Qualitative research in sport and exercise psychology: observations of a non-qualitative researcher

References

• Andersen , M.B. , McCullagh , P. and Wilson , G.J. 2007 . But what do the numbers really tell us?: arbitrary metrics and effect size reporting in sport psychology research . Journal of sport and exercise psychology , 29 ( 5 ) : 664 – 672 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1982 . The psychology of chance encounters and life paths . American psychologist , 37 ( 7 ) : 747 – 755 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1989 . Human agency in social cognitive theory . American psychologist, reports , 44 ( 9 ) : 11175 – 11184 .
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1997 . Self-efficacy: the exercise of control , New York : Freeman .
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1998 . Explorations of fortuitous determinants of life paths . Psychological inquiry , 9 ( 2 ) : 95 – 115 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 2006 . Toward a psychology of human agency . Perspectives on psychological science , 1 ( 2 ) : 164 – 180 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister , R.F. , Masicampo , E.J. and Vohs , K.D. 2011 . Do conscious thoughts cause behavior? . Annual review of psychology , 62 : 331 – 361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein , R. 1991 . The new constellation: the ethical–political horizons of modernity/postmodernity , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Borman , K.M. , LeCompte , M.D. and Goetz , J.P. 1986 . Ethnographic and qualitative research design and why it doesn’t work . American behavioral scientist , 3 ( 1 ) : 42 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Burrell , G. and Morgan , G. 1979 . Sociological paradigms and organizational analysis , London : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Cacioppo , J.T. , Semin , G.R. and Berntson , G.G. 2004 . Realism, instrumentalism, and scientific symbiosis: psychological theory as a search for truth and the discovery of solutions . American psychologist , 59 ( 4 ) : 214 – 223 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carroll , J. , Adkins , B. , Foth , M. , Parker , E. and Jamali , S. 2008 . My place through my eyes: a social constructionist approach to researching the relationships between socioeconomic living contexts and physical activity . International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being , 3 ( 4 ) : 204 – 218 .
   Google Scholar
• Cooper , S.-M. and Nevill , A.M. 2005 . “ Do statistical methods replace reasoning in exercise science research? How to avoid statistics becoming merely a solution in search of a problem ” . In Philosophy and the sciences of exercise, health, and sport: critical perspectives on research methods , Edited by: McNamee , M. 117 – 132 . New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Creswell , J.W. 2008 . Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Creswell , J.W. and Plano Clark , V.L. 2010 . Designing and conducting mixed methods research , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Denzin , N.K. 2010 . Moments, mixed methods, and paradigm dialogs . Qualitative inquiry , 16 : 419 – 427 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijksterhuis , A. and Nordgren , L.F. 2006 . A theory of unconscious thought . Perspectives on psychological science , 1 ( 2 ) : 95 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrari , M. , Robinson , D.K. and Yasnitsky , A. 2010 . Wundt, Vygotsky and Bandura: a cultural historical science of consciousness in three acts . History of the human sciences , 23 ( 3 ) : 95 – 118 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gard , M. 2004 . “ Desperately seeking certainty: statistics, physical activity and critical inquiry ” . In Critical thinking and problem solving in physical educations , Edited by: Wright , J. , McDonald , D. and Burrows , L. 171 – 182 . New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Gould , D. , Eklund , R.C. and Jackson , S.A. 1992 . 1988 U.S. Olympic wrestling excellence. I: mental preparation, precompetitive cognition, and affect . The sport psychologist , 6 ( 4 ) : 358 – 382 .
   Google Scholar
• Green , J.C. , Caracelli , V.J. and Graham , W.F. 1989 . Toward a conceptual framework for mixed-method evaluation designs . Educational evaluation and policy analysis , 11 ( 3 ) : 255 – 274 .
   Google Scholar
• Guba , E.G. and Lincoln , Y.S. 1994 . “ Competing paradigms in qualitative research ” . In Handbook of qualitative research , Edited by: Denzin , N.K. and Lincoln , Y.S. 105 – 117 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Guba , E.G. and Lincoln , Y.S. 2004 . “ Competing paradigms in qualitative research: theories and issues ” . In Approaches to qualitative research: a reader on theory and practice , Edited by: Hess-Biber , S.N. and Leavy , P. 17 – 38 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Harter , S. 1999 . The construction of the self: a developmental perspective , New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Holt , N.L. and Tamminen , K.A. 2010 . Improving grounded theory research in sport and exercise psychology: further reflections as a response to Mike Weed . Psychology of sport and exercise , 11 ( 6 ) : 1 – 9 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• House , E.R. 1994 . “ Integrating the quantitative and qualitative ” . In The qualitative–quantitative debate: new perspectives , Edited by: Reichardt , C.S. and Rallis , S.F. 13 – 22 . San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Howe , K.R. 1985 . Two dogmas of educational research . Educational researcher , 14 ( 8 ) : 10 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Howe , K.R. 1988 . Against the quantitative–qualitative incompatibility thesis or dogmas die hard . Educational researcher , 17 ( 8 ) : 10 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Howe , K.R. 1992 . Getting over the quantitative–qualitative debate . American journal of education , 100 ( 2 ) : 236 – 256 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howe , K.R. 2001 . “ Qualitative educational research: the philosophical issues ” . In Handbook of research on teaching , Edited by: Richardson , V. 201 – 208 . Washington, DC : American Educational Research Association .
   Google Scholar
• Hrycaiko , D. and Martin , G.L. 1996 . Applied research studies with single-subject design: why so few? . The journal of applied sport psychology , 8 ( 2 ) : 183 – 199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, W. 1890. The principles of psychology. Reprint, New York: Holt, Reinhart, Wilson.
   Google Scholar
• Kant, I. 1881. Emmanuel Kant’s critique of pure reason. Reprint, London: MacMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Kidd , S.A. 2002 . The role of qualitative research in psychological journals . Psychological methods , 7 ( 1 ) : 126 – 138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoln , Y.S. and Guba , E.G. 1985 . Naturalistic inquiry , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Mack , D.E. , Wilson , P.M. , Waddell , L. and Gasparotto , J. 2008 . “ Social physique anxiety across physical activity contexts: a meta-analytic review ” . In Eating disorders in adult women , Edited by: Fuchs , J.N. 1 – 17 . New York : Nova Science .
   Google Scholar
• Marchel , C. and Owens , S. 2007 . Qualitative research in psychology: could William James get a job? . History of psychology , 10 ( 4 ) : 301 – 324 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , H.W. and Parry , C. 2005 . Self-concept contributes to winning gold medals: causal ordering of self-concept and elite swimming performance . Journal of sport and exercise psychology , 27 ( 1 ) : 71 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , H.W. and Peart , N.D. 1988 . Competitive and cooperative physical fitness training programs for girls: effects on physical fitness and multidimensional self-concepts . Journal of sport and exercise psychology , 10 ( 4 ) : 390 – 407 .
   Google Scholar
• Martens , R. 1987 . Science, knowledge, and sport psychology . The sport psychologist , 1 : 29 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Martens , R. , Vealey , R. and Burton , D. 1990 . Competitive anxiety in sport , Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , J.J. 2006 . “ The self in disability sport and physical activity ” . In The concept of self in education, family and sports , Edited by: Columbus , F. 75 – 90 . London : Nova Science .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , G.L. , Vause , T. and Schwartzman , L. 2005 . Experimental studies of psychological interventions with athletes in competition . Behavior modification , 29 ( 4 ) : 616 – 641 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maxwell , J.A. 2004 . Using qualitative methods for causal explanation . Field methods , 16 ( 3 ) : 243 – 264 .
   Google Scholar
• McNamee , M. 2005 . “ Positivism, Popper and paradigms: an introductory essay in the philosophy of science ” . In Philosophy and the sciences of exercise, health, and sport: critical perspectives on research methods , Edited by: McNamee , M. 1 – 20 . New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Ogden , J. 2003 . Some problems with social cognition models: a pragmatic and conceptual analysis . Health psychology , 22 ( 4 ) : 424 – 428 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver , K. , Hamzeh , M. , McCaughtry , N. and Chacon , E. 2009 . Girly girls can play games/La niñas pueden jugar tambien: co-creating a curriculum of possibilities with fifth-grade girls . Journal of teaching in physical education , 28 ( 1 ) : 1 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Plano Clark , V.L. and Creswell , J.W. 2007 . The mixed methods reader , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Ponterotto , J.G. 2005 . Qualitative research in counseling psychology: a primer on research paradigms and philosophy of science . Journal of counseling psychology , 52 ( 2 ) : 126 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope , C. and Mays , N. 1995 . Reaching the parts other methods cannot reach: an introduction to qualitative methods in health and health services research . British medical journal , 310 ( 42 ) : 42 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Randall , W.L. and Phoenix , C. 2009 . The problem with truth in qualitative interviews: reflections from a narrative perspective . Qualitative research in sport and exercise , 1 ( 2 ) : 125 – 140 .
   Google Scholar
• Reichardt , C. and Cooke , T. 1979 . “ Beyond qualitative versus quantitative methods ” . In Qualitative and quantitative methods in evaluation research , Edited by: Cook , T. and Reichardt , C. 7 – 32 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Reichardt , C. and Rallis , S.F. 1994 . “ The relationship between qualitative and quantitative research traditions ” . In The qualitative–quantitative debate: new perspectives , Edited by: Reichardt , C.S. and Rallis , S.F. 5 – 12 . San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Ryan , R.M. and Deci , E.L. 2007 . “ Active human nature: self-determination theory and the promotion and maintenance of sport, exercise, and health ” . In Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sport , Edited by: Hagger , M.S. and Chatzisarantis , N.L.D. 1 – 19 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Scanlan , T.K. , Stein , G.L. and Ravizza , K. 1989 . An in-depth study of former elite figure skaters. II: sources of enjoyment . Journal of sport and exercise psychology , 11 ( 1 ) : 65 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarz , N. 1999 . Self-reports: how the questions shape the answers . American psychologist , 54 ( 2 ) : 93 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , B. 2010 . Narrative inquiry: ongoing conversations and questions for sport and exercise psychology research . International review of sport and exercise psychology , 3 ( 1 ) : 87 – 107 .
   Google Scholar
• Sparkes , A.C. 1992 . “ The paradigms debate: an extended review and celebration of difference ” . In Research in physical education and sport: exploring alternative visions , Edited by: Sparkes , A.C. 9 – 60 . London : Falmer Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sparkes , A.C. 1998 . Validity in qualitative inquiry and the problem of criteria implications for sport psychology . The sport psychologist , 12 ( 4 ) : 125 – 140 .
   Google Scholar
• Sparkes , A.C. 2002 . Telling tales in sport and physical activity: a qualitative journey , Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Sparkes , A. 2005 . “ Reflections on an embodied sport and exercise psychology ” . In New approaches to sport and exercise psychology , Edited by: Stelter , R. and Roessler , K.K. 31 – 54 . London : Nova Science .
   Google Scholar
• Sparkes , A.C. and Smith , B. 2009 . Judging the quality of qualitative inquiry: criteriology and relativism in action . Psychology of sport and exercise , 10 ( 5 ) : 491 – 497 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tashakkori , A. and Teddlie , C. 1998 . Mixed methodology: combining qualitative and quantitative approaches , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Tashakkori , A. and Teddlie , C. 2003 . Issues and dilemmas in teaching research methods courses in social and behavioural sciences: US perspectives . International journal of social research methodology , 6 ( 1 ) : 61 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Teddlie , C. and Tashakkori , H. 2008 . Foundations of mixed methods research: integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches in the social and behavioral sciences , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Weed , M. 2009 . Research quality considerations for grounded theory research in sport and exercise psychology . Psychology of sport and exercise , 10 ( 5 ) : 502 – 510 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weed , M. 2010a . A quality debate on grounded theory research in sport and exercise psychology? A commentary on potential areas for future debate . Psychology of sport and exercise , 11 ( 6 ) : 414 – 418 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weed , M. 2010b . The structure of (social) scientific contradictions: a commentary on the problem of paradigmatic behaviour by social scientists . Qualitative research in sport and exercise , 1 ( 3 ) : 312 – 321 .
   Google Scholar