Transformation of Historic Neighborhoods: How Tourism Is Changing the Historic Center of Kashan, Iran

References

• Alias, A., Z. Zyed, and W. W. Chai. 2016. “Revitalising Critical Components of Urban Decay Features.” Journal of Building Performance 7 (1): 125–132. http://spaj.ukm.my/jsb/index.php/jbp/article/view/211.
   Google Scholar
• Ashworth, G. 1992. “Heritage and Tourism: An Argument, Two Problems and Three Solutions.” In Spatial Implications of Tourism, edited by C. A. M. Fleischer van Roojen, 94–104. Groningen: Geo Pers.
   Google Scholar
• Ashworth, G. 2011. “Preservation, Conservation and Heritage: Approaches to the Past in the Present Through the Built Environment.” Asian Anthropology 10 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1080/1683478X.2011.10552601.
   Google Scholar
• Ashworth, G. J., and J. E. Tunbridge. 1990. The Tourist-historic City. London: Belhaven Press.
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson, R. 2004. “The Evidence on the Impact of Gentrification: New Lessons for the Urban Renaissance?” European Journal of Housing Policy 4 (1): 107–131. doi:10.1080/1461671042000215479.
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson, R., and G. Bridge. 2005. Gentrification in a Global Context: The New Urban Colonialism. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bidou-Zachariasen, C. 2003. Retours en ville. Paris: Descartes & Cie.
   Google Scholar
• Bærenholdt, J. O., and M. Haldrup. 2004. “On the Track of the Vikings.” In Tourism Mobilities: Places to Play, Places in Play, edited by M. Sheller and J. Urry, 78–89. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Burnard, P. 1996. “Teaching the Analysis of Textual Data: An Experiential Approach.” Nurse Education Today 16 (4): 278–281. doi:10.1016/S0260-6917(96)80115-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavanagh, S. 1997. “Content Analysis: Concepts, Methods and Applications.” Nurse Researcher 4: 5–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chan, J. H., K. Iankova, Y. Zhang, T. McDonald, and X. Qi. 2016. “The Role of Self-Gentrification in Sustainable Tourism: Indigenous Entrepreneurship at Honghe Hani Rice Terraces World Heritage Site, China.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 24 (8-9): 1262–1279. doi:10.1080/09669582.2016.1189923.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cinà, G., E. Kamjou, and M. R. Tavangar. 2018. “Learning from Urban Heritage Conservation in Yazd: Achievements and Warnings.” The Historic Environment: Policy & Practice 9 (1): 53–77. doi:10.1080/17567505.2018.1424617.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cócola Gant, A. 2015. “Tourism and Commercial Gentrification.” In Proceedings of the RC21 International Conference on “The Ideal City: Between Myth and Reality, Representations, Policies, Contradictions and Challenges for Tomorrow’s Urban Life, Urbino, 27–29 August.
   Google Scholar
• Colomb, C., and J. Novy. 2017. Protest and Resistance in the Tourist City. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Daher, R. F. 2005. “Urban Regeneration/Heritage Tourism Endeavours: The Case of Salt, Jordan ‘Local Actors, International Donors, and the State’.” International Journal of Heritage Studies 11 (4): 289–308. doi:10.1080/13527250500235575.
   Google Scholar
• Davidson, M., and L. Lees. 2010. “New-Build Gentrification: Its Histories, Trajectories, and Critical Geographies.” Population, Space and Place 16 (5): 395–411. doi:10.1002/psp.584.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Cesari, C., and R. Dimova. 2019. “Heritage, Gentrification, Participation: Remaking Urban Landscapes in the Name of Culture and Historic Preservation.” International Journal of Heritage Studies 25 (9): 863–869. doi:10.1080/13527258.2018.1512515.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Díaz-Parra, I. 2015. “A Back to the City Movement by Local Government Action: Gentrification in Spain and Latin America.” International Journal of Urban Sciences 19 (3): 343–363. doi:10.1080/12265934.2015.1045306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodds, R., and R. Butler. 2019. Overtourism: Issues, Realities and Solutions. Berlin: de Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Douglas, J. 2006. Building Adaptation. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• English Heritage. 1997. Sustaining the Historic Environment: New Perspectives on the Future: an English Heritage Discussion Document. London: English Heritage.
   Google Scholar
• Florida, R. 2017. The New Urban Crisis: Gentrification, Housing Bubbles, Growing Inequality, and What We Can Do About It. London: Oneworld Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Fouseki, K., and M. Nicolau. 2018. “Urban Heritage Dynamics in ‘Heritage-led Regeneration’: Towards a Sustainable Lifestyles Approach.” The Historic Environment: Policy & Practice 9 (3-4): 229–248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedrichs, J. 1987. “Urban Renewal Policies and Back-to-the-city Migration: The Case of West Germany.” Journal of the American Planning Association 53 (1): 70–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García, M., and N. Claver. 2003. “Barcelona: Governing Coalitions, Visitors and the Changing City Center.” In Cities and Visitors: Regulating People, Markets, and City Space, edited by L. Hoffman, S. Fainstein, and D. R. Judd, 113–125. Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• García, L., N. Smith, and M. Mejías. 2007. “Gentrification, Displacement, and Tourism in Santa Cruz de Tenerife.” Urban Geography 28 (3): 276–298. doi:10.2747/0272-3638.28.3.276.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghaderi, Z., M. H, Dehghan Pour Farashah, E. Aslanim, and B. Hemati. 2020. “Managers’ Perceptions of the Adaptive Reuse of Heritage Buildings as Boutique Hotels: Insights from Iran.” Journal of Heritage Tourism, 15, 696–708.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass, R. 1964. London: Aspects of Change. London: MacGibbon & Kee.
   Google Scholar
• González-Pérez, J. M. 2020. “The Dispute Over Tourist Cities: Tourism Gentrification in the Historic Centre of Palma (Majorca, Spain).” Tourism Geographies 22 (1): 171–191. doi:10.1080/14616688.2019.1586986.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gotham, K. F. 2005. “Tourism Gentrification: The Case of New Orleans’ Vieux Carre (French Quarter).” Urban Studies 42 (7): 1099–1121. doi:10.1080/00420980500120881.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gravari-Barbas, M., and S. Guinand. 2017. Tourism and Gentrification in Contemporary Metropolises: International Perspectives. Taylor & Francis. doi:10.4324/9781315629759.
   Google Scholar
• Grbich, C. 2013. Qualitative Data Analysis: An Introduction. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Haanpää, R., L. Puolamäki, and E. Karhunen. 2019. “Local Conservation and Perceptions of Heritage in Old Rauma World Heritage Site.” International Journal of Heritage Studies 25 (8): 837–855. doi:10.1080/13527258.2018.1552611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habibi, S. M. 2006. Intellectual Trends in the Contemporary in Iranian Architecture and Urbanism (1979–2003). Tehran: Cultural Research Bureau.
   Google Scholar
• Haldrup, M., and J. O. Bœrenholdt. 2015. “Heritage as Performance.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Contemporary Heritage Research, edited by E. Waterton and S. Watson, 52–68. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Hamnett, C. 1995. “Les Changements Socio-économiques à Londres. Croissance des Catégories Tertiaires Qualifiées ou Polarisation?” Sociétés Contemporaines 22 (1): 15–32. https://www.persee.fr/doc/socco_1150-1944_1995_num_22_1_1529.
   Google Scholar
• Hanachee, P., and N. Rezaei. 2015. “Living in a Historical Neighborhood: Challenges, Opportunities and Threats, Case Study: Oudlajan Neighborhood in Tehran.” Armanshahr 8 (14): 23–32. http://www.armanshahrjournal.com/article_32747_b7eb012acc889ea1c955e900345ac51c.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Haroun, H.-A. A. F., A. F. Bakr, and A. E.-S. Hasan. 2019. “Multi-criteria Decision Making for Adaptive Reuse of Heritage Buildings: Aziza Fahmy Palace, Alexandria, Egypt.” Alexandria Engineering Journal 58 (2): 467–478. doi:10.1016/j.aej.2019.04.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidari, S., and A. Mohamamdi. 2015. “Land Use Analysis in the Greater Mohtasham Neighborhood [in Persian].” Kashan Shenasi Journal 7 (15): 95–98. http://sh-kashan.kashanu.ac.ir/article-1-160-fa.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Jansen-Verbeke, M. 1997. “Urban Tourism: Managing Resources and Visitors.” In Tourism, Development and Growth, edited by S. Wahab and J. J. Pigram, 237–256. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Katouzian, H. 1981. The Political Economy of Modern Iran: Despotism and Pseudo-Modernism, 1926–1979. London: The Macmillan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Khirfan, L. 2014. World Heritage, Urban Design and Tourism: Three Cities in the Middle East. Abington: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, H., Y. G. Kim, and E. Woo. 2020. “Examining the Impacts of Touristification on Quality of Life (QOL): The Application of the Bottom-Up Spillover Theory.” The Service Industries Journal, 1–16. doi:10.1080/02642069.2020.1722652.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kincaid, D. 2003. Adapting Buildings for Changing Uses: Guidelines for Change of Use Refurbishment. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Koens, K., A. Postma, and B. Papp. 2018. “Is Overtourism Overused? Understanding the Impact of Tourism in a City Context.” Sustainability 10 (12): 4384. doi:10.3390/su10124384.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurzac-Souali, A. 2009. “Les Médinas Marocaines: une Requalification Sélective.” Les Cahiers D’EMAM 17: 117–120. doi:10.4000/emam.283.
   Google Scholar
• Lak, A., M. Gheitasi, and D. J. Timothy. 2020. “Urban Regeneration Through Heritage Tourism: Cultural Policies and Strategic Management.” Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change 18 (4): 386–403. doi:10.1080/14766825.2019.1668002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lees, L., T. Slater, and E. Wyly. 2007. Gentrification. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lees, L., T. Slater, and E. Wyly. 2013. Gentrification. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Liang, Z. X., and J. G. Bao. 2015. “Tourism Gentrification in Shenzhen, China: Causes and Socio-spatial Consequences.” Tourism Geographies 17 (3): 461–481. doi:10.1080/14616688.2014.1000954.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maeer, G., and I. Campbell. 2009. “Evaluation of the Townscape Heritage Initiative: Evidence from the Heritage Lottery Fund.” Journal of Urban Regeneration & Renewal 3 (2): 185–201.
   Google Scholar
• Marcuse, P. 1985. “Gentrification, Abandonment, and Displacement: Connections, Causes, and Policy Responses in New York City.” Journal of Urban and Contemporary Law 28: 195–240. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_urbanlaw/vol28/iss1/4/.
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy, J., and M. Doyle. 2011. “Business Improvement Districts and Conservation-led Regeneration.” Urban Research & Practice 4 (2): 175–192.
   Google Scholar
• Nasser, N. 2003. “Planning for Urban Heritage Places: Reconciling Conservation, Tourism, and Sustainable Development.” Journal of Planning Literature 17 (4): 467–479. doi:10.1177/0885412203017004001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nofre, J., E. Giordano, A. Eldridge, J. C. Martins, and J. Sequera. 2018. “Tourism, Nightlife and Planning: Challenges and Opportunities for Community Liveability in La Barceloneta.” Tourism Geographies 20 (3): 377–396. doi:10.1080/14616688.2017.1375972.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orbaşlı, A. 2000. Tourists in Historic Towns: Urban Conservation and Heritage Management. London: E&FN Spon, Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Orbaşlı, A. 2007. “The ‘Islamic’ City and Tourism: Managing Conservation and Tourism in Traditional Neighbourhoods.” In Tourism in the Middle East: Continuity, Change and Transformation, edited by R. Daher, 161–187. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Orbaşlı, A. 2017. “Conservation Theory in the Twenty-First Century: Slow Evolution or a Paradigm Shift?” Journal of Architectural Conservation 23 (3): 157–170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orbaşlı, A. 2019. “Urban Heritage in the Middle East: Heritage, Tourism and the Shaping of New Identities.” In Routledge Handbook on Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa, edited by Dallen J. Timothy, 95–105. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Özkan Altınöz, M. 2016. “Karabük Industrial Heritage Site and Associated Regeneration Projects in Turkey.” Turkish Studies 17 (2): 361–380. doi:10.1080/14683849.2016.1166056.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul, S. K., and S. Roy. 2017. “Tourism-based Heritage Conservation in Murshidabad: An Appraisal.” Journal of Heritage Tourism 12 (2): 139–154. doi:10.1080/1743873X.2016.1159685.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pendlebury, J. 2002. “Conservation and Regeneration: Complementary or Conflicting Processes? The Case of Grainger Town, Newcastle Upon Tyne.” Planning Practice and Research 17 (2): 145–158. doi:10.1080/02697450220145913.
   Google Scholar
• Pendlebury, J., and H. Porfyriou. 2017. “Heritage, Urban Regeneration and Place-making.” Journal of Urban Design 22 (4): 429–432. doi:10.1080/13574809.2017.1326712.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pendlebury, J., and I. Strange. 2011. “Centenary Paper: Urban Conservation and the Shaping of the English City.” Town Planning Review 82 (4): 361–392. doi:10.3828/tpr.2011.23.
   Google Scholar
• Polonsky, M., J. Hall, J. Vieceli, L. Atay, A. Akdemir, and M. Marangoz. 2013. “Using Strategic Philanthropy to Improve Heritage Tourist Sites on the Gallipoli Peninsula, Turkey: Community Perceptions of Changing Quality of Life and of the Sponsoring Organization.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 21 (3): 376–395. doi:10.1080/09669582.2012.699061.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porfyriou, H., and M. Sepe. 2017. “Introduction.” In Waterfronts Revisited: European Ports in a Historic and Global Perspective, edited by H. Porfyriou and M. Sepe, 1–16. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Reeve, A., and R. Shipley. 2014. “Heritage-based Regeneration in an Age of Austerity: Lessons from the Townscape Heritage Initiative.” Journal of Urban Regeneration & Renewal 7 (2): 122–135. https://hstalks.com/article/4382/heritage-based-regeneration-in-an-age-of-austerity/.
   Google Scholar
• Rezaei, N. 2017. “Resident Perceptions Toward Tourism Impacts in Historic Center of Yazd, Iran.” Tourism Geographies 19 (5): 734–755. doi:10.1080/14616688.2017.1331261.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rezaei, N., M. Rasouli, and B. Azhdari. 2018. “The Attitude of the Local Community to the Impact of Building Reuse: Three Cases in an Old Neighborhood of Tehran.” Heritage & Society 11 (2): 105–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, M. 2001. “Tourism Encounters: Inter- and Intra-cultural Conflicts and the World’s Largest Industry.” In Consuming Tradition, Manufacturing Heritage: Global Norms and Urban Forms in the Age of Tourism, edited by N. AlSayyad, 34–67. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, N. 1979. “Toward a Theory of Gentrification a Back to the City Movement by Capital, Not People.” Journal of the American Planning Association 45 (4): 538–548. doi:10.1080/01944367908977002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, N. 1987. “Gentrification and the Rent Gap.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 77: 462–465. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1987.tb00171.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, N. 2003. “La gentrification généralisée: D'une anomalie locale à la ‘régénération’ urbaine.” In Retours en ville, 1st ed., edited by C. Bidou-Zachariasen, D. Hiernaux-Nicolas, and H. Rivière d'Arc, 45–72. Paris: Descartes.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, L. 2006. Uses of Heritage. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Steinberg, F. 1996. “Conservation and Rehabilitation of Urban Heritage in Developing Countries.” Habitat International 20 (3): 463–475. doi:10.1016/0197-3975(96)00012-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg, F. 2008. Revitalization of Historic Inner-City Areas in Asia: The Potential for Urban Renewal in Ha Noi, Jakarta, and Manila. Manila: Asian Development Bank. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/27553/revitalization-inner-city.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Strange, I., and D. Whitney. 2003. “The Changing Roles and Purposes of Heritage Conservation in the UK.” Planning Practice and Research 18 (2-3): 219–229. doi:10.1080/0269745032000168278.
   Google Scholar
• Timothy, D. J. 2014. “Contemporary Cultural Heritage and Tourism: Development Issues and Emerging Trends.” Public Archaeology 13 (1–3): 30–47. doi:10.1179/1465518714Z.00000000052.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timothy, D. J., and S. W. Boyd. 2003. Heritage Tourism. Harlow: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Timothy, D. J., and S. W. Boyd. 2006. “Heritage Tourism in the 21st Century: Valued Traditions and New Perspectives.” Journal of Heritage Tourism 1 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1080/17438730608668462.
   Google Scholar
• Um, J., and S. Yoon. 2020. “Evaluating the Relationship Between Perceived Value Regarding Tourism Gentrification Experience, Attitude, and Responsible Tourism Intention.” Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 1–17. doi:10.1080/14766825.2019.1707217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uysal, Ü. E., and P. Özden. 2012. “Cultural Tourism as a Tool of Urban Regeneration in Istanbul.” WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment 167: 389–400.
   Google Scholar
• Velthuis, K., and D. Spennemann. 2007. “The Future of Defunct Religious Buildings: Dutch Approaches to Their Adaptive Re-use.” Cultural Trends 16 (1): 43–66. doi:10.1080/09548960601106979.
   Google Scholar
• Viñas, S. M. 2002. “Contemporary Theory of Conservation.” Studies in Conservation 47 (sup1): 25–34.
   Google Scholar
• Xie, Y. F., L. Li, Y. D. Guo, X. P. Sun, and Y. J. Zhang. 2015. “Sustainable Tourism-Oriented Conservation and Improvement of Historical Villages in the Urbanization Process: A Case Study of Nan’anyang Village, Shanxi Province, China.” In Urbanization and Locality, edited by F. Wang and M. Prominski, 187–203. Berlin and Heidelberg: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, Y., C. Gu, D. Li, and M. Huang. 2006. “Tourism Gentrification: Concept, Type and Mechanism.” Tourism Tribune 11: 70–74.
   Google Scholar
• Zukin, S., V. Trujillo, P. Frase, D. Jackson, T. Recuber, and A. Walker. 2009. “New Retail Capital and Neighborhood Change: Boutiques and Gentrification in New York City.” City & Community 8 (1): 47–64. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6040.2009.01269.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar