Undermining the party: anti-black attitudes, presidential vote choice, and split-ticket voting among white voters

References

• Abrams, Burton A. 1980. “The Influence of State-Level Economic Conditions on Presidential Elections.” Public Choice 35: 623–631.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachman, Brett. 2021. “Newt Gingrich: The Left Wants to Get Rid of the Rest of Us Because We Believe in George Washington.” Salon. https://www.salon.com/2021/08/04/newt-gingrich-the-left-wants-to-get-rid-of-the-rest-of-us-because-we-believe-in-george-washington/.
   Google Scholar
• Bartels, Larry M. 2000. “Partisanship and Voting Behavior, 1952–1996.” American Journal of Political Science 44 (1): 35–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, Justin A., David Ebner, and Michelle Cornelius. 2021. “White Identity Politics: Linked Fate and Political Participation.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 9 (3): 519–537.
   Google Scholar
• Bobo, Lawrence, and James R. Kluegel. 1997. “Status, Ideology, and Dimensions of Whites’ Racial Beliefs and Attitudes: Progress and Stagnation.” In Racial Attitudes in the 1990s: Continuity and Change, edited by Steven A Tuch and Jack K. Martin, 93–120. Westport: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Bump, Philip. 2021. “2020 Saw the Least Split-ticket House Voting in Decades.” The Washington Post, February 19, 2021, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/02/19/2020-saw-least-split-ticket-house- voting-decades/.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, Angus, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald E. Stokes. 1960. The American Voter. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Daniels, Jessie. 2018. “The Algorithmic Rise of the ‘alt-Right’.” Contexts 17 (1): 60–65.
   Google Scholar
• Dixon, T. L., and D. Linz. 2000. “Overrepresentation and Underrepresentation of African Americans and Latinos as Lawbreakers on Television News.” Journal of Communication 50 (2): 131–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Effron, Daniel A., Jessica S. Cameron, and Benoit Monin. 2009. “Endorsing Obama Licenses Favoring Whites.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 45: 590–593.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilens, Martin. 1999. Why American Hate Welfare: Race, Media, and the Politics of Antipoverty Policy. Chicago, IL: Universit of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hibbs, Douglas A., Jr. 2000. “Bread and Peace: Voting in U.S. Presidential Elections.” Public Choice 104 (1-2): 149–180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber, Gregory A., and John S. Lapinski. 2006. “The Race Card Revisited: Assessing Racial Priming in Policy Contests.” American Journal of Political Science 50 (2): 421–440.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huddy, Leonie, and Stanely Feldman. 2009. “On Assessing the Political Effects of Racial Prejudice.” Annual Review of Political Science 12: 423–447.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchings, Vincent L., Hanes Walton, and Andrea Benjamin. 2010. “The Impact of Explicit Racial Cues on Gender Differences in Support or Confederate Symbols and Partisanship.” Journal of Politics 72 (4): 1175–1188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jardina, Ashley. 2019. White Identity Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jardina, Ashley. 2020. “In-Group Love and out-Group Hate: White Racial Attitudes in Contemporary US Elections.” Political Behavior, 43:1535–1559.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jardina, Ashley, and Spencer Piston. 2021. “The Effects of Dehumanizing Attitudes About Black People on Whites’ Voting Decisions.” British Journal of Political Science, 1–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser, Cheryl R., Benjamin J. Dury, Kerry E. Spalding, Sapna Cheryan, and Laurie T. O’Brien. 2009. “The Ironic Consequences of Obama’s Election: Decreased Support for Social Justice.” Journal of Experimental Social Psuchology 45 (3): 556–559.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kam, Cindy D., and Donald R. Kinder. 2012. “Ethnocentrism as a Short-Term Force in the 2008 American Presidential Election.” American Journal of Political Science 56 (2): 326–340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinder, Donald R. 2013. “Prejudice and Politics.” In Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, 2nd ed., edited by Leonie Huddy, David O. Sears, and Jack S. Levy, 812–851. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kinder, Donald R., and Akkusib Dale-Riddle. 2012. The End of Race? New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kinder, Donald R., and Lynn M. Sanders. 1996. Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kinder, Donald R, and David O Sears. 1981. “Prejudice and Politics: Symbolic Racism Versus Racial Threats to the Good Life.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40 (3): 414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis-Beck, Michael S. 1988. Economics and Elections: The Major Western Democracies. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis-Beck, Micahel S., William Jacoby, Helmut Norpoth, and Herbert Weisburg. 2009. The American Voter Revisited. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis-Beck, Michael S., and Tom W. Rice. 1982. “Presidential Popularity and Presidential Vote.” Public Opinion Quarterly 46: 534–537.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis-Beck, Michael S., and Tom W. Rice. 1984. “Forecasting Presidential Elections: A Comparison of Naïve Models.” Political Behavior 6 (1): 9–21.
   Google Scholar
• López, Ian Haney. 2015. Dog Whistle Politics: How Coded Racial Appeals Have Reinvented Racism and Wrecked the Middle Class. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• McConahay, John B. 1986. “Modern Racism, Ambivalence, and the Modern Racism Scale.” In Preduced, Discrimination, and Racism, edited by John F. Dovidio and Samuel L. Gaertner, 91–126. New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• McConahay, John B., and Joseph C. Hough, Jr. 1976. “Symbolic Racism.” Journal of Social Issues 32: 23–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendelberg, Tali. 2001. The Race Card. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Newman, Benjamin, Jennifer L. Merolla, Sono Shah, Danielle Casarez Lemi, Loren Collingwood, and S. Karthick Ramakrishnan. 2021. “The Trump Effect: An Experimental Investigation of the Emboldening Effect of Racially Inflammatory Elite Communication.” British Journal of Political Science 51 (3): 1138–1159.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piston, Spencer. 2010. “How Explicit Racial Prejudice Hurt Obama in the 2008 Election.” Political Behavior 32 (4): 431–451.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenstone, Steven J. 1983. Forecasting Presidential Elections. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schildkraut, Deborah J. 2015. “White Attitudes About Descriptive Representation in the US: The Roles of Identity, Discrimination, and Linked Fate.” Politics Groups, and Identities, 5: 1–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuman, H., C. Steeh, L. Bobo, and M. Krysan. 1997. Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sears, D O. 1988. “Symbolic racism.” In Eliminating racism: Profiles in controversy, edited by P. A. Katz and D. A. Taylor, 53–84. New York: Plenum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sides, John, and Lynn Vavreck. 2013. The Gamble: Choice and Chance in the 2012 Presidential Election. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sniderman, Paul M., Gretchen C. Crosby, and William G. Howell. 2000. “The Politics of Race.” In Racialized Politics: The Debate About Racism in America, edited by Davide O. Sears, Jim Sidanius, and Lawrence Bobo, 236–279. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stephens-Dougan, LaFleur. 2020. Race to the Bottom: How Racial Appeals Work in American Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tesler, Michael. 2012a. “The Return of Old-fashion Racism to White Americans’ Partisan Preference in the Early Obama Era.” The Journal of Politics 75 (1): 110–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tesler, Michael. 2012b. “The Spillover of Racialization into Health Care: How President Obama Polarized Public Opinion by Racial Attitudes and Race.” American Journal of Political Science 56 (3): 690–704.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tesler, Michael. 2016. Post-Racial or Most-Racial? Race and Politics in the Obama Era. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tesler, Michael, and David O. Sears. 2010. Obama’s Race: The 2008 Election and the Dream of a Post-Racial America. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Valentino, Nicholas A., and Ted Brader. 2011. “The Sword’s Other Edge: Perceptions of Discrimination and Racial Policy Opinion After Obama.” Public Opinion Quarterly 63 (3): 293–320.
   Google Scholar
• Valentino, Nicholas A., Ted Brader, and Ashley E. Jardina. 2013. “The Antecedents of Immigration Opinion among U.S. Whites: Media Group Priming Versus General Ethnocentrism?” Political Psychology 34 (2): 149–166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentino, Nicholas A., Vincent L. Hutchings, and Ismail K. White. 2002. “Cues That Matter: How Political Ads Prime Racial Attitudes During Campaigns.” American Political Science Review 96 (1): 75–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentino, Nicholas A., Fabian G. Neuner, and L. Matthew Vandenbroek. 2018. “The Changing Norms of Racial Political Rhetoric and the End of Racial Priming.” The Journal of Politics 80 (3): 757–771.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, Ismail K. 2007. “When Race Matters and When It Doesn’t: Racial Group Differences in Response to Racial Cues.” American Political Science Review 101 (2): 339–354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadon, Nicole, and Spencer Piston. 2019. “Examining Whites’ Anti-Black Attitudes after Obama’s Presidency.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 7 (4): 794–814.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaller, J. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar