Tuition fees for international students: a policy instrument of cost sharing and control or simply income generation

References

• Agasisti, T., and G. Catalano. 2006. “Governance Models of University Systems – Towards Quasi-Markets? Tendencies and Perspectives: A European Comparison.” Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management 28 (3): 245–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600800600980056
   Google Scholar
• Altbach, P., and H. de Wit. 2023. “When HE Internationalisation Operates as an Industry.” University World News. 11 April 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Bertolin, J. C. G. 2011. “The Quasi-Markets in Higher Education: From the Improbable Perfectly Competitive Markets to the Unavoidable State Regulation.” Educação e Pesquisa 37 (2): 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-97022011000200002
   Google Scholar
• Bryntesson, A. 2018. Det svenska studieavgiftssystemets ekonomiska logik. En kritisk diskussion. Uppsala: Uppsala universitet.
   Google Scholar
• Cannings, J., M. Halterbeck, and G. Conlon. 2023. The Benefits and Costs of International Higher Education Students to the UK Economy. HEPI. United Kingdom. Accessed 05 February 2024, https://policycommons.net/artifacts/3839138/full-report-benefits-and-costs-of-international-students/4645030/.
   Google Scholar
• Cantwell, B. 2015. “Are International Students Cash Cows? Examining the Relationship Between New International Undergraduate Enrollments and Institutional Revenue at Public Colleges and Universities in the US.” Journal of international students 5 (4): 512–525. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v5i4.412
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, B. R. 1983. The Higher Education System: Academic Organization in Cross-National Perspective. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• de Gayardon, A. 2017. “Free Higher Education: Mistaking Equality and Equity.” International Higher Education (91): 12–13. https://doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2017.91.10127
   Google Scholar
• De Wit, H. 2024. “Competing for Students: Global North Gives Up Its Privilege.” University World News 13 January 2024. Accessed 10 April 2024 https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20240110113612397.
   Google Scholar
• Docquier, F., and J. Machado. 2016. “Global Competition for Attracting Talents and the World Economy.” The World Economy 39 (4): 530–542. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12267
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gornitzka, Å, and P. Maassen. 2000. “Hybrid Steering Approaches with Respect to European Higher Education.” Higher Education Policy 13 (3): 267–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0952-8733(00)00012-X
   Google Scholar
• HEPI. 2023. UK Higher Education – Policy, Practice and Debate During HEPI’s First 20 Years, Higher Education Policy Institute. United Kingdom. Accessed 05 February 2024 https://policycommons.net/artifacts/4499457/uk-higher-education/5302119/.
   Google Scholar
• Howlett, M. 2014. “From the ‘Old’ To the ‘New’ Policy Design: Design Thinking Beyond Markets and Collaborative Governance.” Policy Sciences 47 (3): 187–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-014-9199-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnstone, D. B. 2004. “The Economics and Politics of Cost Sharing in Higher Education: Comparative Perspectives.” Economics of Education Review 23 (4): 403–410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2003.09.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnstone, D. B., and P. N. Marcucci. 2010. Financing Higher Education Worldwide: Who Pays? Who Should Pay? Baltimore: JHU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jongbloed, B. 2004. “Funding Higher Education: Options, Trade-Offs and Dilemmas.” Paper presented at the Fulbright Brainstorms 2004 – New Trends in Higher Education.
   Google Scholar
• Jungblut, J., and M. Vukasovic. 2013. “And Now for Something Completely Different? Re-examining Hybrid Steering Approaches in Higher Education.” Higher Education Policy 26 (4): 447–461. https://doi.org/10.1057/hep.2013.28
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kauko, J., and A. Medvedeva. 2016. “Internationalisation as Marketisation? Tuition Fees for International Students in Finland.” Research in Comparative and International Education 11 (1): 98–114. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745499916631061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight, J. 2013. “The Changing Landscape of Higher Education Internationalisation – for Better or Worse?” Perspectives: Policy and practice in higher education 17 (3): 84–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603108.2012.753957
   Google Scholar
• Lascoumes, P., and P. Le Galès. 2007. “Introduction: Understanding Public Policy Through its Instruments – from the Nature of Instruments to the Sociology of Public Policy Instrumentation.” Governance 20 (1): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2007.00342.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, D., and M. C. Solheim. 2023. “Tuition Fees for International Students in Norway: A Policy-Debate.” Beijing International Review of Education 5 (3): 261–283. https://doi.org/10.1163/25902539-05030005
   Google Scholar
• Lomer, S. 2017. “Soft Power as a Policy Rationale for International Education in the UK: A Critical Analysis.” Higher Education 74 (4): 581–598. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-016-0060-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundin, H., and L. Geschwind. 2023. “Exploring Tuition Fees as a Policy Instrument of Internationalisation in a Welfare State – the Case of Sweden.” European Journal of Higher Education13 (1): 1–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lunt, I. 2008. “Beyond Tuition Fees? The Legacy of Blair’s Government to Higher Education.” Oxford Review of Education 34 (6): 741–752. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054980802519001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcucci, P. N., and D. B. Johnstone. 2007. “Tuition Fee Policies in a Comparative Perspective: Theoretical and Political Rationales.” Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management 29 (1): 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600800600980015
   Google Scholar
• Marginson, S. 2011. “Higher Education and Public Good.” Higher Education Quarterly 65 (4): 411–433. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2273.2011.00496.x
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Education. 2022. Opetus- ja kulttuuriministeriön julkaisuja 2022:3. Helsinki.
   Google Scholar
• Mintz, B. 2021. “Neoliberalism and the Crisis in Higher Education: The Cost of Ideology.” The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 80 (1): 79–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajes.12370
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myklebust, J. P. 2023. “Unions Object to ‘Contradictory’ non-EU Student fee Hike.” University World News 7 September 2023. Accessed 10 April 2024: https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=20230907093703656.
   Google Scholar
• Naidoo, V., R. Roy, F. K. Rabbanee, and T. Wu. 2022. “Drivers of Tuition Fee Setting Practices for Higher Education Institutions Involved in International Student Recruitment.” Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/08841241.2022.2076274
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson, P. A., and L. Westin. 2022. “Ten Years After. Reflections on the Introduction of Tuition Fees for Some International Students in Swedish Post-Secondary Education.” Education Inquiry, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/20004508.2022.2137912
   Google Scholar
• Nordensvärd, J., and M. Ketola. 2019. “Rethinking the Consumer Metaphor Versus the Citizen Metaphor: Frame Merging and Higher Education Reform in Sweden.” Social Policy and Society 18 (4): 555–575. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474746418000465
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton, A. 2020. “How Reliant is Australian University Research on International Student Profits?” https://andrewnorton.net.au/2020/05/21/how-reliant-is-australian-university-research-on-international-student-profits/.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2008. “Tertiary Education for the Knowledge Society.” OECD Publishing 1 (2): 23–30.
   Google Scholar
• OFS (Office for Students). 2022. Accessed June 5, 2023. https://www.officeforstudents.org.uk/data-and-analysis/student-outcomes-data-dashboard/data-dashboard/.
   Google Scholar
• Oxford Economics. 2020. Multiplying Economic Value: The Impact of Swedish Universities, Report for SULF. London: Oxford Economics.
   Google Scholar
• Paradeise, C., E. Reale, and G. Goastellec. 2009. “A Comparative Approach to Higher Education Reforms in Western European Countries.” In University Governance. Higher Education Dynamics, edited by C. Paradeise, E. Reale, I. Bleiklie, and E. Ferlie, Vol. 25, 197–225. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Pressman, J. L., and A. Wildavsky. 1984. Implementation: How Great Expectations in Washington Are Dashed in Oakland; Or, Why It’s Amazing That Federal Programs Work at All, This Being a Saga of the Economic Development Administration as Told by two Sympathetic Observers Who Seek to Build Morals on a Foundation. Berkeley: Univ of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Prop 2009/10:65 (Governmental bill). 2009. Konkurrera med kvalitet – studieavgifter för utländska studenter. Stockholm: Utbildnings- och kulturdeparementet.
   Google Scholar
• Reale, E., and M. Seeber. 2013. “Instruments as Empirical Evidence for the Analysis of Higher Education Policies.” Higher Education 65 (1): 135–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-012-9585-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rensimer, L., and T. McCowan. 2023. Reconceptualising International Flows of Aid to and through Higher Education. Working paper no. 97. Centre for Global Higher Education Working Paper series.
   Google Scholar
• Rickmann, J. 2021. Market Smart, not Market Driven, Organizational Processing at Swedish Universities After the Introduction of Tuition Fees for International non-EU-Students. Milano: Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore.
   Google Scholar
• Salancik, G. R., and J. Pfeffer. 1978. “A Social Information Processing Approach to job Attitudes and Task Design.” Administrative Science Quarterly, 23 (2): 224–253. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Serra, D., and G. Marconi. 2018. “Increasing International Students’ Tuition Fees: The two Sides of the Coin.” International Higher Education 92: 13–14. https://doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2018.92.10278
   Google Scholar
• Seeber, M., M. Cattaneo, J. Huisman, and S. Paleari. 2016. “Why Do Higher Education Institutions Internationalize? An Investigation of the Multilevel Determinants of Internationalization Rationales.” Higher Education 72 (5): 685–702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-015-9971-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skr 2015/16:48. 2015. Regeringens exportstrategi (Skrivelse Skr 2015/16:48). Stockholm.
   Google Scholar
• Slaughter, S., and G. Rhoades. 2004. Academic Capitalism and the New Economy. Markets, State and Higher Education. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• SOU 2018:78 (Official Reports of the Swedish Government). 2018. Ökad attraktionskraft för kunskapsnationen Sverige. Stockholm.
   Google Scholar
• Swedish Institute. 2022. Den ekonomiska effekten av internationella studenter Diarienummer: 10561/2021. Stockholm.
   Google Scholar
• Tange, H., and K. Jæger. 2021. “From Bologna to Welfare Nationalism: International Higher Education in Denmark, 2000–2020.” Language and Intercultural Communication 21 (2): 223–236. https://doi.org/10.1080/14708477.2020.1865392
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teixeira, P., B. B. Jongbloed, D. D. Dill, and A. Amaral. 2006. Markets in Higher Education: Rhetoric or Reality? (Vol. 6). Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media.
   Google Scholar
• Tilak, J. B. 2008. “Higher Education: A Public Good or a Commodity for Trade?” Prospects 38 (4): 449–466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-009-9093-2
   Google Scholar
• UKÄ (Universitetskanslerämbetet). 2017. Kartläggning av studieavgifter: Redovisning av ett regeringsuppdrag (Rapport 2017:2). Stockholm.
   Google Scholar
• UKÄ (Universitetskanslerämbetet). 2023. Data base. Accessed June 05, 2023. https://www.uka.se/integrationer/hogskolan-i-siffror/statistik?statq=https://statistik-api.uka.se/api/totals/14.
   Google Scholar
• Universitetsläraren. 2017. “Utländska studenter betalar mer än vad en svensk student kostar.” Accessed June 5, 2023. https://universitetslararen.se/2017/06/21/utlandska-studenter-betalar-mer-an-vad-en-svensk-student-kostar/?hilite=Utl%C3%A4ndska+studenter.
   Google Scholar
• Westin, L., and P. A. Nilsson. 2023. “The Swedish Debate on Tuition Fees for International Students in Higher Education.” Journal of interdisciplinary studies in education 12 (2): 281–303.
   Google Scholar
• Yin, R. K. 2018. Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods. Sixth edition. Los Angeles: SAGE.
   Google Scholar