A sense of belonging and loyalty among Turkish undergraduate students: serial mediating role of college outcome expectation and engagement

References

• Alves, Helena, and Mário Raposo. 2010. “The Influence of University Image on Student Behaviour.” International Journal of Educational Management 24 (1): 73–85. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513541011013060.
   Google Scholar
• Bowden, Jana Lay-Hwa. 2011. “Engaging the Student as a Customer: A Relationship Marketing Approach.” Marketing Education Review 21 (3): 211–228. https://doi.org/10.2753/MER1052-8008210302.
   Google Scholar
• Çalık-Var, Esra. 2013. “Üniversite Öğrencilerinde ve Mezunlarinda Öğrenci Sadakatini Yordayan Değişkenlerin Yapisal Eşitlik Modellemesiyle Incelenmesi.” PhD diss., Ankara Universitesi.
   Google Scholar
• Carter, Candra P., Amy L. Reschly, Matheww D. Lovelace, James J. Appleton, and Dianne. Thompson. 2012. “Measuring Student Engagement among Elementary Students: Pilot of the Student Engagement Instrument—Elementary Version.” School Psychology Quarterly 27 (2): 61–73. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho, Sergio W, and Márcio de Oliveira Mota. 2010. “The Role of Trust in Creating Value and Student Loyalty in Relational Exchanges Between Higher Education Institutions and Their Students.” Journal of Marketing for Higher Education 20 (1): 145–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/08841241003788201.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Yang, Kun Wu, Xingyuan Kuang, Yang Li, Chenhui Li, Li Qin, Jiabin Lin, and Kui Hu. 2019. “An Empirical Study on the Influence of School Loyalty on School Belonging by Taking Class Participation as a Mediator.” Proceedings of Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research 196: 318–325.
   Google Scholar
• Conklin, Amanda M., Jason J. Dahling, and Pablo A. Garcia. 2013. “Linking Affective Commitment, Career Self-Efficacy, and Outcome Expectations.” Journal of Career Development 40 (1): 68–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845311423534.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connell, James P., and James M. Wellborn. 1991. “‘Competence, Autonomy, and Relatedness: A Motivational Analysis of Self-System Processes.” In Self Processes and Development, edited by M. R. A. Gunnar, 43–77. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Cook-Sather, A., and P. Felten. 2017. “Where Student Engagement Meets Faculty Development: How Student-Faculty Pedagogical Partnership Fosters a Sense of Belonging.” Student Engagement in Higher Education Journal 1 (2): 3–11.
   Google Scholar
• Davidson, Oranit B., B. David, and Malka Margalit Feldman. 2012. “A Focused Intervention for 1st-Year College Students: Promoting Hope, Sense of Coherence, and Self-Efficacy.” The Journal of Psychology 146 (3): 333–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2011.634862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, Glenn M., Melissa B. Hanzsek-Brill, Mark Carl Petzold, and David H. Robinson. 2019. “Students’ Sense of Belonging: The Development of a Predictive Retention Model.” Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning 19 (1): 117–127. https://doi.org/10.14434/josotl.v19i1.26787.
   Google Scholar
• Faul, Franz, Edgar Erdfelder, Albert-Georg Lang, and Axel Buchner. 2007. “G*Power 3: A Flexible Statistical Power Analysis Program for the Social, Behavioral, and Biomedical Sciences.” Behavior Research Methods 39 (2): 175–191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field, Andy P. 2005. Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. 2nd ed. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Flores, Lisa Y., Racher, L. Navarro, and Joseph. Dewitz. 2008. “Mexican American High School Students' Postsecondary Educational Goals.” Journal of Career Assessment 16 (4): 489–501. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072708318905.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman, Tierra M., Lynley H Anderman, and Jane M. Jensen. 2007. “Sense of Belonging in College Freshmen at the Classroom and Campus Levels.” The Journal of Experimental Education 75 (3): 203–220. https://doi.org/10.3200/JEXE.75.3.203-220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froehlich, Laura, Lise Gulli Brokjøb, Jana Nikitin, and Sarah E. Martiny. 2022. “Integration or Isolation: Social Identity Threat Relates to Immigrant Students Sense of Belonging and Social Approach Motivation in the Academic Context.” Journal of Social Issues 79 (1): 264–290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller, Christie M., Marcia J. Simmering, Atinc Guclu, Atinc Yasemin, and Barry J. Babin. 2016. “Common Methods Variance Detection in Business Research.” Journal of Business Research 69 (8): 3192–3198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.12.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillen-ONeel, Cari. 2021. “Sense of Belonging and Student Engagement: A Daily Study of First- and Continuing-Generation College Students.” Research in Higher Education 62 (1): 45–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-019-09570-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodenow, Carol. 1993. “Classroom Belonging among Early Adolescent Students.” The Journal of Early Adolescence 13 (1): 21–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431693013001002.
   Google Scholar
• Gün, Feyza, and Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Okul Bağlılığı Ölçeğinin Türk Kültürüne Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. 2019. “İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi.” İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi 20 (2): 507–520. https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.457919.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, Joe, Marko Sarstedt, Lucas Hopkins, and Volker, G. Kuppelwieser. 2014. “Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM).” European Business Review 26 (2): 106–121. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-10-2013-0128.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, Andrew. F. 2013. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Helgesen, Øyvind, and Erik Nesset. 2007. “What Accounts for Students’ Loyalty? Some Field Study Evidence.” International Journal of Educational Management 21 (2): 126–143. https://doi.org/10.1108/09513540710729926.
   Google Scholar
• Hennig-Thurau, T., M. F. Langer, and U. Hansen. 2001. “Modeling and Managing Student Loyalty.” Journal of Service Research 3 (4): 331–344. https://doi.org/10.1177/109467050134006.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman, Marybeth, Jayne Richmond, Jennifer Morrow, and Kandice Salomone. 2002. “Investigating “Sense of Belonging” in First-Year College Students.” Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice 4 (3): 227–256. https://doi.org/10.2190/DRYC-CXQ9-JQ8V-HT4V.
   Google Scholar
• Kalafatis, Stavros, and Lesley Ledden. 2013. “Carry-over Effects in Perceptions of Educational Value.” Studies in Higher Education 38 (10): 1540–1561. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2011.643862.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Sehoon. 2021. “How a Company’s Gamification Strategy Influences Corporate Learning: A Study Based on Gamified MSLP (Mobile Social Learning Platform).” Telematics and Informatics 57 (2021): 101505. 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2020.101505.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, Ji Geun, and Ki-Hak Lee. 2019. “Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology.” Frontiers in Psychology 1192: 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9721-0.
   Google Scholar
• Kılıç, Cemal. 2018. “Factors Influencing the Loyalty of Eastern Mediterranean University Graduates.” Master’s Thesis. Eastern Mediterranean University.
   Google Scholar
• Kline, Rex B. 2023. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. 5th ed. New York: Social Sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Knekta, Eva, and Melissa McCartney. 2021. “What Can Departments Do to Increase Students’ Retention? A Case Study of Students’ Sense of Belonging and Involvement in a Biology Department.” Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice 22 (4): 721–742. https://doi.org/10.1177/1521025118788351.
   Google Scholar
• Kuh, George D. 2001. “Assessing What Really Matters to Student Learning Inside the National Survey of Student Engagement.” Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning 33: 10–17.
   Google Scholar
• Kuh, George D., Ty M. Cruce, Rick Shoup, Jillian Kinzie, and Robert M. Gonyea. 2008. “Unmasking the Effects of Student Engagement on First-Year College Grades and Persistence.” The Journal of Higher Education 79 (5): 540–563. https://doi.org/10.1353/jhe.0.0019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawler, Edward J. 2020. “Chapter 9 the Affect Theory of Social Exchange.” In Contemporary Social Psychological Theories, edited by Peter J. Burke, 225–248. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Junkgie, and Sekhar. Anantharaman. 2015. “‘MBA Students’ Engagement Behavior and Its Implications on Student Loyalty to Alma Mater.” Academy of Marketing Studies Journal 19 (2): 103–127.
   Google Scholar
• Lent, Robert W., and Steve D. Brown. 2008. “Social Cognitive Career Theory and Subjective Well-Being in the Context of Work.” Journal of Career Assessment 16 (1): 6–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072707305769.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, Hsiu-Fen. 2008. “Determinants of Successful Virtual Communities: Contributions from System Characteristics and Social Factors.” Information & Management 45 (8): 522–527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2008.08.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, Pei-Wen Winnie, and Munyi Shea. 2021. “First-Generation College Students’ Perceived Barriers and Career Outcome Expectations: Exploring Contextual and Cognitive Factors.” Journal of Career Development 48 (2): 91–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845319827650.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maroco, João, Ana Lúcia Maroco, Juliana Alvares Duarte Bonini Campos, and Jennifer A. Fredricks. 2016. “University Student’s Engagement: Development of the University Student Engagement Inventory (USEI).” Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica 29 (1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-016-0042-8.
   Google Scholar
• Navarro, Marzo, M. Pedraja Iglesias, and M. Rivera Torres. 2005. “A New Management Element for Universities: Satisfaction with the Offered Courses.” International Journal of Educational Management 19 (6): 505–526.
   Google Scholar
• Northey, Gavin, Tania Bucic, Mathew Chylinski, and Rahul Govind. 2015. “Increasing Student Engagement Using Asynchronous Learning.” Journal of Marketing Education 37 (3): 171–180. https://doi.org/10.1177/0273475315589814.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orcan, Fatih, and Reşit. Çelik. 2021. “Adaptation of College Outcome Expectation Questionnaire to Turkish’. Uluslararası Türkçe Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim (TEKE).” Uluslararası Türkçe Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim (TEKE) Dergisi 10 (3): 1193–1202.
   Google Scholar
• Osayawe Ehigie, Benjamin, and Megan Taylor. 2009. “Managing Students’ Loyalty to School After Graduation Through Relationship Marketing.” The TQM Journal 21 (5): 502–516. https://doi.org/10.1108/17542730910983416.
   Google Scholar
• Özdogru, Mehmet, and Muhammed Akyürek. 2022. “The Effect of Quality of Faculty Life on Student Loyalty.” International Online Journal of Education and Teaching 9 (4): 2003–2018.
   Google Scholar
• Pascarella, Ernest T., and Patrick T. Terenzini. 2005. “How College Affects Students: A Third Decade of Research.” Crosspoint Blvd 2, IN 46256.
   Google Scholar
• Pittman, Laura D., and Adeya Richmond. 2007. “Academic and Psychological Functioning in Late Adolescence: The Importance of School Belonging.” The Journal of Experimental Education 75 (4): 270–290. https://doi.org/10.3200/JEXE.75.4.270-292.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rainey, Katherine, Melissa Dancy, Roslyn Mickelson, Elizabeth Stearns, and Stephanie Moller. 2018. “Race and Gender Differences in How Sense of Belonging Influences Decisions to Major in STEM.” International Journal of STEM Education 5 (1): 1–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reason, Robert Dean., Patrick T. Terenzi, and Robert J. Domingo. 2007. “Developing Social and Personal Competence in the First Year of College.” The Review of Higher Education 30 (3): 271–299. https://doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2007.0012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rojas-Méndez, José I., Arturo Z. Vasquez-Parraga, Ali Kara, and Arcadio Cerda-Urrutia. 2009. “Determinants of Student Loyalty in Higher Education: A Tested Relationship Approach in Latin America.” Latin American Business Review 10 (1): 21–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/10978520903022089.
   Google Scholar
• Santos, Gina, Carla Susana Marques, Elsa Justino, and Luís Mendes. 2020. “Understanding Social Responsibility’s Influence on Service Quality and Student Satisfaction in Higher Education.” Journal of Cleaner Production 256: 120597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saydam, Selma. 2018. “Yükseköğretimde örgütsel imaj ve aidiyetin, mesleki sonuç beklentisi ve öğrenci sadakatini yordaması”. Master's thesis, İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi.
   Google Scholar
• Schunk, Dale. H. 2013. “Self-regulation of Self-Efficacy and Attributions in Academic Settings.” In Self-Regulation of Learning and Performance, edited by Dale H. Schunk, 191–2016. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sevinc Tuhanioglu, Seda, and Gizir Cem Ali. 2019. “Turkish Adaptation of the Sense of Belongingness Scale: Validity and Reliability Studies.” Hayef: Journal of Education 16 (1): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.26650/hayef.2019.19002.
   Google Scholar
• Snijders, Ingrid, Lisette Wijnia, Remy M. J. P. Rikers, and Sofie M. M. Loyens. 2020. “Building Bridges in Higher Education: Student-Faculty Relationship Quality, Student Engagement, and Student Loyalty.” International Journal of Educational Research 100: 101538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2020.101538.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, Ki-Hyun, and Seung-Yong Kim. 2016. “A Study on Mediating Effects of Outcome Expectancy on Relationships among Perceived Caring Climate, Task Engagement and Task Persistence in Physical Education.” Indian Journal of Science and Technology 9 (25): 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Strayhorn, Terrell L. 2018. College Students’ Sense of Belonging: A Key to Educational Success for All Students. 2nd ed. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, Barbara G., and Linda S. Fidell. 2013. Using Multivariate Statistics: Pearson New International Edition. London: Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Teo, Hock-Hai, Hock-Chuan Chan, Kwok-Kee Wei, and Zhongju Zhang. 2003. “Evaluating Information Accessibility and Community Adaptivity Features for Sustaining Virtual Learning Communities.” International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 59 (5): 671–697. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1071-5819(03)00087-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinto, Vincent. 2003. “Building Community.” Liberal Education 79 (4): 16–21.
   Google Scholar
• YÖK (Yüksek Öğretim Kurulu). 2022. Üniversite Izleme ve Değerlendirme Genel Raporu. Ankara, Turkiye.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, Ling, Yaobin Lu, Bin Wang, Y. K. Chau Patrick, and Long Zhang. 2012. “Cultivating the Sense of Belonging and Motivating User Participation in Virtual Communities: A Social Capital Perspective.” International Journal of Information Management 32 (6): 574–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2012.02.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar