Societal production and careers of PhDs in chemistry and biochemistry in France and Japan

References

• CEREQ . 2010 . Generation Surveys 2007–2010. Marseille. http://www.cereq.fr/index.php/sous-themes/Enquetes-Generation-Sous-Themes/Generation-2007-Enquete-2010 .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , B 1993 . The Research Foundations of Graduate Education: Germany, Britain, France, United States and Japan . Berkeley : University of California press .
   Google Scholar
• Cyranoski , N. , Ledford , H. , Nayar , A. and Yahia , M. 2011 . The PHD Factory. The World is Producing More PhDs than Ever Before. Is it Time to Stop? . Nature , 472 : 276 – 279 . doi: 10.1038/472276a
   Google Scholar
• Dany , F. , and V. Mangematin . 2004 . “ Beyond the Dualism Between Lifelong Employment and Job Insecurity: Some New Career Promises for Young Scientists .” Higher Education Policy 17 : 201 – 219 .
   Google Scholar
• Dasgupta , P. and David , P.-A. 1994 . Toward a New Economics of Science . Research Policy , 23 ( 5 ) : 487 – 522 . doi: 10.1016/0048-7333(94)01002-1
   Google Scholar
• Delamont , S. and Atkinson , P. 2001 . Doctoring Uncertainty: Mastering Craft Knowledge . Social Studies of Science , 31 ( 1 ) : 87 – 107 . doi: 10.1177/030631201031001005
   Google Scholar
• Enders , J. 2002 . Serving Many Masters: The PhD on the Labour Market, the Everlasting Need of Inequality, and the Premature Death of Humboldt . Higher Education , 44 : 493 – 517 . doi: 10.1023/A:1019850524330
   Google Scholar
• Etzkowitz , H. and Leydesdorff , L. 2000 . The Dynamics of Innovation . Research Policy , 29 ( 2 ) : 109 – 123 . doi: 10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00055-4
   Google Scholar
• Fox , M. F. and Stephan , P. E. 2001 . Careers of Young Scientists: Preferences, Prospects and Realities by Gender and Field . Social Studies of Science , 31 ( 1 ) : 109 – 122 . doi: 10.1177/030631201031001006
   Google Scholar
• Gardner , S. K. 2006 . I Heard it Through the Grapevine”: Doctoral Student Socialization in Chemistry and History . Higher Education , 54 : 723 – 740 . doi: 10.1007/s10734-006-9020-x
   Google Scholar
• Gaughan , M. and Robin , S. 2004 . National Science Training Policy and Early Scientific Careers in France and the United States . Research Policy , 33 : 569 – 581 . doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2004.01.005
   Google Scholar
• Gibbons , M. , Limoges , C. , Nowotny , H. , Schwartman , S. , Scott , P. and Trow , M. 1994 . The Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies , London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Japanese Ministry of Education . 2009 . Annual Survey on Education 2008 . Tokyo : MEXT .
   Google Scholar
• Kemp , M. W. , Newnham , J. P. and Chapman , E. 2011 . The Biomedical Doctorate in the Contemporary University: Education or Training and Why it Matters . Higher Education, Online First Article , : 1 – 14 . doi: 10.1007/s10734-011-9464-5
   Google Scholar
• Kobayashi , S. 2011 . The PhD as a Professional: Current Status and Issues Concerning the Early Careers of Doctorate Holders . Japan Labor Review , 8 ( 4 ) : 46 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Lanciano-Morandat , C. , and E. et Verdier . 2010 . “ Multi-level Perspectives: A Comparative Analysis of National R&D Policies .” In The Capitalization of Knowledge: A Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government . Riccardo Vialle and Henry Etzkowitz , 218 – 242 . Cheltenham , , UK Edward Elgar Editor .
   Google Scholar
• Lanciano-Morandat , C. , and H. Nohara . 2005 . Comparaison des régimes de recherche et développement en France et au Japon . [Comparison of Research and Development Regimes in France and in Japan]. Revue Française d'Administration Publique, N°112 . Paris : ENA . 765 – 776 .
   Google Scholar
• Lanciano-Morandat , C. and Nohara , H. 2006 . “ Science–Industry Links and the Labour Market for Ph.Ds ” . In How Europe's Economies Learn: Coordinating Competing Models , Edited by: Lorenz , E. and Lundvall , B. A. 280 – 312 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lee , H. , Miozzo , M. and Laredo , P. H. 2010 . Career Patterns and Competences of PhDs in Science and Engineering in the Knowledge Economy: The Case of Graduates from a UK Research-Based University . Research Policy , 39 : 869 – 881 . doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2010.05.001
   Google Scholar
• Lundvall , B.-Å 1992 . National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning . London : Pinter .
   Google Scholar
• Mangematin , V. 2000 . PhD Job Market: Professional Trajectories and Incentives During the PhD . Research Policy , 29 : 741 – 756 . doi: 10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00047-5
   Google Scholar
• Maurice , M. 1989 . Méthode comparative et analyse sociétale. Les implications théoriques des comparaisons internationals . [Comparative Method and Societal Analysis: The Theorical Placations of the International Comparisons.] Sociologie du travail , 2 : 175 – 191 .
   Google Scholar
• Maurice , M. , and A. Sorge 2000 . Embedding Organizations. Societal Analysis of Actors, Organizations and Socio-Economic Context . Amsterdam : John Benjamins .
   Google Scholar
• NISTEP . 2010 . Annual Survey on the post–doctorates 2008 . Tokyo : NISTEP .
   Google Scholar
• Owen-Smith , J. and Powell , W. W. 2004 . Careers and Contradictions: Faculty Responses to the Transformation of Knowledge and its uses in the Life Sciences . Sociologie du Travail , 46 : 347 – 377 . doi: 10.1016/j.soctra.2004.07.001
   Google Scholar
• Scheider , P. and Sadowski , D. 2010 . The Impact of New Public Management Instruments on PhD Education . Higher Education , 5 : 543 – 565 . doi: 10.1007/s10734-009-9264-3
   Google Scholar
• Streeck , W. , and K. Thelen 2004 . Beyond Continuity: Institutional Change in Advanced Political Economies . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar