632
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Getting ‘in’ and ‘out of alignment’: some insights into the cultural imagery of fitness from the perspective of experienced gym adherents

&
Pages 147-164 | Received 27 Jan 2015, Accepted 27 Aug 2015, Published online: 25 Oct 2015

References

  • Amend, P., 2008. Hans Muench celebrates his return to IHRSA as the new director, Europe. Club business Europe, Jan/Feb, 15–17.
  • Andreasson, J. and Johansson, T., 2014. The fitness revolution: historical transformations in the global gym and fitness culture. Sport science review, 23 (3–4), 91–111.
  • Andrews, D.L. and Silk, M.L., eds., 2011. Physical cultural studies: engendering a productive dialogue. Sociology of sport journal, 28 (1), 1–3.
  • Bailey, R., Hillman, C., Arent, S., and Petitpas, A., 2013. Physical activity: an underestimated investment in human capital? Journal of physical activity & health, 10 (3), 289–308.
  • Baudrillard, J., 1998. The consumer society: myths and structures. London: Sage.
  • Bauman, Z., 1995. Life in fragments: essays in postmodern morality. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Bauman, Z., 1998. On postmodern uses of sex. Theory, culture & society, 15 (3–4), 19–33.
  • Bauman, Z., 2000. Liquid modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Bauman, Z., 2001. The individualized society. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Bauman, Z., 2005. Liquid life. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Bauman, Z. and May, T., 2001. Thinking sociologically. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
  • Beck, U. and Beck-Gernsheim, E., 2002. Individualization. London: Sage.
  • Berlant, L., 2007. Slow death (sovereignty, obesity, lateral agency). Critical inquiry, 33 (4), 754–780.10.1086/524831
  • Berlant, L., 2008. Thinking about feeling historical. Emotion, space and society, 1, 4–9.10.1016/j.emospa.2008.08.006
  • Berrett, J., 1997. Feeding the organization man: diet and masculinity in postwar America. Journal of social history, 30 (4), 805–825.10.1353/jsh/30.4.805
  • Blair, S.N., et al., 2010. A tribute to professor Jeremiah Morris: the man who invented the field of physical activity epidemiology. Annals of epidemiology, 20 (9), 651–660.10.1016/j.annepidem.2010.06.001
  • Boero, N., 2007. All the news that’s fat to print: the American “Obesity Epidemic” and the media. Qualitative sociology, 30 (1), 41–60.10.1007/s11133-006-9010-4
  • Bourdieu, P., 1978. Sport and social class. Social science information, 17 (6), 819–840.10.1177/053901847801700603
  • Bourdieu, P., 1986. The forms of capital. In: J. Richardson, ed. Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education. New York: Greenwood Press, 241–258.
  • Bowers, M.T. and Hunt, T.M., 2011. The president’s council on physical fitness and the systematisation of children’s play in America. The international journal of the history of sport, 28 (11), 1496–1511.10.1080/09523367.2011.586789
  • Braidotti, R., 2011. Nomadic subjects: embodiment and sexual difference in contemporary feminist theory. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Bundgaard, A., 2005. Muscle and manliness: the rise of sport in American boarding schools. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
  • Byers, A., 2015. American bodies in a time of war: the militarized body as a utopian space and biopolitical project for the state. In: P. Stapleton and A. Byers, eds. Biopolitics and utopia: an interdisciplinary reader. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 13–40.
  • Castels, R., 1991. From dangerousness to risk. In: G. Burchell, C. Gordon, and P. Miller, eds. The Foucault effect: studies in governmentality. London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 291–298.
  • Caudwell, J., Rinehart, R.E., eds., 2014. Liminoidal spaces and the moving body: emotional turns. Emotion, space and society, 12, 1–3.10.1016/j.emospa.2013.12.006
  • Coffey, J., 2015. As long as I’m fit and a healthy weight, I don’t feel bad’: exploring body work and health through the concept of ‘affect. Journal of sociology, 51 (3), 613–627. doi:10.1177/1440783313518249
  • Collins, L.H., 2002. Working out the contradictions: feminism and aerobics. Journal of sport & social issues, 26 (1), 85–109.
  • Crossley, N., 2004. The circuit trainer’s habitus: reflexive body techniques and the sociality of the workout. Body & society, 10 (1), 37–69.
  • Crossley, N., 2006a. In the gym: motives, meaning and moral careers. Body & society, 12 (3), 23–50.
  • Crossley, N., 2006b. The networked body and the question of reflexivity. In: D.D. Waskul and P. Vannini, eds. Body/embodiment: symbolic interaction and the sociology of the body. Hampshire: Ashgate, 21–34.
  • Crossley, N., 2006c. Reflexive embodiment in embodiment in contemporary society. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
  • Crossley, N., 2008. (Net)Working out: social capital in a private health club. The British journal of sociology, 59 (3), 475–500.10.1111/j.1468-4446.2008.00204.x
  • Datamonitor, 2003. Global leisure facilities: industry profile. London: Datamonitor Europe.
  • Datamonitor, 2011. Global leisure facilities: industry profile. London: Datamonitor Europe.
  • Dawson, M.C., 2015. CrossFit: fitness cult or reinventive institution? International review for the sociology of sport. doi:10.1177/1012690215591793
  • Dewey, J., 1980. Democracy and education. In: J.A. Boydston, ed. John Dewey: the middle works, 1899–1924. Vol. 9 1925. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1–405.
  • Duffy, M., et al., 2011. Bodily rhythms: corporeal capacities to engage with festival spaces. Emotion, space and society, 4, 17–24.10.1016/j.emospa.2010.03.004
  • Dumm, T.L., 1999. A politics of the ordinary. New York: New York University Press.
  • Duncan, M.C., 1994. The politics of women’s body images and practice: Foucault, the panopticon, and Shape magazine. Journal of sport & social issues, 18 (1), 45–65.
  • Durkheim, E., 1995. The elementary forms of religious life. New York: Free Press.
  • Eagleton, T., 1993. It is not quite true that I have a body, and not quite true that I am one either. London review of books, 15 (10), 7–8.
  • von Eckartsberg, R., 1998. Existential-phenomenological research. In: R.S. Valle, ed. Phenomenological inquiry in psychology: existential and transpersonal dimensions. New York: Plenum Press, 21–61.10.1007/978-1-4899-0125-5
  • Eisenman, P.A. and Barnett, C.R., 1979. Physical fitness in the 1950s and 1970s: why did one fail and the other boom? Quest, 31 (1), 114–122.10.1080/00336297.1979.10519930
  • Emmel, N., et al., 2007. Accessing socially excluded people: trust and the gatekeeper in the researcher–participant relationship. Sociological research online, 12 (2). Available from: http://www.socresonline.org.uk/12/2/emmel.html
  • Faurschou, G., 1987. Fashion and the cultural logic of postmodernity. In: A. Kroker and M. Kroker, eds. Body invaders: panic sex in America. Montreal: New World Perspectives, 78–93.
  • Featherstone, M., 1982. The body in consumer culture. Theory, culture & society, 1 (2), 18–33.
  • Featherstone, M., 2007. Consumer culture and postmodernism. 2nd ed. London: Sage.
  • Featherstone, M., 2010. Body, image and affect in consumer culture. Body & society, 16 (1), 193–221.
  • Flanagan, M.K., 2014. Sporting a skort: the biopolitics of materiality. Cultural studies ↔ critical methodologies, 14 (5), 506–516.10.1177/1532708614541894
  • Foucault, M., 1983. On the genealogy of ethics: an overview of work in progress. In: H.L. Dreyfus and P. Rainbow, eds. Michel Foucault: beyond structuralism and hermeneutics. 2nd ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 229–252.
  • Foucault, M., 1988. The ethic of care for the self as a practice of freedom. In: J.W. Bernauer and D.M. Rasmussen, eds. The final Foucault. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1–20.
  • Freund, P. and Martin, F., 2004. Walking and motoring: fitness and the social organisation of movement. Sociology of health & illness, 26 (3), 273–286.
  • Frew, M. and McGillivray, D., 2005. Health clubs and body politics: aesthetics and the quest for physical capital. Leisure studies, 24 (2), 161–175.10.1080/0261436042000300432
  • Gadamer, H.G., 1996. The enigma of health: the art of healing in the scientific age. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Giddens, A., 1991. Modernity and self-identity: self and society in the late modern age. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Glassner, B., 1989. Fitness and the postmodern self. Journal of health and social behavior, 30 (2), 180–191.10.2307/2137012
  • Glassner, B., 1990. Fit for postmodern selfhood. In: H.S. Becker and M.M. McCall, eds. Symbolic interaction and cultural studies. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 215–243.10.7208/chicago/9780226041056.001.0001
  • Glassner, B., 1992. Bodies: overcoming the tyranny of perfection. Los Angeles, CA: Lowell House.
  • Goldstein, M.S., 1992. The health movement: promoting fitness in America. New York: Twayne Publishers.
  • Green, H., 1986. Fit for America: health, fitness, sport, and American society. New York: Pantheon Books.
  • Grover, K., ed., 1989. Fitness in American culture: images of health, sport and the body. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
  • Harvey, D., 2000. Spaces of hope. Berkeley: University of California press.
  • Harvey, G., Vachhani, S.J. and Williams, K., 2014. Working out: aesthetic labour, affect and the fitness industry personal trainer. Leisure studies, 33 (5), 454–470.10.1080/02614367.2013.770548
  • van Hooft, S., 1997. Health and subjectivity. Health, 1 (1), 23–36.
  • Hutson, D.J., 2013. “Your body is your business card”: bodily capital and health authority in the fitness industry. Social science & medicine, 90, 63–71.
  • IHRSA, 2010. The IHRSA global report 2010. Boston, MA: IHRSA.
  • IHRSA, 2014. The IHRSA global report 2014. Boston, MA: IHRSA.
  • Illich, I., 1976. Medical nemesis: the expropriation of health. New York: Pantheon Books.
  • Klein, A.M., 1993. Little big men: bodybuilding subculture and gender construction. Albany: State University of New York Press.
  • Lamb, M.D. and Hillman, C., 2015. Whiners go home: Tough Mudder, conspicuous consumption, and the rhetorical proof of “fitness”. Communication & sport, 3 (1), 81–89.
  • Lasch, C., 1985. The minimal self: psychic survival in troubled times. New York: W.W. Norton.
  • Leder, D., 1990. The absent body. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Little, J., 2012. Transformational tourism, nature and wellbeing: new perspectives on fitness and the body. Sociologia ruralis, 52 (3), 257–271.10.1111/soru.2012.52.issue-3
  • Lupton, D., 1995. The imperative of health: public health and the regulated body. London: Sage.
  • MacIntyre, A., 2007. After virtue: a study in moral theory. 3rd ed. London: Duckworth.
  • Maguire, J. and Mansfield, L., 1998. No-body’s perfect: women, aerobics, and the body beautiful. Sociology of sport journal, 15 (2), 109–137.
  • Markula, P., 2003. The technologies of the self: sport, feminism, and Foucault. Sociology of sport journal, 20 (2), 87–107.
  • Markula, P., 2004. “Turning into oneself”: Foucault’s technologies of the self and mindful fitness. Sociology of sport journal, 20 (2), 87–107.
  • Morgan, W.P., 1985. Affective beneficence of vigorous physical activity. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 17 (1), 94–100.
  • Morris, J., 2009. Physical activity versus heart attack: a modern epidemic. In: I.-M. Lee, S.N. Blair, J.E. Manson, and R.S. Paffenbarger, eds. Epidemiologic methods in physical activity studies. New York: Oxford University Press, 3–12.
  • Neville, R.D., Gorman, C., Flanagan, S., and Dimanche, F., in press. Negotiating fitness, from consumption to virtuous production. Sociology of sport journal. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2013-0115
  • Park, R.J., 1989. Healthy, moral, and strong: educational views of exercise and athletics in nineteenth-century America. In: K. Grover, ed. Fitness in American culture: images of health, sport and the body. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 123–168.
  • Pavlidis, A. and Fullagar, S., 2015. The pain and pleasure of roller derby: thinking through affect and subjectification. International journal of cultural studies, 18 (5), 483–499. doi:10.1177/1367877913519309
  • Petersen, A., 1997. Risk, governance and the new public health. In: A. Petersen and R. Bunton, eds. Foucault, health and medicine. London: Routledge, 189–206.
  • Phoenix, C., Faulkner, G., and Sparkes, A.C., 2005. Athletic identity and self-ageing: the dilemma of exclusivity. Psychology of sport and exercise, 6 (3), 335–347.10.1016/j.psychsport.2003.11.004
  • Phoenix, C. and Orr, N., 2014. Pleasure: a forgotten dimension of physical activity in older age. Social science & medicine, 115, 94–102.
  • Pollio, H.E., Henley, T., and Thompson, C.J., 1997. The phenomenology of everyday life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511752919
  • Pronger, B., 2002. Body fascism: salvation in the technology of physical fitness. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Rader, B.G., 1991. The quest for self-sufficiency and the new strenuosity: reflections on the strenuous life of the 1970s and the 1980s. Journal of sport history, 18 (2), 255–266.
  • Rojek, C., 2009. The labour of leisure: the culture of free time. London: Sage.
  • Sansone, D., 1988. Greek athletics and the genesis of sport. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Sassatelli, R., 1999a. Interaction order and beyond: a field analysis of body culture within fitness gyms. Body & society, 5 (2–3), 227–248.
  • Sassatelli, R., 1999b. Fitness gyms and the local organization of experience. Sociological research online, 4 (3). Available from: http://www.socresonline.org.uk/4/3/sassatelli/html
  • Sassatelli, R., 2005. The commercialization of discipline: keep-fit culture and its values. In: M. Fraser and M. Greco, eds. The body: a reader. New York: Routledge, 283–287.
  • Sassatelli, R., 2006a. Beyond health and beauty: a critical perspective on fitness culture. In: G. Boswell and F. Poland, eds. Women’s minds, women’s bodies: interdisciplinary approaches to women’s health. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 77–88.
  • Sassatelli, R., 2006b. Fit bodies: fitness culture and the gym. In: F. Bonami, M.L. Frisa, and S. Tonchi, eds. Human game: winners and losers. Milan: Fondazione Pitti Discovery, 252–261.
  • Sassatelli, R., 2007. Consumer culture: history, theory and politics. London: Sage.
  • Sassatelli, R., 2010. Fitness culture: gyms and the commercialization of discipline and fun. Houndsmills: Palgrave.10.1057/9780230292086
  • Sassatelli, R., 2015. Healthy cities and instrumental leisure: the paradox of fitness gyms as urban phenomena. Modern Italy, 20 (3), 237–249. doi:10.1080/13532944.2015.1065239
  • Shusterman, R., 1999. Somaesthetics: a disciplinary proposal. The journal of aesthetics and art criticism, 57 (3), 299–313.10.2307/432196
  • Smith Maguire, J., 2008a. Fit for consumption: sociology and the business of fitness. London: Routledge.
  • Smith Maguire, J., 2008b. Leisure and the obligation of self-work: an examination of the fitness field. Leisure studies, 27 (1), 59–75.10.1080/02614360701605729
  • Stewart, B. and Smith, A.C.T., 2014. The significance of critical incidents in explaining gym use amongst adult populations. Qualitative research in sport, exercise and health, 6 (1), 45–61.10.1080/2159676X.2013.766814
  • Stewart, B., Smith, A., and Moroney, B., 2013. Capital building through gym work. Leisure studies, 32 (5), 542–560.10.1080/02614367.2012.697183
  • Thompson, C.J., Locander, W.B., and Pollio, H.R., 1989. Putting consumer experience back into consumer research: the philosophy and method of existential-phenomenology. Journal of consumer research, 16 (2), 133–146.10.1086/jcr.1989.16.issue-2
  • Waring, A., 2008. Health club use and ‘lifestyle’: exploring the boundaries between work and leisure. Leisure studies, 27 (3), 295–309.10.1080/02614360802048845
  • Whorton, J.C., 1982. Crusaders for fitness: the history of American health reformers. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.10.1515/9781400857463
  • Willis, S., 1990. Work(ing) out. Cultural studies, 4 (1), 3–19.
  • Windram-Geddes, M., 2013. Fearing fatness and feeling fat: encountering affective spaces of physical activity. Emotion, space and society, 9, 42–49.10.1016/j.emospa.2013.06.006
  • Wright, K., 2008. Theorizing therapeutic culture: past influences, future directions. Journal of sociology, 44 (4), 321–336.10.1177/1440783308097124
  • Wright, K., 2011. The rise of the therapeutic society: psychological knowledge and the contradictions of cultural change. Washington, DC: New Academia Publishers.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.