‘We are your brothers, we will know where you are at all times’: risk, violence and positionality in KarachiFootnote^*

* The names of all field respondents have been changed to protect their privacy.

References

• Anwar, N., Daanish, M., Viqar, S., Sawas, A. & Iqtedar, H. (2014). Urbanization, gender and violence in millennial Karachi: SAIC scoping study. Karachi: Safe and Inclusive Cities Program (IDRC). Retrieved from http://www.kcl.ac.uk/sspp/departments/geography/research/Research-Domains/Contested-Development/wp66Mustafa.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Anwar, N., & Viqar, S. (2014). Producing cosmopolitan Karachi: Freedom, security and urban redevelopment in the postcolonial metropolis. South Asian History and Culture, 5(3), 328–348. doi: 10.1080/19472498.2014.905322
   Google Scholar
• Anwar, N., & Viqar, S. (2015). Gender, politics and power in urban Pakistan. In Z. B. Dalaman (Ed.), Women and politics in a global world, conference proceedings (pp. 238–250). Istanbul: Istanbul Aydin University.
   Google Scholar
• Arias, D., & Goldstein, D. (Eds.). (2010). Violent democracies in Latin America. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Auyero, J., & de Lara, A. B. (2012). In Harm’s way at the urban margins. Ethnography, 13(4), 531–557. doi: 10.1177/1466138111435746
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beall, J., Goodfellow, T., & Rodgers, D. (2013). Cities and conflict in fragile states in the developing world. Urban Studies, 50(15), 3065–3083. doi: 10.1177/0042098013487775
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blom Hansen, T. (2001). Wages of violence: Naming and identity in postcolonial Bombay. NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Caldeira, T., & Holston, J. (1999). Democracy and violence in Brazil. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 41(4), 691–729. doi: 10.1017/S0010417599003102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, J. (2003). Introduction: Urban culture: Representations and experiences in/of urban space and culture. Urban Culture, 17(57), 3–10.
   Google Scholar
• Day, K. (2006). Being feared: Masculinity and race in public space. Environment and Planning A, 38(3), 569–586. doi: 10.1068/a37221
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elling, R. C. (2016). The semantics of violence and space. In N. Fuccaro (Ed.), Violence and the city in the modern Middle East (pp. 23–39). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gayer, L. (2014). Karachi: Ordered disorder and the struggle for the city. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gazdar, H., & Mallah, H. B. (2013). Informality and political violence in Karachi. Urban Studies, 50(15), 3099–3115. doi: 10.1177/0042098013487778
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein, D. (2014). Qualitative research in dangerous places: Becoming an “ethnographer” of violence and personal safety. New York: Drugs Security and Democracy Program/Social Science Research Council. Retrieved from http://webarchive.ssrc.org/working-papers/DSD_ResearchSecurity_01_Goldstein.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Graham, S. (Ed.). (2004). Cities, war and terrorism: Towards an urban geopolitics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Jamal, A. (2016). Feminism and “Fundamentalism” in Pakistan. In M. Tahir, Q. B. Memon, & V. Prashad (Eds.), Dispatches from Pakistan (pp. 104–120). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, N. (2010). Mohajir militancy in Pakistan: Violence and transformation in the Karachi conflict. Oxon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kirmani, N. (2017). Resistance and it’s limits: Protesting urban violence in Lyari, Karachi. Economic and Political Weekly, LII(7), 41–48.
   Google Scholar
• Koonings, K., & Kruijt, D. (Eds.). (2015). Violence and resilience in Latin American cities. London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Lawlessness in Lyari. (1995, December 3). Dawn. Urban Resource Centre Archives, Karachi.
   Google Scholar
• Lofsdottir, K. (2002). Never forgetting? Gender and racial-ethnic identity during fieldwork. Social Anthropology, 10(3), 303–317. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8676.2002.tb00061.x
   Google Scholar
• Low, S. (2001). The edge and the centre: Gated communities and the discourse of urban fear. American Anthropologist, 103(1), 45–58. doi: 10.1525/aa.2001.103.1.45
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyari Gang Wars. (2012, April 30). Nation. Retrieved from http://www.nation.com.pk/editorials/30-Apr-2012/lyari-gang-wars
   Google Scholar
• Lyari Gang War: Two ‘criminals’ killed in Rangers’ operation. (2011, May 15). Express Tribune. Retrieved from http://tribune.com.pk/story/168820/lyari-gang-war-two-criminals-killed-in-rangers-operation/
   Google Scholar
• Lynch, G. (2006). Negotiating ethnicity: Identity politics in contemporary Kenya. Review of African Political Economy, 33(107), 49–65. doi: 10.1080/03056240600671282
   Google Scholar
• Muggah, R. (2014). Deconstructing the Fragile city: Exploring insecurity, violence and resilience. Environment and Urbanization, 26, 1–14. doi: 10.1177/0956247814533627
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce, J. (2010). Perverse state formation and securitized democracy in Latin America. Democratization, 17(2), 286–306. doi: 10.1080/13510341003588716
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodgers, D., & O’Neill, B. (2012). Infrastructural violence: Introduction to the special issue. Ethnography, 13(4), 401–412. doi: 10.1177/1466138111435738
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seven, including three officers killed in Lyari violence. (2012, April 28). Dawn. Retrieved from http://www.dawn.com/news/714126/brother-of-lyari-gang-leader-killed-in-police-action
   Google Scholar
• Suwankhong, D., & Liamputtong, P. (2015). Cultural insiders and research fieldwork: Case examples from cross-cultural research with Thai people. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 14(5). doi:10.1177/1609406915621404
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Townsend-Bell, E. (2009). Being true and being you: Race, gender, class and the fieldwork experience. PS: Political Science and Politics, 42(2), 311–314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuda, T. (1998). Ethnicity and the anthropologist: Negotiating identities in the field. Anthropological Quarterly, 71(3), 107–124. doi: 10.2307/3318081
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viqar, S. (2014). Constructing Lyari: Place, governance and identity in a Karachi neighbourhood. South Asian History and Culture, 5(3), 365–383. doi: 10.1080/19472498.2014.905335
   Google Scholar
• Warren, C., & Hackney, J. K. (2011). Gender in fieldwork relationships. Gender issues in ethnography. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, E. J. (2006). The ethical challenges of field research in conflict zones. Qualitative Sociology, 29, 373–386. doi: 10.1007/s11133-006-9027-8
   Google Scholar