderly population . J Gen Intern Med. 2008 ; 23 ( 4 ): 399 – 404 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziere G , Dieleman JP , Hofman A , Pols HA , van der Cammen TJ , Stricker BH . Polypharmacy and falls in the middle age and elderly population . Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2006 ; 61 ( 2 ): 218 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi PY . North Pilot study of inappropriate medications and balance: a study in a continuous care center . J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2007 ; 8 ( 8 ): 545 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai S-W , Liao K-F , Liao C-C , Muo C-H , Liu C-S , Sung F-C . Polypharmacy correlates with increased risk for hip fracture in the elderly: a population-based study . Medicine (Baltimore) . 2010 ; 89 ( 5 ): 295 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baranzini F , Diurni M , Ceccon F , Poloni N , Cazzamalli S , et al. . Fall-related injuries in a nursing home setting: is polypharmacy a risk factor? BMC Health Serv Res. 2009 ; 9 : 228 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartikainen S , Lönnroos E , Louhivuori K . Medication as a risk factor for falls: critical systematic review . J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2007 ; 62 ( 10 ): 1172 – 81 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle N , Naganathan V , Cumming RG . Medication and falls: risk and optimization . Clin Geriatr Med. 2010 ; 26 ( 4 ): 583 – 605 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulat T , Castle SC , Rutledge M , Quigley P . Clinical practice algorithms: medication management to reduce fall risk in the elderly-part 4, anticoagulants, anticonvulsants, anticholinergic/bladder relaxants, and antipsychotics . J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 2008 ; 20 ( 4 ): 181 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarenga JM , Loyola Filho AI , Firmo JO , Lima-Costa MF , Uchoa E . A population based study on health conditions associated with the use of benzodiazepines among older adults (The Bambuí Health and Aging Study) . Cad Saude Publica. 2009 Mar ; 25 ( 3 ): 605 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Lindsey PL . Psychotropic medication use among older adults: what all nurses need to know . J Gerontol Nurs. 2009 ; 35 ( 9 ): 28 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mojtabai R , Olfson M . National trends in psychotropic medication polypharmacy in office based psychiatry . Arch Gen Psych. 2010 ; 67 ( 1 ): 26 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreyenbuhl JA , Valenstein M , McCarthy JF , Ganoczy D , Blow FC . Long-term antipsychotic polypharmacy in the VA health system: patient characteristics and treatment patterns. Psychiatr Serv. 2007; 58(4):489–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rikala M , Hartikainen S , Sulkava R , Korhonen MJ . Validity of the Finnish prescription register for measuring psychotropic drug exposures among elderly Finns: a population-based intervention study . Drugs Aging . 2010 ; 27 ( 4 ): 337 – 49 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao YJ , Mager DE , Simonsick EM , Hilmer SN , Ling SM , et al. . Physical and cognitive performance and burden of anticholergics, sedatives, and ACE inhibitors in older women . Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008 ; 83 ( 3 ): 422 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alic A , Pranjic N , Ramic E . Polypharmacy and decreased cognitive abilities in elderly patients . Med Arh. 2011 ; 65 ( 2 ): 102 – 5 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blass DM , Black BS , Phillips H , Finucane T , Baker A , et al. . Medication use in nursing home residents with advanced dementia . Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008 ; 23 ( 5 ): 490 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein NU , Saykin AJ , Risacher SL , Gao S , Farlow MR , Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative: Differences in medication use in the Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative: analysis of baseline characteristics . Drugs Aging . 2010 ; 27 ( 8 ): 677 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tjia J , Rothman MR , Kiely DK , Shaffer ML , Holmes HM , et al. . Daily medication use in nursing home residents with advanced dementia . J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010 ; 58 ( 5 ): 880 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes HM , Sachs GA , Shega JW , Hougham GW , Cox Hayley D , Dale W . Integrating palliative medicine into the care of persons with advanced dementia: identifying appropriate medication use . J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008 ; 56 ( 7 ): 1306 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann F , van den Bussche H , Wiese B , Schön G , Koller D , et al. . Impact of geriatric comorbidity and polypharmacy on cholinesterase inhibitors prescribing in dementia . BMC Psychiatry . 2011 ; 11 : 190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somers M , Rose E , Simmonds D , Whitelaw C , Calver J , Beer C . Quality use of medicines in residential aged care . Aust Fam Physician . 2010 ; 39 ( 6 ): 413 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petek Šter M , Cedilnik Gorup E . Psychotropic medication use among elderly nursing home residents in Slovenia: cross-sectional study . Croat Med J. 2011 ; 52 ( 1 ): 16 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakey SL , Gray SL , Sales AE , Sullivan J , Hedrick SC . Psychotropic use in community residential care-facilities: A prospective cohort study . Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2006 ; 4 ( 3 ): 227 – 35 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Björkelund KB , Hommel A , Thorngren K-G , Gustafson L , Larsson S , Lundberg D . Reducing delirium in elderly patients with hip fracture: a multi-factorial intervention study . Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2010 ; 54 ( 6 ): 678 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesén E , Petzold M , Andersson K , Carlsten A . To what extent does the indicator “concurrent use of three or more psychotropic drugs” capture use of potentially inappropriate psychotropics among the elderly? Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2009 Jun ; 65 ( 6 ): 635 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pokela N , Bell JS , Lihavainen K , Sulkava R , Hartikainen S . Analgesic use among community-dwelling people aged 75 years and older: A population-based interview study . Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2010 ; 8 ( 3 ): 233 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartikainen S , Mäntyselkä P , Louhivuori-Laako K , Enlund H , Sulkava R . Concomitant use of analgesics and psychotropics in home-dwelling elderly people-Kuopio 75+ study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2005; 60(3):306–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staus R . Delirium in the older adult orthopaedic patient: predisposing, precipitating, and organic factors . Orthop Nurs. 2011 ; 30 ( 4 ): 231 – 8 ; quiz 239–40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simoni-Wastila L , Yang HK . Psychoactive drug abuse in older adults . Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2006 ; 4 ( 4 ): 380 – 94 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ringland C , Mant A , McGettigan P , Mitchell P , Kelman C , et al. . Uncovering the potential risk of serotonin toxicity in Australian veterans using pharmaceutical claims data . Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008 ; 66 ( 5 ): 682 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson KS , Bjorklund P . Demystifying federal nursing home regulations to improve the effectiveness of psychopharmacological care . Perspect Psychiatr Care . 2010 ; 46 ( 2 ): 152 – 62 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egger T , Dormann H , Ahne G , Pahl A , Runge U , et al. . Cytochrome p450 polymorphisms in geriatric patients: impact on adverse drug-reactions—a pilot study . Drugs Aging . 2005 ; 22 ( 3 ): 265 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies SJ , Lennard MS , Ghahramani P , Pratt P , Robertson A , Potokar J . PRN prescribing in psychiatric inpatients: potential for pharmacokinetic drug interactions . J Psychopharmacol. 2007 ; 21 ( 2 ): 153 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White S , Calver BL , Newsway V , Wade R , Patel S , et al. . Enzymes of drug metabolism during delirium . Age Ageing . 2005 ; 34 ( 6 ): 603 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aleil B , Leon C , Cazenave JP , Gachet C . CYP2C19*2 polymorphism is not the sole determinant of the response to clopidogrel: implications for its monitoring . J Thromb Haemost. 2009 ; 7 ( 10 ): 1747 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beinema MJ , de Jong PH , Salden HJ , van Wijnen M , van der Meer J , Brouwers JR . The influence of NSAIDS on coumarin sensitivity in patients with CYP2C9 polymorphism after total hip replacement surgery . Mol Diagn Ther. 2007 ; 11 ( 2 ): 123 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frazier SC . Health outcomes and polypharmacy in elderly individuals: an integrated literature review . J Gerontol Nurs. 2005 ; 31 ( 9 ): 4 – 11 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Skov J , Bladbjerg E , Sidelman J , Vamosi M , Jesperen J . Plenty of pills: polypharmacy prevails in patients of a Danish anticoagulant clinic . Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2011 ; 67 : 1169 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salazar JA , Poon I , Nair M . Clinical consequences of polypharmacy in the elderly: expect the unexpected, think the unthinkable . Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2007 ; 6 ( 6 ): 695 – 704 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montalto C , Bhargva V , Hong SG . Use of complementary and alternative medicines by older adults . J Evidence Based Complement Alternat Med. 2006 ; 11 ( 17 ): 27 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Gahche J , Bailey R , Burt V , Hughes J , Yetley E , et al. . Dietary supplement use among U.S. adults has increased since NHANES III . NCHS Data Brief . 2011 ; 61 : 1 – 8 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stupay S , Siverston L . Herbal and nutritional supplement use in the elderly . Nurse Pract . 2000 ; 25 ( 9 ): 56 – 67 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wade C , Chao M , Kronenberg F , Cushman L , Kalmuss D . Medical pluralism among American women: results of a national survey . J Womens Health (Larchmt) . 2008 ; 17 ( 5 ): 829 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolita L , Freedman M . Over-the-counter medication use in older adults. J Gerontol Nurs. 2008; 34(4):8–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tachjian A , Maria V , Jahangir A . Use of herbal products and potential interactions in patients with cardiovascular diseases . J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010 ; 55 ( 6 ): 515 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timbo BB , Ross MP , McCarthy PV , Lin CJ . Dietary supplements in a national survey: Prevalence of use and reports of adverse events . J Am Dietet Assoc. 2006 ; 106 : 1966 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruno JJ , Ellis JJ . Herbal use among U.S: elderly: 2002 National Health Interview Survey . Annal Pharmacotherap. 2005 ; 39 : 643 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuhauser ML , Kristal AR , Patterson RE , Goodman PJ , Thompson AM . Dietary supplement use in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial: Implications for prevention trials . Nutr Cancer . 2001 ; 39 ( 1 ): 12 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee AH , Ingraham SE , Kopp M , Foraida MI , Jazieh AR . The incidence of potential interactions between dietary supplements and prescription medications in cancer patients at a Veterans Administration Hospital . Am J Clin Oncol. 2006 ; 29 ( 2 ): 178 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi MI , Young A , Maher R , Rodriguez KL , Appelt CJ , et al. . Polypharmacy and health beliefs in older adults . Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2007 ; 5 ( 4 ): 317 – 23 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rossi M , Iemma D . Patients with comorbidities: what shall we do to improve the outcome . Minerva Anestesiol. 2009 ; 75 ( 5 ): 325 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahin RL , Pecha M , Welmerink DB , Sink K , DeKosky ST , Fitzpatrick AL . Concomitant use of prescription drugs and dietary supplements in ambulatory elderly people . J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009 ; 57 ( 7 ): 1197 – 205 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loya AM , González-Stuart A , Rivera JO . Prevalence of polypharmacy, polyherbacy, nutritional supplement use and potential interactions among older adults living on the United–Mexico border: a descriptive, questionnaire-based study . Drugs Aging . 2009 ; 26 ( 5 ): 423 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viveky N , Toffelmire L , Thorpe L , Billinsky J , Alcorn J , et al. . Use of vitamin and mineral supplements in long-term care home residents . Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2012 ; 37 ( 1 ): 100 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goh LY , Vitry AI , Semple SJ , Esterman A , Luszcz MA . Self-medication with over-the-counter drugs and complementary medications in South Australia's elderly population . BMC Complement Altern Med. 2009 ; 9 : 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgoda R , Younger N , Barrett C , Braithwaite J , Davis D . The prevalence of herbs use in conjunction with conventional medicines in Jamaica . Complement Ther Med. 2010 ; 18 ( 1 ): 13 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wold RS , Lopez ST , Yau L , Butler LM , Pareo-Tubbeh SL , et al. . Increasing trends I elderly persons use of non-vitamin, non-mineral, dietary supplements and concurrent use if medications . J Am Dietet Assoc. 2005 ; 105 : 54 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stjernberg L , Berglund J , Halling A . Age and gender effect on the use of herbal medicine products and food supplements among the elderly . Scandinav J Primary Health Care . 2006 ; 24 : 50 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan TK , Williamson M , Pirotta M , Stewart K , Myers SP , Barnes J . A national census of medicines use: a 24-hour snapshot of Australians aged 50 years and older . Med J Aust. 2012 ; 196 ( 1 ): 50 – 3 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherniak EP . Complementary medicine use is not associated with non-adherence to conventional medication in the elderly: a retrospective study. Compliment Therap Clin Pract. 2011; 17:206–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sawyer L , Rosen M . Food choices and medications in older adults . Beginnings . 2010 ; 30 ( 3 ): 14 – 5 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sood A , Sood R , Brinker FJ , Mann R , Loehrer LL , Wahner-Roedler DL . Potential for interactions between dietary supplements and prescriptions . Am J Med. 2008 ; 121 ( 3 ): 207 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes BD , Klein-Schwartz W , Barrueto F Jr. Polypharmacy and the geriatric patient . Clin Geriatr Med. 2007 ; 23 ( 2 ): 371 – 90 , vii .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills E , Wu P , Johnston BC , Gallicano K , Guyatt G . Natural health product interactions . Therap Drug Monitor. 2005 ; 27 ( 5 ): 549 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• San Miguel MT , Martinez JA , Vargas E . Food–drug interactions in the summary of product characteristics of proprietary medicinal products . Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2005 ; 61 ( 2 ): 77 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurley BJ . Clinical pharmacology and dietary supplements: an evolving relationship . Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010 ; 87 ( 2 ): 235 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillies PJ , Krul ES . Using genetic variation to optimize nutritional preemption . J Nutr . 2007 ; 137 ( 1 ): 270S – 4S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos CA , Boullata JI . An approach to evaluating drug–nutrient interactions . Pharmacother. 2005 ; 25 ( 12 ): 1789 – 800 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason P . Important drug–nutrient interactions . Proc Nutr Soc. 2010 ; 69 ( 4 ): 551 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genser D . Food and drug interaction: consequences for the nutrition/health status . Ann Nutr Metab. 2008 ; 52 : 29 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boullata JI , Hudson LM . Drug–nutrient interactions: A broad view with implications for practice . J Am Acad Nutr Dietet. 2012 ; 112 : 506 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgiou NA , Garssen J , Witkamp RF . Pharma-nutrition interface: the gap is narrowing . Eur J Pharmacol. 2011 ; 651 ( 1–3 ): 1 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White R . Drugs and nutrition: how side effects can influence nutritional intake . Proc Nutr Soc. 2010 ; 69 ( 4 ): 558 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jyrkkä J , Enlund H , Lavikainen P , Sulkava R , Hartikainen S . Association of polypharmacy with nutritional status, functional ability and cognitive capacity over a three-year period in an elderly population . Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2011 ; 20 ( 5 ): 514 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bushra R , Aslam N , Khan AY . Food–drug interactions . Oman Med J. 2011 ; 26 ( 2 ): 77 – 83 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Akamine D , Filho MK , Peres CM . Drug–nutrient interactions in elderly people . Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care . 2007 ; 10 ( 3 ): 304 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du Y , Scheidt-Nave C , Knopf H . Use of psychotropic drugs and alcohol among non-institutionalised elderly adults in Germany . Pharmacopsychiatry . 2008 ; 41 ( 6 ): 242 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleisher D , Li C , Zhou Y , Pao LH , Karim A . Drug, meal and formulation interactions influencing drug absorption after oral administration: Clinical implications . Clin Pharmacokinet. 1999 ; 36 ( 3 ): 233 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe BJ . Prevention of food–drug interactions with special emphasis on older adults . Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care . 2004 ; 7 ( 1 ): 21 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter-Sack I , Klotz U . Influence of diet and nutritional status on drug metabolism. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1996; 31(1):47–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang SM , Lesko LJ . Drug–drug, drug–dietary supplement, and drug–citrus fruit and other food interactions: what have we learned? J Clin Pharmacol. 2004 ; 44 ( 6 ): 559 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang SM , Strong JM , Zhang L , Reynolds KS , Nallani S , et al. . New era in drug interaction evaluation: US Food and Drug Administration update on CYP enzymes, transporters, and the guidance process . J Clin Pharmacol. 2008 ; 48 ( 6 ): 662 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Custodio JM , Wu CY , Benet LZ . Predicting drug disposition, absorption/elimination/transporter interplay and the role of food on drug absorption . Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2008 ; 60 ( 6 ): 717 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boullata J . Natural health product interactions with medication . Nutr Clin Prac. 2005 ; 20 ( 1 ): 33 – 51 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Seripa D , Pilotto A , Panza F , Matera MG , Pilotto A . Pharmacogenetics of cytochrome P450 (CYP) in the elderly . Ageing Res Rev. 2010 ; 9 ( 4 ): 457 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zopf Y , Rabe C , Neubert A , Hahn EG , Dormann H . Risk factors associated with adverse drug reactions following hospital admission: a prospective analysis of 907 patients in two German university hospitals . Drug Saf. 2008 ; 31 ( 9 ): 789 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klotz U . Pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism in the elderly . Drug Metab Rev. 2009 ; 41 ( 2 ): 67 – 76 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rushmore TH , Kong AN . Pharmacogenomics, regulation and signaling pathways of phase I and II drug metabolizing enzymes . Curr Drug Metab. 2002 ; 3 ( 5 ): 481 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zakrzewski-Jakubiak H , Doan J , Lamoureux P , Singh D , Turgeon J , Tannenbaum C . Detection and prevention of drug–drug interactions in the hospitalized elderly: utility of new cytochrome p450-based software . Am J Geriatr Pharmacother. 2011 ; 9 ( 6 ): 461 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan Q . Membrane transporters and drug development: relevance to pharmacogenomics, nutrigenomics, epigenetics, and systems biology . Method Mol Biol. 2010 ; 637 : 1 – 21 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu CY , Benet LZ . Predicting drug disposition via application of BCS: transport/absorption/elimination interplay and development of a biopharmaceutics drug disposition classification system . Pharm Res. 2005 ; 22 ( 1 ): 11 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VanWert AL , Gionfriddo MR , Sweet DH . Organic anion transporters: discovery, pharmacology, regulation and roles in pathophysiology . Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2010 ; 31 ( 1 ): 1 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Fragoso L , Martinez-Arismendi JL , Orozco-Bustos D , Reyes-Esparza J , Torres E , Burchiel SW . Potential risks resulting from fruit/vegetable-drug interactions: effects on drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters . J Food Sci. 2011 ; 76 ( 4 ): R112 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey DG , Dresser GK , Bend JR . Bergamottin, lime juice, and red wine as inhibitors of cytochrome P450 3A4 activity: comparison with grapefruit juice . Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2003 ; 73 ( 6 ): 529 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris ME , Zhang S . Flavonoid-drug interactions: effects of flavonoids on ABC transporters . Life Sci. 2006 ; 78 ( 18 ): 2116 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W , Lim LY . Effects of spice constituents on P-glycoprotein-mediated transport and CYP3A4-mediated metabolism in vitro. Drug Metab Dispos. 2008; 36(7):1283–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasuda K , Ikushiro S , Kamakura M , Ohta M , Sakaki T . Metabolism of sesamin by cytochrome P450 in human liver microsomes . Drug Metab Dispos. 2010 ; 38 ( 12 ): 2117 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volak LP , Ghirmai S , Cashman JR , Court MH . Curcuminoids inhibit multiple human cytochromes P450, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, and sulfotransferase enzymes, whereas piperine is a relatively selective CYP3A4 inhibitor . Drug Metab Dispos. 2008 ; 36 ( 8 ): 1594 – 605 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y , Liu WH , Chen BL , Fan L , Han Y , et al. . Plant polyphenol curcumin significantly affects CYP1A2 and CYP2A6 activity in healthy, male Chinese volunteers . Ann Pharmacother. 2010 ; 44 ( 6 ): 1038 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egert S , Rimbach G . Which sources of flavonoids: complex diets or dietary supplements? Adv Nutr. 2011 ; 2 ( 1 ): 8 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y , Mezei O , Shay NF . Human and murine hepatic sterol-12-alpha-hydroxylase and other xenobiotic metabolism mRNA are upregulated by soy isoflavones . J Nutr. 2007 ; 137 ( 7 ): 1705 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martel F , Monteiro R , Calhau C . Effect of polyphenols on the intestinal and placental transport of some bioactive compounds . Nutr Res Rev. 2010 ; 23 ( 1 ): 47 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronis MJ , Chen Y , Liu X , Blackburn ML , Shankar K , et al. . Enhanced expression and glucocorticoid-inducibility of hepatic cytochrome P450 3A involve recruitment of the pregnane-X-receptor to promoter elements in rats fed soy protein isolate . J Nutr. 2011 ; 141 ( 1 ): 10 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sergent T , Dupont I , Van der Heiden E , Scippo ML , Pussemier L , et al. . CYP1A1 and CYP3A4 modulation by dietary flavonoids in human intestinal Caco-2 cells . Toxicol Lett. 2009 ; 191 ( 2–3 ): 216 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cermak R . Effect of dietary flavonoids on pathways involved in drug metabolism . Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2008 ; 4 ( 1 ): 17 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konno Y , Kodama S , Moore R , Kamiya N , Negishi M . Nuclear xenobiotic receptor pregnane X receptor locks corepressor silencing mediator for retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors (SMRT) onto the CYP24A1 promoter to attenuate vitamin D3 activation . Mol Pharmacol. 2009 ; 75 ( 2 ): 265 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascussi JM , Robert A , Nguyen M , Walrant-Debray O , Garabedian M , et al. . Possible involvement of pregnane X receptor-enhanced CYP24 expression in drug-induced osteomalacia . J Clin Invest. 2005 ; 115 ( 1 ): 177 – 86 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz JB . Effects of vitamin D supplementation in atorvastatin-treated patients: a new drug interaction with an unexpected consequence . Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009 ; 85 ( 2 ): 198 – 203 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohl E , van Schoor NM , de Jongh RT , de Vries OJ , Lips P . The impact of medication on vitamin D status in older individuals . Eur J Endocrinol. 2012 ; 166 ( 3 ): 477 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenblatt DJ . Analysis of drug interactions involving fruit beverages and organic anion-transporting polypeptides . J Clin Pharmacol. 2009 ; 49 ( 12 ): 1403 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dresser GK , Bailey DG , Leake BF , Schwarz UI , Dawson PA , et al. . Fruit juices inhibit organic anion transporting polypeptide-mediated drug uptake to decrease the oral availability of fexofenadine . Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2002 ; 71 ( 1 ): 11 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sand PG , Dreiseitel A , Stang M , Schreier P , Oehme A , et al.. Cytochrome P450 2C19 inhibitory activity of common berry constituents. Phytother Res. 2010; 24(2):304–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilja JJ , Backman JT , Neuvonen PJ . Effects of daily ingestion of cranberry juice on the pharmacokinetics of warfarin, tizanidine, and midazolam--probes of CYP2C9, CYP1A2, and CYP3A4 . Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007 ; 81 ( 6 ): 833 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng W , Li H , Zhou H . Effect of Daidzein on CYP1A2 activity and the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in healthy volunteers . Eur J Clin Pharamcol. 2003 ; 59 : 237 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemper RF , Steiner V , Hicks B , Pierce L , Iwuagwu C . Anticholinergic medications: use among older adults with memory problems . J Gerontol Nurs. 2007 ; 33 ( 1 ): 21 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper C , Katona C , Lyketsos K , Blazer D , Brodaty H , et al. . A systematic review of treatments for refractory depression in older people . Am J Psychiatry . 2011 ; 168 ( 7 ): 681 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanglier T , Saragoussi D , Milea D , Auray J-P , Valuck RJ , Tournier M . Comparing antidepressant treatment patterns in older and younger adults: a claims database analysis . J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 ; 59 ( 7 ): 1197 – 205 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanyal C , Asbridge M , Kisely S , Sketris I , Andreou P . The utilization of antidepressants and benzodiazepines among people with major depression in Canada . Can J Psychiatry . 2011 ; 56 ( 11 ): 667 – 76 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sittironnarit G , Ames D , Bush AI , Faux N , Flicker L , et al. . Effects of anticholinergic drugs on cognitive function in older Australians: results from the AIBL study . Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2011 ; 31 ( 3 ): 173 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen JJ , Fernandez HH . Community and long-term care management of Parkinson's disease in the elderly: focus on monoamine oxidase type B inhibitors . Drugs Aging . 2007 ; 24 ( 8 ): 663 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kragh A , Elmståhl S , Atroshi I . Older adults’ medication use 6 months before and after hip fracture: a population-based cohort study . J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 ; 59 ( 5 ): 863 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oscarson M , Zanger UM , Rifki OF , Klein K , Eichelbaum M , Meyer UA . Transcriptional profiling of genes induced in the livers of patients treated with carbamazepine . Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006 ; 80 ( 5 ): 440 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu Y , Hashizume T , Shuhart MC , Davis CL , Nelson WL , et al. . Intestinal and hepatic CYP3A4 catalyze hydroxylation of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3): implications for drug-induced osteomalacia . Mol Pharmacol. 2006 ; 69 ( 1 ): 56 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan Y , Li L , Kim G , Ekins S , Wang H , Swaan PW . Identification and validation of novel human pregnane X receptor activators among prescribed drugs via ligand-based virtual screening . Drug Metab Dispos. 2011 ; 39 ( 2 ): 337 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verrotti A , Coppola G , Parisi P , Mohn A , Chiarelli F . Bone and calcium metabolism and antiepileptic drugs . Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2010 ; 112 ( 1 ): 1 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rathman SC , Eisenschenk S , McMahon RJ . The abundance and function of biotin-dependent enzymes are reduced in rats chronically administered carbamazepine . J Nutr. 2002 ; 132 ( 11 ): 3405 – 10 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mock DM , Dyken ME . Biotin catabolism is accelerated in adults receiving long-term therapy with anticonvulsants . Neurology . 1997 ; 49 ( 5 ): 1444 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollis J , Touyz S , Grayson D , Forrester L . Antipsychotic medication dispensing and associated odds ratio of death in elderly veterans and war widows, 2001. Aust N Z J Psychiatry . 2006; 40(11–2):981–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolder C , McKinsey J . Anti-psychotic polypharmacy among patients admitted to a geriatric psychiatry unit . J Psychiatr Pract. 2011 ; 17 ( 5 ): 368 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gareri P , De Fazio P , De Fazio S , Marigliano N , Ferreri Ibbadu G , De Sarro G . Adverse effects of atypical antipsychotics in the elderly: a review . Drugs Aging . 2006 ; 23 ( 12 ): 937 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robbins MS , Lipton RB . Management of headache in the elderly . Drugs Aging . 2010 ; 27 ( 5 ): 377 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaya CA , Kirimli E , Kalaca C , Unalan PC . Antihypertensive and analgesic/nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use by the elderly living in residential homes in Istanbul . Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009 ; 47 ( 6 ): 374 – 8 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lynch T . Management of drug–drug interactions: considerations for special populations-focus on opioid use in the elderly and long term care . Am J Manag Care . 2011 ; 17 ( Suppl. 11 ): S293 – 8 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pergolizzi J , Labhsetwar S , Puenpatom R , Joo S , Ben-Joseph R , Summers K . Exposure to potential CYP450 pharmacokinetic drug interactions among osteoarthritis patients . Pain Pract. 2011 ; 11 ( 4 ): 325 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beinema M , de Jong P , Salden H , van Wijnen M , van der Meer J , Brouvers J . The influence of NSAIDS on coumarin sensitivity in patients with CYP2c9 polymorphism after total hip replacement surgery . Mol Drug Ther. 2007 ; 11 ( 2 ): 123 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lal R , Sukbuntherng J , Luo W , Huff FJ , Zou J , Cundy KC . The effect of food with varying fat content on the clinical pharmacokinetics of gabapentin after oral administration of gabapentin enacarbil . Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010 ; 48 ( 2 ): 120 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gore M , Sadosky A , Zlateva G , Clauw D . Initial use of pregabalin, patterns of pain-related pharmacotherapy, and healthcare resource use among older patients with fibromyalgia . Am J Manag Care . 2010 ; 16 ( Suppl. 5 ): S144 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruckenthal P . Integrating nonpharmacologic and alternative strategies into a comprehensive management approach for older adults with pain . Pain Manag Nurs. 2010 ; 11 ( Suppl. 2 ): S23 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmader KE , Baron R , Haanpää ML , Mayer J , O'Connor AB , et al. . Treatment considerations for elderly and frail patients with neuropathic pain . Mayo Clin Proc. 2010 ; 85 ( Suppl. 3 ): S26 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuehn BM . FDA promotes safer use of analgesics in older adults with chronic pain . J Am Med Assoc. 2010 ; 304 ( 17 ): 1883 – 4 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capodanno D , Angiolillo DJ . Antithrombotic therapy in the elderly . J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010 ; 56 ( 21 ): 1683 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shim CK , Cheon EP , Kang KW , Seo KS , Han HK . Inhibition effect of flavonoids on monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) in Caco2 cells . J Pharm Pharmacol. 2007 ; 59 ( 11 ): 1515 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng CC , Glassman PA , Trilli LE , Hayes-Hunter J , Good CB . Incidence and severity of potential drug-dietary supplement interactions in primary care patients: an exploratory study of 2 outpatient practices . Arch Intern Med. 2004 ; 164 ( 6 ): 630 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tirona R , Bailey D . Herbal product–drug interactions mediated by induction. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2006; 61(6):677–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammed Abdul MI , Jiang X , Williams KM , Day RO , Roufogalis BD , et al. . Pharmacodynamic interaction of warfarin with cranberry but not with garlic in healthy subjects . Br J Pharmacol. 2008 ; 154 ( 8 ): 1691 – 700 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pham DQ , Pham AQ . Interaction potential between cranberry juice and warfarin . Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007 ; 64 ( 5 ): 490 – 4 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komperda KE . Potential interaction between pomegranate juice and warfarin . Pharmacotherapy . 2009 ; 29 ( 8 ): 1002 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zikria J , Goldman R , Ansell J . Cranberry juice and warfarin: when bad publicity trumps science . Am J Med. 2010 ; 123 ( 5 ): 384 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadelius M , Pirmohamed M . Pharmacogenetics of warfarin: current status and future challenges . Pharmacogenom J. 2007 ; 7 ( 2 ): 99 – 111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamberg AK , Dahl ML , Barban M , Scordo MG , Wadelius M , et al. . A PK-PD model for predicting the impact of age, CYP2C9, and VKORC1 genotype on individualization of warfarin therapy . Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007 ; 81 ( 4 ): 529 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pautas E , Moreau C , Gouin-Thibault I , Golmard J-L , Mahé I , et al. . Genetic factors (VKORC1, CYP2C9, EPHX1, and CYP4F2) are predictor variables for warfarin response in very elderly, frail inpatients . Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010 ; 87 ( 1 ): 57 – 64 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snaith A , Pugh L , Simpson CR , McLay JS . The potential for interaction between warfarin and co-prescribed medication: a retrospective study . Am J Cardiovasc Drugs . 2008 ; 8 ( 3 ): 207 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurren KM , Lewis CL . Probable interaction between warfarin and bee pollen . Am J Health-Syst Pharm. 2010 ; 67 ( 23 ): 2034 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tulner L , Kuper I , van Campen J , Mac Gillavry M , Kwa V , et al. . Contraindications for anticoagulation in older patients with atrial fibrillation . Curr Drug Safety . 2010 ; 5 : 223 – 33 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gasse C , Hollowell J , Meier CR , Haefeli WE . Drug interactions and risk of acute bleeding leading to hospitalization or death in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation treated with warfarin . Thromb Haemost. 2005 ; 94 ( 3 ): 537 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokol KC , Knudsen JF , Li MM . Polypharmacy in older oncology patients and the need for an interdisciplinary approach to side-effect management . J Clin Pharm Ther. 2007 ; 32 ( 2 ): 169 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dreiseitel A , Oosterhuis B , Vukman KV , Schreier P , Oehme A , et al. . Berry anthocyanins and anthocyanidins exhibit distinct affinities for the efflux transporters BCRP and MDR1 . Br J Pharmacol. 2009 ; 158 ( 8 ): 1942 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilgi N , Bell K , Ananthakrishnan AN , Atallah E . Imatinib and Panax ginseng: a potential interaction resulting in liver toxicity . Ann Pharmacother. 2010 ; 44 ( 5 ): 926 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin OQ , Gallagher N , Li A , Zhou W , Harrell R , Schran H . Effect of grapefruit juice on the pharmacokinetics of nilotinib in healthy participants . J Clin Pharmacol. 2010 ; 50 ( 2 ): 188 – 94 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobsen JN , Herrstedt J . Prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in elderly cancer patients . Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2009 ; 71 ( 3 ): 214 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsawy B , Higgins KE . The geriatric assessment . Am Fam Physician . 2011 ; 83 ( 1 ): 48 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devons CA . Comprehensive geriatric assessment: making the most of the aging years. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care . 2002; 5(1):19–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salva A , Coll-Planas L , Bruce S , De Groot L , Andrieu S , et al. . Nutritional assessment of residents in long-term care facilities (LTCFs): recommendations of the task force on nutrition and ageing of the IAGG European region and the IANA . J Nutr Health Aging . 2009 ; 13 ( 6 ): 475 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sergi G , De Rui M , Sarti S , Manzato E . Polypharmacy in the elderly: can comprehensive geriatric assessment reduce inappropriate medication use? Drugs Aging . 2011 ; 28 ( 7 ): 509 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riccio D , Solinas A , Astara G , Mantovani G . Comprehensive geriatric assessment in female elderly patients with Alzheimer disease and other types of dementia . Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2007 ; 44 Suppl 1 : 343 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Extermann M , Hurria A . Comprehensive geriatric assessment for older patients with cancer . J Clin Oncol. 2007 ; 25 ( 14 ): 1824 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankfort SV , Tulner LR , van Campen JP , Koks CH , Beijnen JH . Evaluation of pharmacotherapy in geriatric patients after performing complete geriatric assessment at a diagnostic day clinic . Clin Drug Investig. 2006 ; 26 ( 3 ): 169 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nogueras C , Miralles R , Roig A , Llorach I , Cervera AM . Polypharmacy as part of comprehensive geriatric assessment: disclosure of false diagnosis of atrial fibrillation by drug revision . J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007 ; 55 ( 9 ): 1476 – 8 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglass R , Heckman G . Drug-related taste disturbance: a contributing factor in geriatric syndromes . Can Fam Physician . 2010 ; 56 ( 11 ): 1142 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gueiros LA , Soares MS , Leão JC . Impact of ageing and drug consumption on oral health . Gerodontology . 2009 ; 26 ( 4 ): 297 – 301 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villa A , Polimeni A , Strohmenger L , Cicciù D , Gherlone E , Abati S . Dental patients’ self-reports of xerostomia and associated risk factors . J Am Dent Assoc. 2011 ; 142 ( 7 ): 811 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walls AW , Steele JG . The relationship between oral health and nutrition in older people . Mech Ageing Dev. 2004 ; 125 ( 12 ): 853 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff A , Zuk-Paz L , Kaplan I . Major salivary gland output differs between users and non-users of specific medication categories . Gerodontology . 2008 ; 25 ( 4 ): 210 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ship JA , McCutcheon JA , Spivakovsky S , Kerr AR . Safety and effectiveness of topical dry mouth products containing olive oil, betain, and xylitol in reducing xerostomia for polypharmacy-induced dry mouth . J Oral Rehabil. 2007 ; 34 ( 10 ): 724 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinkai RS , Hatch JP , Schmidt CB , Sartori EA . Exposure to the oral side effects of medication in a community-based sample . Spec Care Dentist. 2006 ; 26 ( 3 ): 116 – 20 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pilotto A , Franceschi M , Vitale D , Zaninelli A , Di Mario F , et al. . The prevalence of diarrhea and its association with drug use in elderly outpatients: a multicenter study . Am J Gastroenterol. 2008 ; 103 ( 11 ): 2816 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilotto A , Franceschi M , Vitale D , Zaninelli A , Masotti G , Rengo F . Drug use by the elderly in general practice: effects on upper gastrointestinal symptoms . Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2006 ; 62 ( 1 ): 65 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glew CM , Rentler RJ . Use of proton pump inhibitors and other acid suppressive medications in newly admitted nursing facility patients. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2007 Nov; 8(9):607–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginsberg DA , Phillips SE , Wallace J , Josephson KL . Evaluating and managing constipation in the elderly . Urol Nurs. 2007 ; 27 ( 3 ): 191 – 200 , 212 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gomez F , Curcio CL , Duque G . Dizziness as a geriatric condition among rural community-dwelling older adults . J Nutr Health Aging . 2011 ; 15 ( 6 ): 490 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoair OA , Nyandege AN , Slattum PW . Medication-related dizziness in the older adult . Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2011 ; 44 ( 2 ): 455 – 71 , x .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wetmore SJ , Eibling DE , Goebel JA , Gottshall KR , Hoffer ME , et al. . Challenges and opportunities in managing the dizzy older adult . Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2011 ; 144 ( 5 ): 651 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kagan SH . Geriatric syndromes in practice: delirium is not the only thing . Geriatr Nurs. 2010 ; 31 ( 4 ): 299 – 301 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths R , Rasmussen LS . Delirium in hip fracture patients . Acta Anaesthesiol Scand . 2010 ; 54 ( 6 ): 661 – 2 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inouye SK . Prevention of delirium in hospitalized older patients: risk factors and targeted intervention strategies . Ann Med. 2000 ; 32 ( 4 ) 257 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voyer P , McCusker J , Cole MG , St-Jacques S , Khomenko L . Factors associated with delirium severity among older patients . J Clin Nurs. 2007 ; 16 ( 5 ): 819 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culp KR , Cacchione PZ . Nutritional status and delirium in long-term care elderly individuals . Appl Nurs Res. 2008 ; 21 ( 2 ): 66 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han TS , Tajar A , Lean MEJ . Obesity and weight management in the elderly . Br Med Bull. 2011 ; 97 : 169 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janmahasatian S , Duffull S , Ash S , Ward L , Byrne N , Green B . Quantification of lean body weight . Clin Pharmacokinet. 2005 ; 44 ( 10 ): 1051 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen M , Nafziger AN , Drusano GL , Ma L , Bertino JS , Jr. Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic target attainment of ertapenem in normal-weight, obese, and extremely obese adults . Antimicrob Agents and Chemother. 2006 ; 50 ( 4 ): 1222 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacques KA , Erstad BL . Availability of information for dosing injectable medications in underweight or obese patients . Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2010 ; 67 ( 22 ): 1948 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheymol G . Effects of obesity on pharmacokinetics implications for drug therapy . Clin Pharmacokinet. 2000 ; 39 ( 3 ): 215 – 31 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green B , Duffull SB . What is the best size descriptor to use for pharmacokinetic studies in the obese? Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004 ; 58 ( 2 ): 119 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pai MP , Bearden DT . Antimicrobial dosing considerations in obese adult patients . Pharmacotherapy . 2007 ; 27 ( 8 ): 1081 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riney JN , Hollands JM , Smith JR , Deal EN . Identifying optimal initial infusion rates for unfractionated heparin in morbidly obese patients . Ann Pharmacother. 2010 ; 44 ( 7–8 ): 1141 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myzienski AE , Lutz MF , Smythe MA . Unfractionated heparin dosing for venous thromboembolism in morbidly obese patients: case report and review of the literature . Pharmacotherapy . 2010 ; 30 ( 3 ): 324 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mehta S . Malnutrition and drugs: clinical implications . Dev Pharmacol Therap. 1990 ; 15 ( 3–4 ): 159 – 65 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boullata JI . Drug disposition in obesity and protein-energy malnutrition. Proc Nutr Soc. 2010; 69(4):543–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shum NC , Hui WW , Chu FC , Chai J , Chow TW . Prevalence of malnutrition and risk factors in geriatric patients of a convalescent and rehabilitation hospital . Hong Kong Med J. 2005 ; 11 ( 4 ): 234 – 42 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pirlich M , Schütz T , Norman K , Gastell S , Lübke HJ , et al. The German hospital malnutrition study . Clin Nutr. 2006 ; 25 ( 4 ): 563 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griep MI , Mets TF , Collys K , Ponjaert-Kristoffersen I , Massart DL . Risk of malnutrition in retirement homes elderly persons measured by the “mini-nutritional assessment.” J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2000 Feb ; 55 ( 2 ): M57 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirlich M , Schütz T , Kemps M , Luhman N , Minko N , et al. . Social risk factors for hospital malnutrition . Nutrition . 2005 ; 21 ( 3 ): 295 – 300 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huffman GB . Evaluating and treating unintentional weight loss in the elderly . Am Fam Physician . 2002 ; 65 ( 4 ): 640 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon S , Noh JS , Choi SY , Baik JH . Effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs on body weight and food intake in dopamine D2 receptor knockout mice . Biochem Biophys Res Comm. 2010 ; 393 ( 2 ): 235 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams SG , Alinejad NA , Williams JA , Cruess DF . Statistically significant increase in weight caused by low-dose quetiapine . Pharmacother. 2010 ; 30 ( 10 ): 1011 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brixner DI , Said Q , Corey-Lisle PK , Tuomari AV , L'italien GJ , et al. . Naturalistic impact of second-generation antipsychotics on weight gain . Ann Pharmacother. 2006 ; 40 ( 4 ): 626 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Citrome LL , Holt RI , Zachry WM , Clewell JD , Orth PA , et al. . Risk of treatment-emergent diabetes mellitus in patients receiving antipsychotics . Ann Pharmacother. 2007 ; 41 ( 10 ): 1593 – 603 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaac MT , Isaac MB . Consensus development conference on antipsychotic drugs and obesity and diabetes: response to consensus statement . Diabetes Care . 2004 ; 27 ( 8 ): 2088; author reply 2089 – 90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessing LV , Thomsen AF , Mogensen UB , Andersen PK . Treatment with antipsychotics and the risk of diabetes in clinical practice . Br J Psychiatry . 2010 ; 197 ( 4 ): 266 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holstein A , Hahn M , Patzer O , Seeringer A , Kovacs P , Stingl J . Impact of clinical factors and CYP2C9 variants for the risk of severe sulfonylurea-induced hypoglycemia . Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2011 ; 67 ( 5 ): 471 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang ES . Appropriate application of evidence to the care of elderly patients with diabetes . Curr Diabetes Rev. 2007 ; 3 ( 4 ): 260 – 3 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paolisso G . Pathophysiology of diabetes in elderly people . Acta BioMed. 2010 ; 81 ( Suppl 1 ): 47 – 53 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Timbie JW , Hayward RA , Vijan S . Diminishing efficacy of combination therapy, response-heterogeneity, and treatment intolerance limit the attainability of tight risk factor control in patients with diabetes . Health Serv Res. 2010 ; 45 ( 2 ): 437 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willey CJ , Andrade SE , Cohen J , Fuller JC , Gurwitz JH . Polypharmacy with oral antidiabetics: an indicator of poor glycemic control . Am J Manag Care . 2006 ; 12 ( 8 ): 435 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munshi M . Managing the “geriatric syndrome” in patients with type 2 diabetes. Consult Pharm. 2008; 23 Suppl B:12–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fravel MA , McDanel DL , Ross MB , Moores KG , Starry MJ . Special considerations for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the elderly . Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2011 ; 68 ( 6 ): 500 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornali C , Franzoni S , Di Fazio I , Trabucchi M . Implementation of guidelines for type 2 diabetes mellitus in a post-acute geriatric setting . Aging Clin Exp Res. 2009 ; 21 ( 4–5 ): 338 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caughey GE , Roughead EE , Vitry AI , McDermott RA , Shakib S , Gilbert AL . Comorbidity in the elderly with diabetes: identification of areas of potential treatment conflicts . Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010 ; 87 ( 3 ): 385 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein PC . Assessment and treatment of hypoglycemia in elders: cautions and recommendations . Medsurg Nurs. 2009 ; 18 ( 4 ): 215 – 23 , 241;quiz 224 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alagiakrishnan K , Mereu L . Approach to managing hypoglycemia in elderly patients with diabetes . Postgrad Med. 2010 ; 122 ( 3 ): 129 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbatecola AM , Paolisso G . Diabetes care targets in older persons . Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2009 ; 86 ( Suppl 1 ): S35 – 40 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abdelhafiz AH , Sinclair AJ . Hypoglycaemia in residential care homes . Br J Gen Pract. 2009 ; 50 ( 558 ): 49 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim IA , Kang E , Dansky KH . Polypharmacy and possible drug–drug interactions among diabetic patients receiving home health care services . Home Health Care Serv Q . 2005 ; 24 ( 1–2 ): 87 – 99 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dunning T , Manias E . Medication and self-management by people with type 2 diabetes . Aust J Adv Nurs. 2005 ; 23 ( 1 ): 7 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz JB . The current state of knowledge on age, sex, and their interactions on clinical pharmacology . Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007 ; 82 ( 1 ): 87 – 96 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacasse C . Polypharmacy and symptom management in older adults . Clin J Oncol Nurs. 2011 ; 15 ( 1 ): 27 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leendertse AJ , Egberts AC , Stoker LJ , van den Bemt RM . Frequency and risk factors for preventable medication-related hospital admissions in the Netherlands . Arch Intern Med. 2008 ; 168 ( 17 ): 1890 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Divakaran VG , Murugan AT . Polypharmacy: an undervalued component of complexity in the care of elderly patients . Eur J Intern Med. 2008 ; 19 ( 3 ): 225 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster JM , van der Molen T , de Jong-van den Berg L . Patient-reporting of side effects may provide an important source of information in clinical practice . Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2007 ; 63 ( 10 ): 979 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nardi R , Scanelli G . Complexity in the care of elderly patients and polypharmacy . Eur J Intern Med. 2008 ; 19 ( 4 ): 304 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuben DB . Comprehensive geriatric assessment and systems approach to geriatric care . In: Geriatric Medicine , 4 th ed. New York : Springer Publications ; 2003 : 195 – 203 .
   Google Scholar