The think aloud method: what is it and how do I use it?

References

• Arsal, G., Eccles, D.W., and Ericsson, K.A., 2016. Cognitive mediation of putting: use of a think-aloud measure and implications for studies of golf-putting in the laboratory. Psychology of sport and exercise, 27, 18–27. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.07.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beilock, S.L. and Carr, T.H., 2001. On the fragility of skilled performance: what governs choking under pressure? Journal of experimental psychology: general, 130, 701–725. doi:10.1037/0096-3455.130.4.701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, E.V., et al., 2016. Negotiating (athletic) femininity: the body and identity in elite female basketball players. Qualitative research in sport, exercise, and health, 5, 1–14. doi:10.1080/2159676X.2016.1246470.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biedenweg, K., et al., 2014. Understanding older adults’ motivators and barriers to participating in organized programs supporting exercise behaviors. The journal of primary prevention, 35, 1–11. doi:10.1007/s10935-013-0331-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calmeiro, L., Tenenbaum, G., and Eccles, D., 2010. Event-sequence analysis of appraisals and coping during trapshooting performance. Journal of applied sport psychology, 22, 392–407. doi:10.1080/10413200.2010.495325.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calmeiro, L., Tenenbaum, G., and Eccles, D.W., 2014. Managing pressure: patterns of appraisals and coping strategies of non-elite and elite athletes during competition. Journal of sports sciences, 32, 1813–1820. doi:10.1080/02640414.2014.922692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosh, S., et al., 2013. Career transitions and identity: a discursive psychological approach to exploring athlete identity in retirement and the transition back into elite sport. Qualitative research in sport, exercise and health, 5, 21–42. doi:10.1080/2159676X.2012.712987.
   Google Scholar
• Crust, L., et al., 2014. A phenomenological exploration of exercise mental toughness: perceptions of exercise leaders and regular exercisers. Qualitative research in sport, exercise, and health, 6, 441–461. doi:10.1080/2159676X.2014.901986.
   Google Scholar
• Eccles, D.W., 2012. Verbal reports of cognitive processes. In: G. Tenenbaum, R.C. Eklund, and A. Kamata, eds. Measurement in sport and exercise psychology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 103–117.
   Google Scholar
• Eccles, D.W., et al., 2011. Where’s the emotion? How sport psychology can inform research on emotion in human factors. Human factors: the journal of the human factors and ergonomics society, 53, 180–202. doi:10.1177/0018720811403731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ericsson, K.A., 2006. Protocol analysis and expert thought: concurrent verbalizations of thinking during experts’ performance on representative tasks. In: K.A. Ericsson, N. Charness, P.J. Feltovich, and R.R. Hoffman, eds. The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 223-242. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511816796.013.10.1017/CBO9780511816796
   Google Scholar
• Ericsson, K.A. and Kintsch, W., 1995. Long-term working memory. Psychological review, 100, 363–406. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.100.3.363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ericsson, K.A. and Simon, H., 1980. Verbal reports as data. Psychological review, 87, 215–251. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.87.3.215.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ericsson, K.A. and Simon, H.A., 1993. Protocol analysis: verbal reports as data. 2nd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fitts, P.M. and Posner, M.I., 1967. Human performance. Belmont, CA: Brooks-Cole.
   Google Scholar
• Fox, M.C., Ericsson, K.A., and Best, R., 2011. Do procedures for verbal reporting of thinking have to be reactive? A meta-analysis and recommendations for best reporting methods. Psychological bulletin, 137, 316–344. doi:10.1037/a0021663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, G., et al., 2012. Conceptualising commitment: a thematic analysis of fans of Welsh rugby. Qualitative research in sport, exercise, and health, 4, 138–153. doi:10.1080/2159676X.2011.653500.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, R.C. and Baker, J.S., 2001. Routines, rituals, and rugby: case study of a world class goal kicker. The sport psychologist, 15, 48–65. doi:10.1123/tsp.15.1.48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindwall, M., et al., 2017. Stirring the motivational soup: within-person latent profiles of motivation in exercise. International journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 14, 1–12. doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0464-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macquet, A.-C., Eccles, D.W., and Barraux, E., 2012. What makes an orienteer an expert? A case study of a highly elite orienteer’s concerns in the course of competition. Journal of sports sciences, 30, 91–99. doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.617774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maier, N.R.F., 1931. Reasoning in humans: II. The solution of a problem and its appearance in consciousness. Journal of comparative psychology, 12, 181–194. doi:10.1037/h0071361.
   Google Scholar
• McGannon, K.R. and Spence, J.C., 2010. Speaking of the self and understanding physical activity participation: what discursive psychology can tell us about an old problem. Qualitative research in sport and exercise, 2, 17–38. doi:10.1080/19398440903510145.
   Google Scholar
• McRobert, A., et al., 2011. The effect of manipulating context-specific information on perceptual-cognitive processes during a simulated anticipation task. British journal of psychology, 102, 519–534. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.2010.02013.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nisbett, R.E. and Wilson, T.C., 1977. Telling more than we can know: verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological review, 84, 231–259. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.84.3.231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, S.H., 1966. Trial-by-trial analysis of processes in simple and disjunctive concept attainment tasks. Journal of experimental psychology, 72, 456–465. doi:10.1037/h0023652.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith, B. and Sparkes, A. C., 2016. Interviews: qualitative interviewing in the sport and exercise sciences. In: B. Smith and A.C. Sparkes eds., Routledge handbook of qualitative research methods in sport and exercise. London, UK: Routledge, 103–123.
   Google Scholar