‘Wellness’ lifts us above the Food Chaos’: a narrative exploration of the experiences and conceptualisations of Orthorexia Nervosa through online social media forums

References

• Abrams, K. K., L. R. Allen, and J. J. Gray. 1993. “Disordered Eating Attitudes and Behaviors, Psychological Adjustment, and Ethnic Identity: A Comparison of Black and White Female College Students.” International Journal of Eating Disorders 14 (1): 49–57.10.1002/(ISSN)1098-108X
   Google Scholar
• Adams, J. 2010. “Motivational Narratives and Assessments of the Body after Cosmetic Surgery.” Qualitative Health Research 20 (6): 755–767.10.1177/1049732310362984
   Google Scholar
• Alvesson, M., and K. Sköldberg. 2009. Reflexive Methodology: New Vistas for Qualitative Research. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Andreasen, A. R. 1994. “Social Marketing: Its Definition and Domain.” Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 108–114.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, U. 1992. Risk Society: Towards A New Modernity. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. 1986. “The Forms of Capital.” In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, edited by J. Richardson, 241–258. New York: Greenwood Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. 1998. Practical Reason: On the Theory of Action. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P., and L. J. Wacquant. 1992. An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology. London: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bratman, S. 1977. “Orthorexia Essay.” [Online]. Accessed June 2, 2016. http://www.orthorexia.com/original-orthorexia-essay/
   Google Scholar
• Brown, D. 1999. “Male Bodybuilders and the Social Meaning of Muscle.” Auto/Biography 7 (1–2): 83–91.
   Google Scholar
• Brytek-Matera, A. 2012. “Orthorexia Nervosa. An Eating Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder or Disturbed Eating Habit?” Archives of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy 14 (1): 55–60.
   Google Scholar
• Bury, M. 1982. “Chronic Illness as Biographical Disruption.” Sociology of Health and Illness 4 (2): 167–182.10.1111/1467-9566.ep11339939
   Google Scholar
• Butryn, T. M., and M. A. Masucci. 2009. “Traversing the Matrix: Cyborg Athletes, Technology, and the Environment.” Journal of Sport and Social Issues 33 (3): 285–307.10.1177/0193723509340000
   Google Scholar
• Busanich, R., K. R. McGannon, and R. J. Schinke. 2012. “Expanding Understandings of the Body, Food and Exercise Relationship in Distance Runners: a Narrative Approach.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 13 (5): 582–590.
   Google Scholar
• Busanich, R., K. R. McGannon, and R. J. Schinke. 2014. “Comparing Elite Male and Female Distance Runner's Experiences of Disordered Eating through Narrative Analysis.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 15 (6): 705–712.
   Google Scholar
• Busanich, R., K. R. McGannon, and R. J. Schinke. 2016. “Exploring Disordered Eating and Embodiment in Male Distance Runners through Visual Narrative Methods.” Qualitative Research in sport, Exercise and Health 8 (1): 95–112.
   Google Scholar
• Carless, D., and K. Douglas. 2008. “Narrative, Identity and Mental Health: How Men with Serious Mental Illness Re-Story Their Lives through Sport and Exercise.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 9 (5): 576–594.10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.08.002
   Google Scholar
• Carless, D., and K. Douglas. 2013. “Living, Resisting, and Playing the Part of Athlete: Narrative Tensions in Elite Sport.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 14 (5): 701–708.10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.05.003
   Google Scholar
• Cerri, E. M., A. R. Fisher, and S. Taheri. 2012. “What is Social Media Feeding You? A Study of Diet and Weight Loss Information Available on YouTube.” Appetite 58 (3): 1171.10.1016/j.appet.2012.02.024
   Google Scholar
• Chaki, B., S. Pal, and A. Bandyopadhyay. 2013. “Exploring Scientific Legitimacy of Orthorexia Nervosa: A Newly Emerging Eating Disorder.” Journal of Human Sport and Exercise 8 (4): 1045–1053.10.4100/jhse
   Google Scholar
• Cordell, G., and C. R. Ronai. 1999. “Identity Management among Overweight Women. Narrative Resistance to Stigma.” In Interpreting Weight. The Social Management of Fatness and Thinness, edited by J. Sobal and D. Maurer, 29–47. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, R. 1980. “Healthism and the Medicalization of Everyday Life.” International Journal of Health Services 10 (3): 365–388.10.2190/3H2H-3XJN-3KAY-G9NY
   Google Scholar
• Crawford, R. 2006. “Health as a Meaningful Social Practice.” Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine 10 (4): 401–420.10.1177/1363459306067310
   Google Scholar
• Dalle Grave, R. 2011. “Eating Disorders: Progress and Challenges.” European Journal of Internal Medicine 22 (2): 153–160.10.1016/j.ejim.2010.12.010
   Google Scholar
• Dias, K. E. 2003. “Ana Sanctuary: Women’s pro-Anorexia Narratives in Cyberspace.” Journal of International Women’s Studies 4 (2): 31–45.
   Google Scholar
• Dittmar, H. 2007. Consumer Culture, Identity and Well-Being: The Search for the ‘Good Life’ and the ‘Body Perfect’. New York: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dunn, T. M., and S. Bratman. 2016. “On Orthorexia Nervosa: A Review of the Literature and Proposed Diagnostic Criteria.” Eating Behaviors 21: 11–17.10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.12.006
   Google Scholar
• Featherstone, M., and R. Burrows, eds. 1996. Cyberspace/Cyberbodies/Cyberpunk: Cultures of Technological Embodiment. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Fornaciari, F. 2013. “The Language of Technoself: Storytelling, Symbolic Interactionism and Online Identity.” In Handbook of Research on Technoself: Identity in a Technological Society, edited by R. Luppicini, 64–83. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.10.4018/978-1-4666-2211-1
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. 1988. “Technologies of the Self.” In Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault, edited by L. H. Martin, H. Gutman and P. H. Hutton, 16–49. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
   Google Scholar
• Frank, A. W. 1995. The Wounded Storyteller: Body, Illness. London: University of Chicago Press.10.7208/chicago/9780226260037.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Frank, A. W. 2010. Letting Stories Breathe: A Socio-Narratology. London: University of Chicago Press.10.7208/chicago/9780226260143.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Freeman, M. 2000. “When the Story’s over: Narrative Foreclosure and the Possibility of Self-Renewal.” In Lines of Narrative: Psychosocial Perspectives, edited by M. Andrews, S. Slater, C. Squire, and A. Treacher, 245–250. Toronto: Captus University Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Fursland, A., H. J. Watson, B. Raykos, A. Steele, and S. Byrne. 2010. “Eating Disorders: Advances in Treatment and Management.” In Handbook of Integrative Clinical Psychology, Psychiatry, and Behavioral Medicine: Perspectives, Practices, and Research, edited by R. A. Carlstedt, 215–244. New York: Springer Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Gavin, J., K. Rodham, and H. Poyer. 2008. “The Presentation of “pro-Anorexia” in Online Group Interactions.” Qualitative Health Research 18 (3): 325–333.10.1177/1049732307311640
   Google Scholar
• Gavroglu, K. 2012. “Science Popularization, Hegemonic Ideology and Commercialized Science.” Journal of History of Science and Technology 6: 85–97.
   Google Scholar
• Giddens, A. 1990. The Consequences of Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Giddens, A. 1991. Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gordon, K. H., M. Perez, and T. E. Joiner. 2002. “The Impact of Racial Stereotypes on Eating Disorder Recognition.” International Journal of Eating Disorders 32 (2): 219–224.10.1002/(ISSN)1098-108X
   Google Scholar
• Håman, L., N. Barker-Ruchti, G. Patriksson, and E. C. Lindgren. 2015. “Orthorexia Nervosa: An Integrative Literature Review of a Lifestyle Syndrome.” International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being 10: 1. 1, doi:10.3402/qhw.v10.26799
   Google Scholar
• Håman, L., E-C. Lindgren, and H. Prell. 2017. “‘If it’s not Iron it’s Iron f*cking biggest Ironman’: personal trainers’ views on health norms, orthorexia and deviant behaviours.” International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being 12:sup2, 1364602. doi:10.1080/17482631.2017.1364602
   Google Scholar
• Hine, C. 2000. Virtual Ethnography. London: Sage.10.4135/9780857020277
   Google Scholar
• Hine, C. 2011. “Internet Research and Unobtrusive Methods.” Social Research Update 61: 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Hogan, B. 2010. “The Presentation of Self in the Age of Social Media: Distinguishing Performances and Exhibitions Online.” Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society 30 (6): 377–386.10.1177/0270467610385893
   Google Scholar
• Holstein, J. A., and J. F. Gubrium, eds. 2011. Varieties of Narrative Analysis. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Hudson, J. I., E. Hiripi, H. G. Pope, and R. C. Kessler. 2007. “The Prevalence and Correlates of Eating Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication.” Biological Psychiatry 61 (3): 348–358.10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.040
   Google Scholar
• Keim-Malpass, J., R. H. Steeves, and C. Kennedy. 2014. “Internet Ethnography: A Review of Methodological Considerations for Studying Online Illness Blogs.” International Journal of Nursing Studies 51 (12): 1686–1692.10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2014.06.003
   Google Scholar
• Kleinman, A. 1988. The Illness Narratives: Suffering Healing and the Human Condition. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Kotler, P., and G. Zaltman. 1971. “Social Marketing: An Approach to Planned Social Change.” Journal of Marketing 35: 3–12.10.2307/1249783
   Google Scholar
• Lester, R. J. 1997. “The (Dis)Embodied Self in Anorexia Nervosa.” Social Science and Medicine 44 (4): 479–489.10.1016/S0277-9536(96)00166-9
   Google Scholar
• Lietz, C. A., and L. E. Zayas. 2010. “Evaluating Qualitative Research for Social Work Practitioners.” Advances in Social Work 11 (2): 188–202.
   Google Scholar
• Maeseele, P. 2013. “Communication, Media and Genetically Modified Food: A Politicized Reading.” Catalan Journal of Communication and Cultural Studies 5 (2): 183–199
   Google Scholar
• Markula, P., and R. Pringle. 2006. Foucault, Sport and Exercise: Power, Knowledge and Transforming the Self. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Maykut, P., and R. Morehouse. 1994. Beginning Qualitative Research: A Philosophic and Practical Guide. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, D. 1974. “Popper’s Qualitative Theory of Verisimilitude.” The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 25 (2): 166–177.10.1093/bjps/25.2.166
   Google Scholar
• Musolino, C., M. Warin, T. Wade, and P. Gilchrist. 2015. “‘Healthy Anorexia’: The Complexity of Care in Disordered Eating.” Social Science & Medicine 139: 18–25.10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.06.030
   Google Scholar
• Nagel, K. L., and K. H. Jones. 1992. “Sociological Factors in the Development of Eating Disorders.” Adolescence 27 (105): 107.
   Google Scholar
• Nandy, A. 1988. Science, Hegemony and Violence: A Requiem for Modernity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nicolosi, G. 2006. “Biotechnologies, Alimentary Fears and the Orthorexic Society.” Tailoring Biotechnologies 2 (3): 37–56.
   Google Scholar
• Nicolosi, G. 2007. “‘Orthorexic Society’ and Media Narrations. Advertising and Food Labeling.” Eursafe News 9 (1): 2–5.
   Google Scholar
• Papathomas, A., and D. Lavallee. 2010. “Athlete Experiences of Disordered Eating in Sport.” Qualitative Research in Sport and Exercise 2: 354–370.10.1080/19398441.2010.517042
   Google Scholar
• Patching, J., and J. Lawler. 2009. “Understanding Women’s Experiences of Developing an Eating Disorder and Recovering: A Life-History Approach.” Nursing Inquiry 16 (1): 10–21.10.1111/nin.2009.16.issue-1
   Google Scholar
• Papathomas, A., and D. Lavallee. 2006. “A Life History Analysis of a Male Athlete with an Eating Disorder.” Journal of Loss and Trauma 11: 143–179.
   Google Scholar
• Patton, M. 1990. Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Petersen, Alan R. 1996. “Risk and the Regulated Self: The Discourse of Health Promotion as Politics of Uncertainty.” Journal of Sociology 32 (1): 44–57.
   Google Scholar
• Phoenix, C., and M. Griffin. 2013. “Narratives at Work: What Can Stories of Older Athletes Do?” Ageing and Society 33 (2): 243–266.10.1017/S0144686X11001103
   Google Scholar
• Phoenix, C., B. Smith, and A. C. Sparkes. 2010. “Narrative Analysis in Aging Studies: A Typology for Consideration.” Journal of Aging Studies 24 (1): 1–11.10.1016/j.jaging.2008.06.003
   Google Scholar
• Polivy, J., and C. P. Herman. 2002. “Causes of Eating Disorders.” Annual Review of Psychology 53 (1): 187–213.10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135103
   Google Scholar
• Polkinghorne, D. E. 2006. “Narrative Configuration in Qualitative Analysis.” In Life History and Narrative, edited by J. A. Hatch and R. Wisniewski, 5. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Poster, M. 2001. What’s the Matter with the Internet?. London: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Postill, J., and S. Pink. 2012. “Social Media Ethnography: The Digital Researcher in a Messy Web.” Media International Australia 145 (1): 123–134.10.1177/1329878X1214500114
   Google Scholar
• Rangel, C., S. Dukeshire, and L. MacDonald. 2012. “Diet and Anxiety. an Exploration into the Orthorexic Society.” Appetite 58 (1): 124–132.10.1016/j.appet.2011.08.024
   Google Scholar
• Rich, E. 2006. “Anorexic Dis(Connection): Managing Anorexia as an Illness and an Identity.” Sociology of Health and Illness 28 (3): 284–305.10.1111/shil.2006.28.issue-3
   Google Scholar
• Riessman, C. K. 2005a. “Narrative Analysis.” In Narrative, Memory & Everyday Life, edited by N. Kelly, C. Horrocks, K. Milnes, B. Roberts, and D. Robinson, 1–7. Huddersfield: University of Huddersfield.
   Google Scholar
• Riessman, C. K. 2005b. Narrative Analysis (Qualitative Research Methods). London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Sharf, B. 1999. “Beyond Netiquette: The Ethics of Doing Naturalistic Discourse Research on the Internet.” In Doing Internet Research: Critical Issues and Methods for Examining the Net, edited by S. Jones, 243–256. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.10.4135/9781452231471
   Google Scholar
• Shilling, C. 2013. The Body and Social Theory. 3rd ed. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Shumar, W., and N. Madison. 2013. “Ethnography in a Virtual World.” Ethnography and Education 8 (2): 255–272.10.1080/17457823.2013.792513
   Google Scholar
• Smith, C. 2000. “Content Analysis and Narrative Analysis.” In Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology, edited by T. Reis and C. Judd, 313–335. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, B., and A. C. Sparkes. 2009. “Narrative Analysis and Sport and Exercise Psychology: Understanding Lives in Diverse Ways.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 10 (2): 279–288.10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.07.012
   Google Scholar
• Smolak, L., M. P., Levine, & R. Striegel-Moore. 2013. The Developmental Psychopathology of Eating Disorders: Implications for Research, Prevention, and Treatment. Routledge: Abingdon.
   Google Scholar
• Somers, M. R. 1994. “The Narrative Constitution of Identity: A Relational and Network Approach.” Theory and Society 23 (5): 605–649.10.1007/BF00992905
   Google Scholar
• Sparkes, A. C., and B. Smith. 2002. “Sport, Spinal Cord Injury, Embodied Masculinities, and the Dilemmas of Narrative Identity.” Men and Masculinities 4 (3): 258–285.10.1177/1097184X02004003003
   Google Scholar
• Sparkes, A. C., and B. Smith. 2003. “Men, Sport, Spinal Cord Injury and Narrative Time.” Qualitative Research 3 (3): 295–320.10.1177/1468794103033002
   Google Scholar
• Sparkes, A. C., and B. Smith. 2014. Qualitative Research Methods in Sport, Exercise and Health: From Process to Product. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Spence, D. P. 1982. “Narrative Truth and Theoretical Truth.” The Psychoanalytic Quarterly 51 (1): 43.
   Google Scholar
• Stice, E., and H. E. Shaw. 2002. “Role of Body Dissatisfaction in the Onset and Maintenance of Eating Pathology.” Journal of Psychosomatic Research 53 (5): 985–993.10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00488-9
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, J. K., and L. J. Heinberg. 1999. “The Media’s Influence on Body Image Disturbance and Eating Disorders: We’ve Reviled Them, Now Can We Rehabilitate Them?” Journal of Social Issues 55 (2): 339–353.10.1111/0022-4537.00119
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, J. K., and E. Stice. 2001. “Thin-Ideal Internalization: Mounting Evidence for a New Risk Factor for Body-Image Disturbance and Eating Pathology.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 10 (5): 181–183.10.1111/1467-8721.00144
   Google Scholar
• Thorpe, H. 2008. “Foucault, Technologies of Self, and the Media Discourses of Femininity in Snowboarding Culture.” Journal of Sport and Social Issues 32 (2): 199–229.10.1177/0193723508315206
   Google Scholar
• Throsby, K. 2007. “‘How Could You Let Yourself Get like That?’: Stories of the Origins of Obesity in Accounts of Weight Loss Surgery.” Social Science and Medicine 65 (8): 1561–1571.10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.06.005
   Google Scholar
• Tripathy, J. P. 2013. “Secondary Data Analysis: Ethical Issues and Challenges.” Iranian Journal of Public Health 42 (12): 1478.
   Google Scholar
• Vandereycken, W. 2002. “History of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa.” In Eating Disorders and Obesity: A Comprehensive Handbook, edited by C. G. Fairburn and K. D. Brownell, 43–49. London: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vaterlaus, J. M., E. V. Patten, C. Roche, and J. A. Young. 2015. “#Gettinghealthy: The Perceived Influence of Social Media on Young Adult Health Behaviors.” Computers in Human Behavior 45: 151–157.10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.013
   Google Scholar
• Waskul, D., and M. Douglass. 1997. “Cyberself: The Emergence of Self in on-Line Chat.” Information Society 13: 375–397.
   Google Scholar
• White, M., and D. Epston. 1990. Story, Knowledge, and Power. Narrative Means to Therapeutic Ends. Adelaide, Australia: W.W. Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Wittel, A. 2000. “Ethnography on the Move: From Field to Net to Internet.” Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research1 (1). http://dx.doi.org/10.17169/fqs-1.1.1131.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2004. Prevention of Mental Disorders: Effective Interventions and Policy Options. Summary Report. France: WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data.
   Google Scholar