References
- Baggio, R., Scott, N., & Cooper, C. (2010). Improving tourism destination governance: a complexity science approach. Tourism Review, 65(4), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.1108/16605371011093863
- Balkundi, P., & Kilduff, M. (2005). The ties that lead: A social network approach to leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(6), 941–961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.09.004
- Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. Free Press.
- Bass, B. M., & Steidlmeier, P. (1999). Ethics, character and authentic transformational leadership behaviour. The Leadership Quarterly, 10(2), 181–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(99)00016-8
- Bennett, N., Wise, C., Woods, P., & Harvey, J. (2003). Distributed leadership. National College of School Leadership.
- Benson, A., & Blackman, D. (2011). To distribute leadership or not? A lesson from the islands. Tourism Management, 32(5), 1141–1149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.10.002
- Beritelli, P., Bieger, T., & Laesser, C. (2007). Destination governance: Using corporate governance theories as a foundation for effective destination management. Journal of Travel Research, 46(1), 96–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287507302385
- Bolden, R. (2011). Distributed leadership in organisations: A review of theory and research. International Journal of Management Reviews, 13(3), 251–269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2011.00306.x
- Bolden, R., Petrov, G., & Gosling, J. (2009). Distributed leadership in higher education: Rhetoric and reality. Educational Management Administration and Leadership, 37(2), 257–277. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143208100301
- Bornhorst, T., Ritchie, J. B., & Sheehan, L. (2010). Determinants of tourism success for DMOs & destinations: An empirical examination of stakeholders’ perspectives. Tourism Management, 31(5), 572–589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.06.008
- Brown, M. H., & Hosking, D. M. (1986). Distributed leadership and skilled performance as successful organization in social movements. Human Relations, 39(1), 65–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872678603900104
- Buchanan, D. A., Addicott, R., Fitzgerald, L., Ferlie, E., & Baeza, J. I. (2007). Nobody in charge: Distributed change agency in healthcare. Human Relations, 60(7), 1065–1090. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726707081158
- Cameron, D. (2010). Invitation to join the government of Britain: The conservative manifesto 2010. London: The Conservative Party.
- Carrillo-Hidalgo, I., & Pulido-Fernández, J. (2019). Examining the organizational-financial structure of public-private destination management Organizations. In V. Katsoni, & M. Segarra-Oña (Eds.), Smart tourism as a Driver for Culture and Sustainability (pp. 543–562). Springer.
- Chambers, L., Drysdale, J., & Hughes, J. (2010). The future of leadership: A practitioner view. European Management Journal, 28(4), 260–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2010.05.005
- Chaperon, S. (2017). Tourism industry responses to public-private partnership arrangements for destination management organisations in small island economies: A case study of Jersey, Channel Islands. International Journal of Tourism Policy, 7(1), 23–41. DOI: 10.1504/IJTP.2017.082767.
- Chreim, S. (2015). The (non) distribution of leadership roles: Considering leadership practices and configurations. Human Relations, 68(4), 517–543. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726714532148
- Coles, T., Dinan, C., & Hutchison, F. (2014). Tourism and the public sector in England since 2010: A disorderly transition? Current Issues in Tourism, 17(3), 247–279. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2012.733356
- Cope, J., Kempster, S., & Parry, K. (2011). Exploring distributed leadership in the small business context. International Journal of Management Reviews, 13(3), 270–285. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2011.00307.x
- Cullen-Lester, K. L., & Yammarino, F. J. (2016). Collective and network approaches to leadership: Special issue introduction. The Leadership Quarterly, 27(2), 173–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.02.001
- Cullen, K., Palus, C., Chrobot-Mason, D., & Appaneal, C. (2012). Getting to “We”: Collective leadership development. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 5(4), 428–432. doi:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2012.01475.x
- Cullen, K., & Yammarino, F. J. (2014). Special issue on collective and network approaches to leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(1), 180–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.12.005
- Currie, G., Grubnic, S., & Hodges, R. (2011). Leadership in public services networks: Antecedents, process and outcome. Public Administration, 89(2), 242–264. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9299.2011.01931.x
- Currie, G., & Lockett, A. (2011). Distributing leadership in health and social care: Concertive, conjoint or collective? International Journal of Management Reviews, 13(3), 286–300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2011.00308.x
- Day, D. V., Fleenor, J. W., Atwater, L. E., Sturm, R. E., & McKee, R. A. (2014). Advances in leader and leadership development: A review of 25 years of research and theory. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(1), 63–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.11.004
- Del Chiappa, G., & Presenza, A. (2013). The use of network analysis to assess relationships among stake holders within a tourism destination: an empirical investigation on costa Smeralda-Gallura, Italy. Tourism Analysis, 8(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354213X13613720283520
- Edwards, G. (2011). Concepts of community: A framework for contextualizing distributed leadership. International Journal of Management Reviews, 13(3), 301–312. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2011.00309.x
- Estêvão, J. V., Carneiro, M. J., & Teixeira, L. (2013). Destination management systems: Improving the tourism experience by empowering visitors. In M. Kozak, L. Andreu, & J. Gnoth (Eds.), Tourism marketing: On both sides of the counter (pp. 139–135). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
- Evaggelia, F., & Vitta, A. (2012). Is shared leadership the new way of management? Comparison between vertical and shared leadership. Science Journal of Business Management, 2, 1–5.
- Fitzsimons, D., James, K. T., & Denyer, D. (2011). Alternative approaches for studying shared and distributed leadership. International Journal of Management Reviews, 13(3), 313–328. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2011.00312.x
- Friedrich, T. L., Griffith, J. A., & Mumford, M. D. (2016). Collective leadership behaviours: Evaluating the leader, team network, and problem situation characteristics that influence their use. The Leadership Quarterly, 27(2), 312–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.02.004
- Friedrich, T. L., Vessey, W. B., Schuelke, M. J., Ruark, G. A., & Mumford, M. D. (2009). A framework for understanding collective leadership: The selective utilization of leader and team expertise within networks. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(6), 933–958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.09.008
- Gibb, C. A. (1954). Handbook of social Psychology. Addison Wesley.
- Gill, R. (2002). Change management - or change leadership? Journal of Change Management, 3(4), 307–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/714023845
- Gockel, C., & Werth, L. (2010). Measuring and modelling shared leadership. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 9(4), 172–180. https://doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000023
- Graetz, F. (2000). Strategic change leadership. Management Decision, 38(8), 550–564. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251740010378282
- Hairon, S., & Goh, J. W. (2015). Pursuing the elusive construct of distributed leadership is the search over? Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 43(5), 693–718. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143214535745
- Hallinger, P., & Kantamara, P. (2000). Educational change in Thailand: Opening a window onto leadership as a cultural process. School Leadership and Management, 20(2), 189–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632430050011425
- Harris, A., Leithwood, K., Day, C., Sammons, P., & Hopkins, D. (2007). Distributed leadership and organizational change: Reviewing the evidence. Journal of Educational Change, 8(4), 337–347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10833-007-9048-4
- Hopkins, D. (2001). Think tank report to governing council. NCSL.
- Hristov, D. (2017). Destination Management Organisations: Emergent Distributed Leadership Practice within a New Funding and Governance Landscape. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Bournemouth University, United Kingdom.
- Hristov, D., & Naumov, N. (2015). Allies or foes? Key challenges Facing the shifting landscape of destination management in England. TOURISM - An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 63(2), 193–203.
- Hristov, D., & Ramkissoon, H. (2016). Leadership in destination management organisations. Annals of Tourism Research, 61(c), 230–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.08.005
- Hristov, D., Scott, N., & Minocha, S. (2018). Distributed leadership typologies in destination management organisations. Tourism Management Perspectives, 28, 126–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2018.08.003
- Hristov, D., & Zehrer, A. (2015). The destination paradigm continuum revisited: DMOs serving as leadership networks. Tourism Review, 70(2), 116–131. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-08-2014-0050
- Hristov, D., & Zehrer, A. (2019). Does distributed leadership have a place in destination management organisations? A policy-makers perspective. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(9), 1095–1115. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1364715
- Kennell, J. (2013). After the crisis: Cultural tourism and urban regeneration in Europe. In M. Smith, & G. Richards (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Cultural tourism (pp. 317–323). Routledge.
- Kickul, J., & Neuman, G. (2000). Emergent leadership behaviours: The function of personality and cognitive ability in determining teamwork performance and KSAs. Journal of Business and Psychology, 15(1), 27–51. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007714801558
- Kotter, J. (2007). Leading change. Harvard Business Review, 85(1), 96–103.
- Kozak, M., Volgger, M., & Pechlaner, H. (2014). Destination leadership: Leadership for territorial development. Tourism Review, 69(3), 169–172. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-05-2014-0021
- Laesser, C., & Beritelli, P. (2013). St. Gallen consensus on destination management. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 2(1), 46–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2012.11.003
- Leithwood, K., Mascall, B., Strauss, T., Sacks, R., Memon, N., & Yashkina, A. (2007). Distributing leadership to make schools smarter. Leadership and Policy, 6(1), 37–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/15700760601091267
- Lichtenstein, B. B., Uhl-Bien, M., Marion, R., Seers, A., Orton, J. D., & Schreiber, C. (2006). Complexity leadership theory: An interactive perspective on leading in complex adaptive systems [online]. University of Nebraska.
- Martin, G. P., Currie, G., & Finn, R. (2009). Leadership, service reform, and public-service networks: The case of cancer-genetics pilots in the English NHS. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 19(4), 769–794. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mun016
- Morrison, A. M. (2013). Destination management and destination marketing: The platform for excellence in tourism destinations. Tourism Tribune, 28(1), 6–9.
- Mullins, L. J. (2013). Management and organisational behaviour (10th ed.). Pearson Education.
- Nanus, B. (1992). Visionary leadership: Creating a compelling sense of direction for your organization. Jossey-Bass.
- Oborn, E., Barrett, M., & Dawson, S. (2013). Distributed leadership in policy formulation: A socio-material perspective. Organization Studies, 34(2), 253–276. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840612473552
- Owen, K. O., & Dietz, A. S. (2012). Understanding organisational reality: Concepts for the change leader. Sage Open, 2012, 1–14.
- Pavlovich, K. (2003). The evolution and transformation of a tourism destination network: The Waitomo Caves, New Zealand. Tourism Management, 24(2), 203–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00056-0
- Pavlovich, K. (2014). A rhizomic approach to tourism destination evolution and transformation. Tourism Management, 41, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.08.004
- Pearce, G. L. (2004). The future of leadership: Combining vertical and shared leadership to transform knowledge work. Academy of Management Executive, 18(1), 47–59. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.2004.12690298.
- Pechlaner, H., Kozak, M., & Volgger, M. (2014). Destination leadership: A new paradigm for tourist destinations? Tourism Review, 69(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-09-2013-0053
- Pechlaner, H., Raich, F., & Beritelli, P. (2010). Destination governance: Editorial. Tourism Review, 65(4), 3–3. https://doi.org/10.1108/tr.2010.36965daa.001
- Pechlaner, H., Volgger, M., & Herntrei, M. (2012). Destination management organizations as interface between destination governance and corporate governance. Anatolia, 23(2), 151–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2011.652137
- Reinhold, S., Beritelli, P., & Grünig, R. (2019). A business model typology for destination management organizations. Tourism Review, 74(6), 1135–1152. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-03-2017-0065
- Reinhold, S., Laesser, C., & Beritelli, P. (2015). 2014 St. Gallen Consensus on destination management. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 4(2), 137–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2015.03.006
- Scott, N., Cooper, C., & Baggio, R. (2008). Destination networks: four Australian cases. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(1), 169–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2007.07.004
- Scott, N., & Marzano, G. (2015). Governance of tourism in OECD countries. Tourism Recreation Research, 40(2), 181–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2015.1041746
- Senge, P. (1990). The fifth discipline. Doubleday.
- Small, E. E., & Rentsch, J. R. (2010). Shared leadership in teams: A matter of distribution. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 9(4), 203–211. https://doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000017
- Spillane, J. P. (2006). Distributed leadership. Jossey-Bass.
- Spillane, J., Halverson, R., & Diamond, J. (2001). Towards a theory of leadership practice: A distributed perspective. Northwestern University Institute for Policy Research.
- Thorpe, R., Gold, J., & Lawler, J. (2011). Locating distributed leadership. International Journal of Management Reviews, 13(3), 239–250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2370.2011.00303.x
- Tian, M., Risku, M., & Collin, K. (2015). A meta-analysis of distributed leadership from 2002 to 2013 Theory development, empirical evidence and future research focus. Educational Management Administration and Leadership [online]. Retrieved May 23, from 2016. http://ema.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/04/09/1741143214558576.full.pdf+html
- Valente, F., Dredge, D., & Lohmann, G. (2015). Leadership and governance in regional tourism. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 4(2), 127–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2015.03.005
- van Ginkel, W. P., & van Knippenberg, D. (2012). Group leadership and shared task representations in decision-making groups. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(1), 94–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.11.008
- Yun, S., Faraj, S., & Sims, H. P., Jr. (2005). Should I be directive or empowering? Contingent leadership in high risk and high reliability situations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1288–1296.
- Will, T. E. (2016). Flock leadership: Understanding and influencing emergent collective behavior. The Leadership Quarterly, 27(2), 261–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.01.002