Afforestation and reforestation with the clean development mechanism: Potentials, problems, and future directions

Literature cited

• Andréassian , V. 2004 . Waters and forests: from historical controversy to scientific debate . Journal of Hydrology , 291 : 1 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Balooni , K. and Singh , K. 2007 . Prospects and problems of afforestation of wastelands in India: A synthesis of macro‐ and micro‐perspectives . Geoforum , 38 : 1276 – 1289 .
   Google Scholar
• Barnhisel , R. I. , Darmody , R.G. and Daniels , W.L. 2000 . Reclamation of drastically disturbed lands , Agronomy monograph 1082
   Google Scholar
• Bell , M. J. and Worrall , F. 2009 . Estimating a region's soil organic carbon baseline: The undervalued role of land‐management . Geoderma , 152 : 74 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Bristow , M. , Vanclay , J.K. , Brooks , L. and Hunt , M. 2006 . Growth and species interactions of Eucalyptus pellita in a mixed and monoculture plantation in the humid tropics of north Queensland . Forest Ecology and Management , 233 : 285 – 294 .
   Google Scholar
• Bull , G.Q. , Bazett , M. , Schwab , O. , Nilsson , S. , White , A. and Maginnis , S. 2006 . Industrial forest plantation subsidies: Impacts and implications . Forest Policy and Economics , 9 : 13 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter , F.L. , Nichols , J. D. and Sandi , E. 2004 . Early growth of native and exotic trees planted on degraded tropical pasture . Forest Ecology and Management , 196 : 367 – 378 .
   Google Scholar
• Castella , J.C. , Boissau , S. , Thanh , N. H. and Novosad , P. 2006 . Impact of forestland allocation on land use in a mountainous province of Vietnam . Land Use Policy , 23 : 147 – 160 .
   Google Scholar
• Cossalter , C. and Pye‐Smith , C. 2003 . Fast‐Wood Forestry‐Myths and Realities , Jakarta, , Indonesia : Center for International Forestry Research .
   Google Scholar
• Cummins , T. and Farrell , E.P. 2003 . Biogeochemical impacts of clearfelling and reforestation on blanket‐peatland streams II. major ions and dissolved organic carbon . Forest Ecology and Management , 180 : 557 – 570 .
   Google Scholar
• Dierick , D. and Holscher , D. 2009 . Species‐specific tree water use characteristics in reforestation stands in the Philippines . Agricultural and Forest Meteorology , 149 : 1317 – 1326 .
   Google Scholar
• Ettala , M.O. 1988 . Short‐rotation tree plantations at sanitary landfills . Waste Management and Research , 6 : 291 – 302 .
   Google Scholar
• FAO . 2006 . Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005. Progress Towards sustainable forest management , FAO For. Paper 147 320
   Google Scholar
• Jimenez , J.J. , Lal , R. , Leblanc , H.A. and Russo , R.O. 2007 . Soil organic carbon pool under native tree plantations in the Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica . Forest Ecology and Management , 241 : 134 – 144 .
   Google Scholar
• Fearnside , P. M. and Barbosa , R.I. 1998 . Soil carbon changes from conversion of forest to pasture in Brazilian Amazonia . Forest Ecolology and Management , 108 : 147 – 166 .
   Google Scholar
• Forrester , D.I. , Theiveyanathan , S. , Collopy , J. J. and Marcar , N.E. 2009 . Enhanced water use efficiency in a mixed Eucalyptus globulus and Acacia mearnsii plantation . Forest Ecology Management , doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.07.036
   Google Scholar
• Forrester , D.I. , Bauhus , J. and Cowie , A.L. 2006 . Carbon allocation in a mixed‐species plantation of Eucalyptus globulus and Acacia mearnsii . Forest Ecology and Management , 233 : 275 – 284 .
   Google Scholar
• González , J.E. and Fisher , R.F. 1994 . Growth of native forest species planted on abandoned pasture land in Costa Rica . Forest Ecology and Management , 70 : 159 – 167 .
   Google Scholar
• Haggar , J.P. , Briscoe , C. B. and Butterfield , R.P. 1998 . Native species: a resource for the diversification of forestry production in the lowland humid tropics . Forest Ecology and Management , 106 : 195 – 203 .
   Google Scholar
• Ilstedt , U. , Malmer , A. , Verbeeten , E. and Murdiyarso , D. 2007 . The effect of afforestation on water infiltration in the tropics: A systematic review and meta‐analysis . Forest Ecology and Management , 251 : 45 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Jindal , R. , Swallow , B. and Kerr , J. 2008 . Forestry‐based carbon sequestration projects in Africa: Potential benefits and challenges . Natural Resources Forum , 32 : 116 – 130 .
   Google Scholar
• Juwarkar , A.A. , Mehrotraa , K.L. , Nair , R. , Wanjari , T. , Singh , S. K. and Chakrabarti , T. 2009 . Environmental Monitoring and Assesment , DOI 10.1007/ s10661 ‐008–0710‐y
   Google Scholar
• Kelty , M.J. 2006 . The role of species mixtures in plantation forestry . Forest Ecology and Management , 233 : 195 – 204 .
   Google Scholar
• Liang , A. , Yang , X. , Zhang , X. , McLaughlin , N. , Shen , Y. and Li , W. 2009 . Soil organic carbon changes in particle‐size fractions following cultivation of Black soils in China . Soil and Tillage Research , 105 : 21 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Licata , J.A. , Gyenge , J.E. , Fernández , M.E. , Schlich‐ter , T. M. and Bond , B.J. 2008 . Increased water use by ponderosa pine plantations in northwestern Patagonia, Argentina compared with native forest vegetation . Forest Ecology and Management , 255 : 753 – 764 .
   Google Scholar
• Lima , A.M.N. , Silva , I.R. , Neves , J.C.L. , Novais , R.F. , Barros , N.F. , Mendonc , E.S. , Smyth , T.J. , Moreira , M. S. and Leite , F.P. 2006 . Soil organic carbon dynamics following afforestation of degraded pastures with Eucalyptus in southeastern Brazil . Forest Ecology and Management , 235 : 219 – 231 .
   Google Scholar
• Lindenmayer , D. B. and Hobbs , R.J. 2004 . Fauna conservation in Australian plantation forests‐a review . Biology Conservation , 119 : 151 – 168 .
   Google Scholar
• Lisk , D.J. 1991 . Environmental effects of landfills . Science of the Total Environment , 100 : 415 – 468 .
   Google Scholar
• Luck , G. W. and Korodaj , T.N. 2008 . Stand and landscape‐level factors related to bird assemblages in exotic pine plantations: Implications for forest management . Forest Ecology and Management , 255 : 2688 – 2697 .
   Google Scholar
• Lutzeyer , S. 2008 . Climate trading The Clean Development Mechanism and Africa , Stellenbosch Economic Working Papers
   Google Scholar
• McNamara , S. , Tinh , D.V. , Erskine , P.D. , Lamb , D. , Yates , D. and Brown , S. 2006 . Rehabilitating degraded forest land in central Vietnam with mixed native species plantings . Forest Ecology and Management , 233 : 358 – 365 .
   Google Scholar
• Nabuurs , G.J. , Thurig , E. , Heidema , N. , Armolaitis , K. , Biber , P. , Cienciala , E. , Kaufmann , E. , Maki‐paa , R. , Nilsen , P. , Petritsch , R , Pristova , T. , Rock , J. , Schelhaas , M.J. , Sievanen , R. , Somogyi , Z. and Vallet , P. 2008 . Hotspots of the European forests carbon cycle . Forest Ecology and Management , 256 : 194 – 200 .
   Google Scholar
• Nichols , J.D. , Bristow , M. and Vanclay , J.K. 2006 . Mixed‐species plantations: Prospects and challenges . Forest Ecology and Management , 233 : 383 – 390 .
   Google Scholar
• Nixon , D.J. , Stephens , W. , Tyrrel , S. F. and Brierley , E.D.R. 2001 . The potential for short rotation energy forestry on restored landfill caps . Biore‐source Technology , 77 : 237 – 245 .
   Google Scholar
• Nussbaumer , P. 2009 . On the contribution of labelled Certified Emission Reductions to sustainable development: A multi‐criteria evaluation of CDM projects . Energy Policy , 37 : 91 – 101 .
   Google Scholar
• Olson , K.R. , Lang , J.M. and Ebelhar , S.A. 2005 . Soil organic carbon changes after 12 years of no‐tillage and tillage of Grantsburg soils in southern Illinois . Soil and Tillage Research , 81 : 217 – 225 .
   Google Scholar
• Schlamadinger , B. , Johns , T. , Ciccarese , L. , Braun , M. , Sato , A. , Senyaz , A. , Stephens , P. , Takahashi , M. and Zhang , X. 2007 . Options for including land use in a climate agreement post‐2012: improving the Kyoto Protocol approach . Environmental Science and Policy , 10 : 295 – 305 .
   Google Scholar
• Shresta , D. P. and Zinck , J.A. 2001 . Land use classification in mountainous areas: integration of image processing, digital elevation data and field knowledge (application to Nepal) . International Journal of Applied Eath Observation and Geoinformation , 3 : 78 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• Skousen , J. , Gorman , J. , Pena‐Yewtukhiw , E. , King , J. , Stewart , J. , Emerson , P. and DeLong , C. 2009 . Hardwood tree survival in heavy ground cover on reclaimed land in West Virginia: Mowing and ripping effects . Journal of Environmental Quality , 38 : 1400 – 1409 .
   Google Scholar
• Skousen , J. , Ziemkiewicz , P. and Venable , C. 2006 . Tree recruitment and growth on 20‐year‐old, unreclaimed surface mined lands in West Virginia . International Journal of Mining, Reclamation and Environment , 20 : 142 – 154 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , J. and Scherr , S.J. 2003 . Capturing the value of forest carbon for local livelihoods . World Development , 31 : 2143 – 2160 .
   Google Scholar
• Streck , C. , Tuerk , A. and Schlamadinger , B. 2009 . Foresty offsets in emissions trading systems: a link between systems? . Mitigation Adaptation Strategic Global Change , 14 : 455 – 463 .
   Google Scholar
• Trabucco , A. , Zomer , R.J. , Bossio , D.A. , Straaten , O. V. and Verchot , L.V. 2008 . Climate change mitigation through afforestation/reforestation: A global analysis of hydrologic impacts with four case studies . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 126 : 81 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Dijk , A.I.J.M. , Hairsine , P.B. , Arancibia , J. P. and Dowling , T.I. 2007 . Reforestation, water availability and stream salinity: A multi‐scale analysis in the Murray‐Darling Basin, Australia . Forest Ecology and Management , 251 : 94 – 109 .
   Google Scholar
• Zeleznik , J. D. and Skousen , J.G. 1996 . Survival of three tree species on old reclaimed surface mines in Ohio . Journal of Environmental Quality , 25 : 1429 – 1435 .
   Google Scholar
• Zheng , H. , Chen , F. , Ouyang , Z. , Tu , N. , Xu , W. , Wang , X. , Miao , H. , Li , X. and Tian , Y. 2008 . Impacts of reforestation approaches on runoff control in the hilly red soil region of Southern China . Journal of Hydrology , 356 : 174 – 184 .
   Google Scholar
• Zinn , Y.L. , Resck , D.V.S. and da Silva , J.E. 2002 . Soil organic carbon as affected by afforestation with Eucalyptus and Pinus in the Cerrado region of Brazil . Forest Ecology and Management , 166 : 285 – 294 .
   Google Scholar
• Zomer , R.J , Trabucco , A , Bossio , D. A. and Verchot , L.V. 2008 . Climate change mitigation: A spatial analysis of global land suitability for clean development mechanism afforestation and reforestation . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 126 : 67 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Corresponding author E‐mail: [email protected]
   Google Scholar