Disempowering Minority Communities: Tourism Development in the Siwa Oasis, Egypt

References

• Abd, Elghani, M. (2012). Heritage and hospitality links in hotels in Siwa, Egypt towards the provision of authentic experiences [Unpublished doctoral thesis]. University of Waterloo.
   Google Scholar
• Adams, R. (2008). Empowerment, participation and social work (4th ed.). Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Afifi, G., & Al-Sherif, N. (2017). Women empowerment in the Arab tourism sector: Case study of the sultanate of Oman. In H. Almuhrzi, H. Alriyami, N. Scott, & N. Al-Sherif (Eds.), Tourism in the Arab world: An industry perspective (pp. 56–69). Bristol, Blue Ridge Summit: Channel View Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Aghazamani, Y., & Hunt, C. A. (2017). Empowerment in tourism: A review of peer-reviewed literature. Tourism Review International, 21(4), 333–346. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427217(15094520591321
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akama, J. (1996). Western environmental values and nature-based tourism in Kenya. Tourism Management, 17(8), 567–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(96)00077-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Ain.com. (2018). سيوة” المصرية. ملاذ الباحثين عن الراحة والعلاج والاستجمام” [The Egyptian “Siwa” .. A haven for those seeking rest, treatment and recreation]. العين الإخبارية. Retrieved September 14, 2021, from https://al-ain.com/article/siwa-egypt-tourism
   Google Scholar
• Aleshinloye, K. D., Woosnam, K. M., Tasci, A. D. A., & Ramkissoon, H. (2021). Antecedents and outcomes of resident empowerment through tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 656–673. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287521990437
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alhaddad, A., Ibrahim, O., & Lotaif, H. (2017). The potential of ecotourism in Siwa Oasis: Opportunities and obstacles. International Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality, 11(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.21608/ijhth.2017.27862
   Google Scholar
• Amara, D. F. (2013). Tourism as a tool of development: The case study of Siwa Oasis – Egypt western desert. In P. Díaz (Ed.), Tourism as a tool for development (pp. 45–58). New Forest, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Aziz, H. (2000). Employment in a Bedouin community: The case of the town of Dahab in south Sinai. Nomadic Peoples, 4(2), 28–47. https://doi.org/10.3167/082279400782310511
   Google Scholar
• Azmy, M. (2019). Justice denied, promises broken: The situation of Egypt's minorities since 2014. Minority Rights Group International.
   Google Scholar
• Bali, A. (2016). Sykes-Picot and artificial states. Ajil Unbound, 110, 115–119. https://doi.org/10.1017/s2398772300002919
   Google Scholar
• Belge, C., & Karakoç, E. (2015). Minorities in the Middle East: Ethnicity, religion, and support for authoritarianism. Political Research Quarterly, 68(2), 280–292. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912915580627
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bello, F. G., Carr, N., & Lovelock, B. (2016). Community participation framework for protected area-based tourism planning. Tourism Planning and Development, 13(4), 469–485. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2015.1136838
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biblawy, S., & Lawrence, B. (2018). Cultural tourism development in Egypt. https://govtribe.com/file/government-file/rfi-263-19-00001-cultural-tourism-development-in-egypt-dot-pdf
   Google Scholar
• Boley, B. B., McGehee, N. G., Perdue, R. R., & Long, P. (2014). Empowerment and resident attitudes toward tourism: Strengthening the theoretical foundation through a Weberian lens. Annals of Tourism Research, 49, 33–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2014.08.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, G. (2016). Fostering community empowerment and capacity building through tourism: Perspectives from Dullstroom, South Africa. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 15(3), 199–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2015.1133631
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, E. (1996). Hunter-gatherer tourism in Thailand. In R. Butler & T. Hinch (Eds.), Tourism and indigenous peoples (pp. 227–254). International Thomson Business Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cole, S. (2006). Information and empowerment: The keys to achieving sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 14(6), 629–644. https://doi.org/10.2167/jost607.0
   Google Scholar
• Croes, R. (2014). The role of tourism in poverty reduction: An empirical assessment. Tourism Economics, 20(2), 207–226. https://doi.org/10.5367/te.2013.0275
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culcasi, K. (2011). Cartographies of supranationalism: Creating and silencing territories in the “Arab Homeland”. Political Geography, 30(8), 417–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2011.08.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daher, R. F. (2007). Tourism in the Middle East: Continuity, change and transformation. Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Dai, J., & Sarkar, S. K. (2019). At the edge of the mainstream: Social role changes of minority women at a Chinese rural tourism destination. International Journal of Tourism Sciences, 19(4), 307–323. https://doi.org/10.1080/15980634.2019.1708584
   Google Scholar
• Downe-Wamboldt, B. (1992). Content analysis: Method, applications, and issues. Health Care for Women International, 13(3), 313–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399339209516006
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duffy, L. N., Kline, C. S., Mowatt, R. A., & Chancellor, H. C. (2015). Women in tourism: Shifting gender ideology in the DR. Annals of Tourism Research, 52, 72–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2015.02.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eger, C. (2021). Equality and gender at work in Islam: The case of the Berber population of the high atlas mountains. Business Ethics Quarterly, 31(2), 210–241. https://doi.org/10.1017/beq.2020.21
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eger, C., Miller, G., & Scarles, C. (2018). Gender and capacity building: A multi-layered study of empowerment. World Development, 106, 207–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.01.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elcheikh, Z. (2016). Cultural tourism between identity and income. The case of the Nubian village of Gharb Soheil. Chronos, 33, 155–172. https://doi.org/10.31377/chr.v33i0.98
   Google Scholar
• Elshaer, I. A., & Saad, S. K. (2017). Political instability and tourism in Egypt: Exploring survivors’ attitudes after downsizing. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 9(1), 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2016.1233109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eraqi, M. I. (2007). Local communities’ attitudes towards impacts of tourism development in Egypt. Tourism Analysis, 12(3), 191–200. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354207781626848
   Google Scholar
• Farrag, N. M., Elalfy, A., & Mahmoud, A. (2016). Harmonization between architectural development and heritage in Siwa Oasis – Egypt. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 11(3), 2005–2015.
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson, L., & Alarcón, D. M. (2014). Gender and sustainable tourism: Reflections on theory and practice. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(3), 401–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2014.957208
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fielding, D., & Shortland, A. (2011). How do tourists react to political violence? An empirical analysis of tourism in Egypt. Defence and Peace Economics, 22(2), 217–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2011.542340
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, J. (2013). Religious discrimination against religious minorities in Middle Eastern Muslim states. Civil Wars, 15(4), 454–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2013.853413
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, E. D. G., Dougill, A. J., Mabee, W. E., Reed, M., & McAlpine, P. (2006). Bottom up and top down: Analysis of participatory processes for sustainability indicator identification as a pathway to community empowerment and sustainable environmental management. Journal of Environmental Management, 78(2), 114–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedmann, J. (1992). Empowerment: The politics of alternative development. Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Gamil, R. E. (2017). Storytelling as a tool for safeguarding and marketing the intangible cultural heritage (ICH): The case of Nubia City, Egypt. Journal of Tourism Research, 18(1), 165–185.
   Google Scholar
• Gentry, K. M. (2007). Belizean women and tourism work: Opportunity or impediment? Annals of Tourism Research, 34(2), 477–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghanem, M. M., & Saad, S. K. (2015). Enhancing sustainable heritage tourism in Egypt: Challenges and framework of action. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 10(4), 357–377. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2015.1029489
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert, H. (2011). This is not our life, it’s just a copy of other people’s: Bedu and the price of ‘development’ in south Sinai. Nomadic Peoples, 15(2), 7–32. https://doi.org/10.3167/np.2011.150203
   Google Scholar
• Golley, N. A. H. (2004). Is feminism relevant to Arab women? Third World Quarterly, 25(3), 521–536. https://doi.org/10.1080/0143659042000191410
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Google. (n.d). Egypt. https://www.google.co.jp/maps/@27.0362949,28.0124557,6z?hl = en
   Google Scholar
• Hammad, M., & Hosny, M. (2009, October). SIWA Oasis, a neglected paradise [Paper presentation]. 3rd IRT International Scientific Conference: Integrated Relational Tourism Territories and Development in the Mediterranean Area. Conference proceedings 2 (p. 765–772).
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman, K. E., & Miller, S. G. (2010). Berbers and others: Beyond tribe and nation in the Maghrib. Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Holden, A., Sonne, J., & Novelli, M. (2011). Tourism and poverty reduction: An interpretation by the poor of Elmina, Ghana. Tourism Planning & Development, 8(3), 317–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2011.591160
   Google Scholar
• Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim, S., & Alkire, S. (2007). Agency and empowerment: A proposal for internationally comparable indicators. Oxford Development Studies, 35(4), 379–403. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600810701701897
   Google Scholar
• Janmyr, M. (2016). Nubians in contemporary Egypt: Mobilizing return to ancestral lands. Middle East Critique, 25(2), 127–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2016.1148859
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeffrey, H. L. (2020). Maternity protection and the Tunisian tourism industry. In T. Baum & A. Ndiuini (Eds.), Sustainable human resource management in tourism. Geographies of tourism and global change (pp. 133–141). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41735-2_10
   Google Scholar
• Jennings, G. (2014). Qualitative methods and tourism research. In G. Jennings (Ed.), Tourism research (pp. 165–202). John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, R. (2018). The de Bunsen committee and a revision of the “conspiracy” of Sykes–Picot. Middle Eastern Studies, 54(4), 611–637. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2018.1448790
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamal, A. M. (2019). Intangible cultural heritage as a tool for community empowerment: A case study of the DPF in Siwa Oasis, gypt. Ottoman Journal of Tourism and Management Research, 4(1), 361–377. https://doi.org/10.26465/ojtmr.2018339516
   Google Scholar
• Kato, K. (2019). Gender and sustainability - exploring ways of knowing - an ecohumanities perspective. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(7), 939–956. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2019.1614189
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawakibi, S., Bennis, S., Fahmi, G., & Maggiolini, P. (2018). Politics of recognition and denial: Minorities in the MENA region. EuroMeSCo/IEMed.
   Google Scholar
• Kumaraswamy, P. R. (2003). Problems of studying minorities in the Middle East. Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, 2(2), 244–226.
   Google Scholar
• Kymlicka, W., & Pföstl, E. (2014). Introduction. In W. Kymlicka & E. Pföstl (Eds.), Multiculturalism and minority rights in the Arab world (pp. 1–24). Oxford Scholarship Online. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199675135.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Lew, A. A., Hall, C. M., & Timothy, D. J. (2008). World geography of travel and tourism: A regional approach. Butterworth-Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• Ling, R. S. J., Wu, B., Park, J., Shu, H., & Morrison, A. M. (2013). Women’s role in sustaining villages and rural tourism in China. Annals of Tourism Research, 43, 634–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.07.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddy-Weitzman, B. (2012). Arabization and its discontents: The rise of the Amazigh movement in North Africa. The Journal of the Middle East and Africa, 3(2), 109–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520844.2012.738549
   Google Scholar
• Manzoor, F., Wei, L., Asif, M., ul Haq, M. Z., & ur Rehman, H. (2019). The contribution of sustainable tourism to economic growth and employment in Pakistan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(19), 3785. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193785
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maʻoz, M., & Sheffer, G. (2012). Middle Eastern minorities and diasporas. Sussex Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Matarrita-Cascante, D., Brennan, M. A., & Luloff, A. E. (2010). Community agency and sustainable tourism development: The case of La Fortuna, Costa Rica. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(6), 735–756. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669581003653526
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mbaiwa, J. E. (2017). Poverty or riches: Who benefits from the booming tourism industry in Botswana? Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 35(1), 93–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2016.1270424
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntosh, A. J. (2004). Tourists’ appreciation of Maori culture in New Zealand. Tourism Management, 25(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0261-5177(03)00058-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKercher, B., Ho, P. S. Y., & du Cros, H. (2005). Relationship between tourism and cultural heritage management: Evidence from Hong Kong. Tourism Management, 26(4), 539–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2004.02.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng, Z., Wei, Y., & Yu, Y. (2011). On the life cycle of cultural heritage engineering tourism: A case study of Macau. Systems Engineering Procedia, 1, 351–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sepro.2011.08.053
   Google Scholar
• Merolla, D. (2019). Cultural heritage, artistic innovation, and activism on Amazigh Berber websites. Journal of African Cultural Studies, 32(1), 42–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/13696815.2019.1624153
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohamed, S. A., Kamel Abouelezz, M., Abdulaziz, T. A., Ahmed, M., & Saleh, M. (2020). Towards marketing the Nubian tourism and hotel services. International Journal of Heritage, Tourism and Hospitality, 14(1), 162–181. https://doi.org/10.21608/ijhth.2020.126170
   Google Scholar
• Monson, C. (1984). Infitah and the modernization of Egypt. Journal of Political and International Studies, 2. Article 4. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sigma/vol2/iss1/4
   Google Scholar
• Morais, D. B., Yarnal, C., Dong, E., & Dowler, L. (2013). The impact of ethnic tourism on gender roles: A comparison between the Bai and the Mosuo of Yunnan province, PRC. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 10(4), 361–367. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941660500363678
   Google Scholar
• Moswete, N., & Lacey, G. (2014). “Women cannot lead”: Empowering women through cultural tourism in Botswana. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(4), 600–617. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2014.986488
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narayan, D. (2002). Empowerment and poverty reduction: A sourcebook. The World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Nassar, H., & Biltagy, M. (2017). Poverty, employment, investment, and education relationships: The case of Egypt. SAGE Open, 7(2), 215824401769715. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017697156
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oppermann, M., & Chon, K. (1997). Tourism in developing countries. International Thomson Business.
   Google Scholar
• Panyik, E., Costa, C., & Rátz, T. (2011). Implementing integrated rural tourism: An event-based approach. Tourism Management, 32(6), 1352–1363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.01.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petruccioli, A., & Montalbano, C. (2011). Oasi di Siwa: Azioni per lo sviluppo sostenibile [Siwa Oasis: Actions for a sustainable development]. DICAR, Politecnico di Bari.
   Google Scholar
• Pföstl, E., & Kymlicka, W. (2015). Minority politics in the Middle East and North Africa: The prospects for transformative change. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 38(14), 2489–2498. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2015.1061132
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards, A. (1984). Ten years of Infitah: Class, rent, and policy stasis in Egypt. The Journal of Development Studies, 20(4), 323–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388408421921
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, O. (2011). Relational analysis: An add-on technique for aiding data integration in qualitative research. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 8(2), 197–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2011.572745
   Google Scholar
• Rowlands, J. (1997). Questioning empowerment: Working with women in Honduras. Oxfam.
   Google Scholar
• Sakory, E. F. (2013). Being Nubian in Egypt, and in the constitution. Mada Masr. https://www.madamasr.com/en/2013/12/23/opinion/society/being-nubian-in-egypt-and-in-the-constitution/
   Google Scholar
• Salazar, N. B. (2012). Community-based cultural tourism: Issues, threats and opportunities. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(1), 9–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.596279
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheyvens, R. (1999). Ecotourism and the empowerment of local communities. Tourism Management, 20(2), 245–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00069-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheyvens, R. (2000). Promoting women’s empowerment through involvement in ecotourism: Experiences from the third world. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(3), 232–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580008667360
   Google Scholar
• Scheyvens, R. (2003). Tourism for development, empowering communities. Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Serreli, V. (2018). Globalization in the periphery: Arabization and the changing status of Siwi Berber in the Oasis of Siwa. Sociolinguistic Studies, 12(2), 231–250. https://doi.org/10.1558/sols.35565
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serreli, V. (2019). Identity work through language choice in the Siwa Oasis: The exploitation and iconization of Siwi. Language & Communication, 68, 28–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2018.10.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharpley, R., & Naidoo, P. (2010). Tourism and poverty reduction: The case of Mauritius. Tourism and Hospitality Planning & Development, 7(2), 145–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790531003737169
   Google Scholar
• Silverstein, P. A. (2012). In the name of culture: Berber activism and the material politics of ‘Popular Islam’ in Southeastern Morocco. Material Religion, 8(3), 330–353. https://doi.org/10.2752/175183412X13415044208871
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, V. L. (1977). Hosts and guests. The anthropology of tourism. University of Pennsylvania Press.
   Google Scholar
• Snyman, S. L. (2012). The role of tourism employment in poverty reduction and community perceptions of conservation and tourism in Southern Africa. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(3), 395–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2012.657202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner, C. (2006). Tourism, poverty reduction and the political economy: Egyptian perspectives on tourism’s economic benefits in a semi-rentier state. Tourism and Hospitality Planning & Development, 3(3), 161–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/14790530601132286
   Google Scholar
• Stronza, A., & Gordillo, J. (2008). Community views of ecotourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 448–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swain, M. B. (1989). Developing ethnic tourism in Yunnan, China: Shilin Sani. Tourism Recreation Research, 14(1), 33–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.1989.11014541
   Google Scholar
• Tang, C. F., & Ozturk, I. (2017). Is tourism a catalyst of growth in Egypt? Evidence from Granger non-causality and the generalised variance decomposition analysis. Anatolia, 28(2), 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2017.1283635
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tosun, C. (2000). Towards a typology of community participation in the tourism development process. Anatolia Ankara International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 10, 113–134.
   Google Scholar
• Tosun, C. (2006). Expected nature of community participation in tourism development. Tourism Management, 27(3), 493–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2004.12.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trommlerová, S. K., Klasen, S., & Leßmann, O. (2015). Determinants of empowerment in a capability-based poverty approach: Evidence from The Gambia. World Development, 66, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.07.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker, H. (2003). Living with tourism: Negotiating identities in a Turkish village. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Tucker, H. (2007). Undoing shame: Tourism and women’s work in Turkey. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 5(2), 87–105. https://doi.org/10.2167/jtcc089.0
   Google Scholar
• Tucker, H., & Boonabaana, B. (2012). A critical analysis of tourism, gender and poverty reduction. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(3), 437–455. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2011.622769
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vale, M. M. (2015). Siwa: Jewelry, costume, and life in an Egyptian oasis. The American University in Cairo Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wahab, S. E. A. (2012). Tourism development in Egypt: Competitive strategies and implications. Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research, 2(3–4), 351–364. https://doi.org/10.1002/pth.6070020315
   Google Scholar
• Walker, K., & Moscardo, G. (2016). Moving beyond sense of place to care of place: The role of Indigenous values and interpretation in promoting transformative change in tourists’ place images and personal values. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(8–9), 1243–1261. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2016.1177064
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, H., Yang, Z., Chen, L., Yang, J., & Li, R. (2010). Minority community participation in tourism: A case of Kanas Tuva villages in Xinjiang. Tourism Management, 31(6), 759–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.08.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinbaum, M. G. (1985). Egypt and the politics of U.S. Economic aid. Middle Eastern Studies, 21(2), 206–222. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429035647
   Google Scholar
• World Tourism Organization. (2021). UNWTO inclusive recovery guide – sociocultural impacts of Covid-19, Issue 4: Indigenous Communities. UNWTO, Madrid. https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284422852
   Google Scholar
• WTTC. (2021, June 02). WTTC research reveals Travel & Tourism sector’s contribution to Egypt’s GDP dropped by nearly $18 billion in 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2021, from https://wttc.org/News-Article/Travel-Tourism-sectors-contribution-to-Egypts-GDP-dropped-by-nearly-18-billion-in-2020
   Google Scholar
• Yang, L., Wall, G., & Smith, S. L. J. (2008). Ethnic tourism development: Chinese government perspectives. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(3), 751–771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.06.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar