Access denied: exploring Muslim American representation and exclusion by state legislators

References

• Abrajano, Marisa, and Zoltan L. Hajnal. 2015. White Backlash: Immigration, Race, and American Politics. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Adida, Claire L., David D. Laitin, and Marie-Anne Valfort. 2010. “Identifying Barriers to Muslim Integration in France.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107 (52): 22384–22390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CAIR. 2016a. “American Muslim Voters and the 2016 Election: A Demographic Profile and Survey of Attitudes.” https://www.cair.com/images/pdf/CAIR_2016_Election_Report.pdf. Report.
   Google Scholar
• Ayers, John W. 2007. “Changing Sides: 9/11 and the American Muslim Voter.” Review of Religious Research 49: 187–198.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barreto, Matt A., and Dino N. Bozonelos. 2009. “Democrat, Republican or None of the Above? The Role of Religiosity in Muslim American Party Identification.” Politics and Religion 2 (2): 200–229.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barreto, Matt A., and Karam Dana. 2008. “The Political Incorporation of Muslims in America: The Role of Religiosity in Islam.” https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1492791. Unpublished Paper.
   Google Scholar
• Barreto, Matt A., and Karam Dana. 2009. Religious Identity and Muslim American Political Incorporation: Mosque Involvement and Similarities Between Sunni and Shi'a. Midwest Political Science Association Conference, April. Vol. 4. http://www.muslimamericansurvey.org/papers/mpsa2009.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Barreto, Matt, Karam Dana, and Kassra A. R. Oskooii. 2013. “No Mosque, No Sharia: Orientalist Notions of Islam and Intolerance Toward Muslim-Americans.” 2013 Midwest Political Science Association Annual Conference, Chicago, Illinois.
   Google Scholar
• Bartels, Larry M. 1998. “Electoral Continuity and Change, 1868–1996.” Electoral Studies 17 (3): 301–326.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beydoun, Khaled A. 2014. “Antebellum Islam.” Howard LJ 58: 141.
   Google Scholar
• Broockman, David E.. 2013. “Black Politicians Are More Intrinsically Motivated to Advance Blacks' Interests: A Field Experiment Manipulating Political Incentives.” American Journal of Political Science 57 (3): 521–536.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bukhari, Zahid H., and Sulayman S. Nyang. 2004. “Muslims in the American Public Square: Shifting Political Winds & Fallout from 9/11, Afghanistan and Iraq.” Project MAPS: Muslims in the American public square, ed. M. it APSZ International, Washington, DC, Georgetown University & Zogby International.
   Google Scholar
• Burrell, Barbara. 1994. A Women's Place Is In the House: Campaigning for Congress in the Electoral Arena. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, Daniel M. 2014. Representing the Advantaged: How Politicians Reinforce Inequality. NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, Daniel M., and David E. Broockman. 2011. “Do Politicians Racially Discriminate Against Constituents? A Field Experiment on State Legislators.” American Journal of Political Science 55 (3): 463–477.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, Daniel M., Christopher F. Karpowitz, and Jeremy C. Pope. 2012. “A Field Experiment on Legislators' Home Styles: Service Versus Policy.” The Journal of Politics 74 (2): 474–486.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calfano, Brian Robert, Nazita Lajevardi, and Melissa R. Michelson. 2017. “Trumped Up Challenges: Limitations, Opportunities, and the Future of Political Research on Muslim Americans.” Politics, Groups, and Identities: 1–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carnes, Nicholas, and John Holbein. 2015. “Unequal Responsiveness in Constituent Services? Evidence from Casework Request Experiments in North Carolina.” http://people.duke.edu/ñwc8/carnes_and_holbein.pdf. Unpublished Paper.
   Google Scholar
• Chauhan, D. S. 1978. “Education for Public Service: Managing Internship Programs.” State & Local Government Review: 100–105.
   Google Scholar
• Chin, Michelle L., Jon R. Bond, and Nehemia Geva. 2000. “A Foot in The Door: An Experimental Study of PAC and Constituency Effects on Access.” Journal of Politics 62 (2): 534–549.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CAIR. 2016b. “Confronting Fear: Islamophobia and Its Impact in the U.S. 2013-2015.” http://www.islamophobia.org/component/bdthemes_shortcodes/?view=download&id=618b81cc3f1d4de749d1355960a2a9.Report.
   Google Scholar
• Coppock, Alexander. 2018. “Avoiding Post-Treatment Bias in Audit Experiments.” Journal of Experimental Political Science: 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Costa, Mia. 2017a. “How Responsive Are Political Elites? A Meta-Analysis of Experiments on Public Officials.” Journal of Experimental Political Science, 4(3): 241–254.
   Google Scholar
• Costa, Mia. 2017b. “Improving Measures of Responsiveness for Elite Audit Experiments.” https://www.dropbox.com/s/qdyqftdks9daqxg/Costa_Measuring%20Responsiveness.pdf?dl=0. Unpublished Paper.
   Google Scholar
• Dana, Karam, Matt A. Barreto, and Kassra A. R. Oskooii. 2011. “Mosques as American Institutions: Mosque Attendance, Religiosity and Integration into the Political System Among American Muslims.” Religions 2 (4): 504–524.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dana, Karam, Nazita Lajevardi, Kassra A. R. Oskooii, and Hannah L. Walker. 2018. “Veiled Politics: Experiences with Discrimination among Muslim Americans.” Politics and Religion, 1–49.
   Google Scholar
• Dana, Karam, Bryan Wilcox-Archuleta, and Matt Barreto. 2017. “The Political Incorporation of Muslims in the United States: The Mobilizing Role of Religiosity in Islam.” Journal of Race, Ethnicity and Politics 2 (2): 170–200.
   Google Scholar
• Darcy, R. 1994. “Susan Welch, and Janet Clark.” Women, Elections, & Representation éd: 107–117.
   Google Scholar
• Distelhorst, Greg, and Yue Hou. 2014. “Ingroup Bias in Official Behavior: A National Field Experiment in China.” https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2247644. Unpublished Paper.
   Google Scholar
• Djupe, Paul A., and Brian R. Calfano. 2012. “American Muslim Investment in Civil Society: Political Discussion, Disagreement, and Tolerance.” Political Research Quarterly 65 (3): 516–528.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djupe, Paul A., and Brian R. Calfano. 2013. “Religious Value Priming, Threat, and Political Tolerance.” Political Research Quarterly 66 (4): 768–780.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan, Barbara. 2007. “Minority' Representation in Germany.” German Politics 16 (4): 455–480.
   Google Scholar
• Einstein, Katherine Levine, and David M. Glick. 2017. “Does Race Affect Access to Government Services? An Experiment Exploring Street-Level Bureaucrats and Access to Public Housing.” American Journal of Political Science 61 (1): 100–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenno, Richard F. 1978. Home Style: House Members in Their Districts. Boston: HarperCollins.
   Google Scholar
• Findley, Paul. 2001. Silent no More: Confronting America's False Images of Islam. Belstville, Maryland: Amana Books.
   Google Scholar
• Fleras, Augie. 2011. The Media Gaze: Representations of Diversities in Canada. Vancouver: UBC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Frymer, Paul. 1999. Uneasy Alliances. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gerber, Alan S., and Donald P. Green. 2008. Field Experiments and Natural Experiments. New York: The Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology.
   Google Scholar
• Grose, Christian R., Neil Malhotra, and Robert Parks Van Houweling. 2015. “Explaining Explanations: How Legislators Explain Their Policy Positions and How Citizens React.” American Journal of Political Science 59 (3): 724–743.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gryski, Gerard S., Gerald W. Johnson, and O'Toole J. Laurence. 1987. “Undergraduate Internships: An Empirical Review.” Public Administration Quarterly pp. 150–170.
   Google Scholar
• Gutterman, David S., and Andrew R. Murphy. 2014. “The 'Ground Zero Mosque': Sacred Space and the Boundaries of American Identity.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 2 (3): 368–385.
   Google Scholar
• Hardy-Fanta, Carol, and Lien Pei-te. 2007. Christine Marie Sierra and Dianne Pinderhughes. A New Look at Paths to Political Office: Moving Women of Color from the Margins to the Center. in: Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Vol. 2. Boston, Chicago, Citeseer.
   Google Scholar
• Hedlund, Ronald D. 1973. “Reflections on Political Internships.” PS: Political Science & Politics 6 (1): 19–25.
   Google Scholar
• Hennessy, Bernard C. 1970. Political Internships: Theory, Practice, Evaluation. University Park: Number 28 Pennsylvania State University.
   Google Scholar
• Hobbs, William, and Nazita Lajevardi. 2018. “Effects of Divisive Political Campaigns on the Day-to-Day Segregation of Arab and Muslim Americans.” Forthcoming. American Political Science Review.
   Google Scholar
• Jalalzai, Farida. 2009. “The Politics of Muslims in America.” Politics and Religion 2 (2): 163–199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamal, Amaney. 2005. “The Political Participation and Engagement of Muslim Americans: Mosque Involvement and Group Consciousness.” American Politics Research 33: 521–544.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamal, Amaney. 2009. “The Racialization of Muslim Americans.” Muslims in Western Politics: 200–215.
   Google Scholar
• Kalkan, Kerem Ozan, Geoffrey C. Layman, and Eric M. Uslaner. 2009. “‘Bands of Others’? Attitudes Toward Muslims in Contemporary American Society.” The Journal of Politics 71 (3): 847–862.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lajevardi, Nazita, and Marisa A. Abrajano. Forthcoming. “How Negative Sentiment Towards Muslims Predicts Support for Trump in the 2016 Presidential Election.” The Journal of Politics.
   Google Scholar
• Lajevardi, Nazita, and Kassra A. R. Oskooii. 2018. “Old-Fashioned Racism, Contemporary Islamophobia, and the Isolation of Muslim Americans in the Age of Trump.” Journal of Race, Ethnicity and Politics 3: 1–41.
   Google Scholar
• Lavergne, Michael, and Sendhil Mullainathan. 2004. “Are Emily and Greg More Employable than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination.” The American Economic Review 94 (4): 991–1013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtblau, Eric. 2016a. “Hate Crimes Against American Muslims Most Since Post-9/11 era.” The New York Times 17.
   Google Scholar
• Lichtblau, Eric. 2016b. “US Hate Crimes Surge 6%, Fueled by Attacks on Muslims.” New York Times.
   Google Scholar
• Mansbridge, Jane. 1999. “Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent “Yes”.” The Journal of Politics 61 (3): 628–657.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, Shane. 2009. “The Congressional Representation of Muslim-American Constituents.” Politics and Religion 2 (2): 230–246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayhew, David R. 1974. Congress: The Electoral Connection. New Haven: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pew. 2007. “Muslim Americans: Middle Class and Mostly Mainstream.” http://www.pewresearch.org/2007/05/22/muslim-americans-middle-class-and-mostly-mainstream/. Report.
   Google Scholar
• Ocampo, Angela X., Karam Dana, and Matt A. Barreto. 2018. “The American Muslim Voter: Community Belonging and Political Participation.” Social Science Research 72: 84–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omi, Michael, and Howard Winant. 2004. “Racial Formations.” Race, Class, and Gender in the United States 6: 13–22.
   Google Scholar
• Oskooii, Kassra A. R.. 2016. “How Discrimination Impacts Sociopolitical Behavior: A Multidimensional Perspective.” Political Psychology 37 (5): 613–640.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pager, Devah, Bart Bonikowski, and Bruce Western. 2009. “Discrimination in a Low-Wage Labor Market: A Field Experiment.” American Sociological Review 74 (5): 777–799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer, Barbara, and Dennis Simon. 2010. Breaking the Political Glass Ceiling: Women and Congressional Elections. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pitkin, Hanna F. 1967. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Romzek, Barbara S., and Jennifer A. Utter. 1996. “Career Dynamics of Congressional Legislative Staff: Preliminary Profile and Research Questions.” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 6 (3): 415–442.
   Google Scholar
• Said, Edward W. 1979. Orientalism. New York: Pantheon.
   Google Scholar
• Schoettmer, Patrick. 2015. “Mobilization and the Masjid: Muslim Political Engagement in Post-9/11 America.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 3 (2): 255–273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulman, Kevin A., Jesse A. Berlin, William Harless, Jon F. Kerner, Shyrl Sistrunk, Bernard J. Gersh, and J. M. Eisenberg, et al. 1999. “The Effect of Race and Sex on Physicians' Recommendations for Cardiac Catheterization.” New England Journal of Medicine 340 (8): 618–626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selod, Saher. 2015. “Citizenship Denied: The Racialization of Muslim American Men and Women Post-9/11.” Critical Sociology 41 (1): 77–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sides, John, and Kimberly Gross. 2013. “Stereotypes of Muslims and Support for the War on Terror.” The Journal of Politics 75 (3): 583–598.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tehranian, John. 2007. “Selective Racialization: Middle-Eastern American Identity and the Faustian Pact with Whiteness.” Connecticut Law Review 40: 1201.
   Google Scholar
• Thomsen, Danielle M. 2015. “Why So Few (Republican) Women? Explaining the Partisan Imbalance of Women in the US Congress.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 40 (2): 295–323.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Horn, Carl E. 1989. “The Entrepreneurial States.” The State of the States: 209–221.
   Google Scholar
• Westfall, Aubrey. 2017. “Islamic Headcovering and Political Engagement: The Power of Social Networks.” Politics and Religion 10 (1): 3–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westfall, Aubrey, Bozena Welborne, and Sarah Tobin. 2016. “The Complexity of Covering: The Religious, Social, and Political Dynamics of Islamic Practice in the United States.” Social Science Quarterly 97 (3): 771–790.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, Ariel R., Noah L. Nathan, and Julie K. Faller. 2015. “What Do I Need to Vote? Bureaucratic Discretion and Discrimination by Local Election Officials.” American Political Science Review 109 (1): 129–142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoll, Rachel. 2008. “U.S. Muslim Voters Are Election Year Outcasts.” http://www.jonathantan.org/handouts/Islam/Islam-H120at-USMuslim.pdf.
   Google Scholar