Inescapable tensions: performance and/or psychological well-being in Olympic and Paralympic athletes during sport disruption

References

• Adie, J., J. Duda, and N. Ntoumanis. 2008. “Achievement Goals, Competition Appraisals, and the Psychological and Emotional Welfare of Sports Participants.” Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 30 (3): 302–322. doi:10.1123/jsep.30.3.302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adie, J., J. Duda, and N. Ntoumanis. 2010. “Achievement Goals, Competition Appraisals, and the Well- and Ill-Being of Elite Youth Soccer Players Over Two Competitive Seasons.” Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 32 (4): 555–579. doi:https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.32.4.555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez, M.S., I. Balaguer, I. Castillo, and J.L. Duda. 2009. “Coach Autonomy Support and Quality of Sport Engagement in Young Soccer Players.” The Spanish Journal of Psychology 12 (1): 138–148. doi:10.1017/S1138741600001554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amorose, A.J., D. Anderson-Butcher, and J. Cooper. 2009. “Predicting Changes in athletes’ Well-Being from Changes in Need Satisfaction Over the Course of a Competitive Season.” Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 80 (2): 386–392. doi:10.1080/02701367.2009.10599575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aristotle. 1947. Introduction to Aristotle. McKeon, R. edited by. New York: The Modern Library.
   Google Scholar
• Bartholomew, K., N. Ntoumanis, R. Ryan, and C. Thogersen-Ntoumaini. 2011. “Psychological Need Thwarting in the Sport Context: Assessing the Darker Side of Athletic Experience.” Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 33 (1): 75–102. doi:10.1123/jsep.33.1.75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer, J.J., D.P. McAdams, and J. Pals. 2008. “Narrative Identity and Eudaimonic Well-Being.” Journal of Happiness Studies 9 (1): 81–104. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9021-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett, E.V., L.R. Trainor, A.M. Bundon, M. Tremblay, S. Mannella, and P.R.E. Crocker. 2022. “From “Blessing in disguise” to “What Do I Do now?”: How Canadian Olympic and Paralympic Hopefuls Perceived, Experienced, and Coped with the Postponement of the Tokyo 2020 Games.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 62: 102246. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard, C., C. Amoit, S. Pereault, R. Vallerand, and P. Provencher. 2009. “Cohesiveness, Coach’s Interpersonal Style and Psychological Needs: Their Effects on Self-Determination and athletes’ Subjective Well-Being.” Psychology of Sport Exercise 10 (5): 546–551. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.02.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., and V. Clarke. 2013. Successful Qualitative Research: A Practice Guide for Beginners. London: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., and V. Clarke. 2019. “Reflecting of Reflexive Thematic Analysis.” Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health 11 (4): 589–597. doi:10.1080/2159676X.2019.1628806.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., and V. Clarke. 2022. “Conceptual and Design Thinking for Thematic Analysis.” Qualitative Psychology 9 (1): 3–26. doi:10.1037/qup0000196.
   Google Scholar
• Brewer, B. 1993. “Self-Identity and Specific Vulnerability to Depressed Mood.” Journal of Personality 61 (3): 343–364. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1993.tb00284.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer, B. W., and A. J. Petitpas. 2017. “Athletic Identity Foreclosure.” Current Opinion in Psychology 17: 118–122. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.05.004.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brinkmann, S. 2013. Qualitative Interviewing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199861392.001.0001.
   Google Scholar
• Burr, V. 2003. Social Constructionism (2nd Ed.). London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203694992.
   Google Scholar
• Carless, D., and K. Douglas. 2012. “Storied of Success: Cultural Narratives and Personal Stories of Elite and Professional Athletes.” Reflective Practice 13 (3): 387–398. doi:10.1080/14623943.2012.657793.
   Google Scholar
• Carless, D., and K. Douglas. 2013. “Living, Resisting, and Playing the Part of Athlete: Narrative Tensions in Elite Sport.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 14 (5): 701–708. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.05.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clement, D., M. Arvinen-Barrow, and T. Fetty. 2015. “Psychosocial Responses During Different Phases of Sport-Injury Rehabilitation: A Qualitative Analysis.” Journal of Athletic Training 50: 95–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa, S., G. Santi, S. di Fronso, C. Montesano, F. Di Gruttola, E.G. Ciofi, L. Morgilli, and M. Bertollo. 2020. “Athletes and Adversities: Athletic Identity and Emotional Regulation in Time of COVID-19.” Sport Science Health 16 (4): 609–618. doi:10.1007/s11332-020-00677-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crocker, P.R.E., K.A. Tamminen, and P. Gaudreau. 2015. “Coping in Sport.” In Contemporary Advances in Sport Psychology: A Review, edited by S. D. Mellalieu and S. Hanton, 28–67. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Debois, N., A. Ledon, and P. Wylleman. 2015. “A Lifespan Perspective on the Dual Career of Elite Male Athletes.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 21: 15–26. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.07.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci, E., and R. Ryan. 2008. “Hedonia, Eudaimonia, and Well-Being: An Introduction.” Journal of Happiness Studies 9 (1): 1–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9018-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denzin, N. K. 1989. The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods. 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Diener, E.L. 1984. “Subjective Well-Being.” Psychological Bulletin 95 (3): 542–575. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.95.3.542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas, K., and D. Carless. 2009. “Abandoning the Performance Narrative: Two Women’s Stories of Transition from Professional Sport.” Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 21 (2): 213–230. doi:10.1080/10413200902795109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubey, S., P. Biswas, R. Ghosh, S. Chatterjee, M.J. Dubey, S. Chatterjee, D. Lahiri, and C.J. Lavie. 2020. “Psychosocial Impact of COVID-19.” Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome 14 (5): 779–788. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dweck, C.S.,(2022). Carol Dweck Revisits the ‘Growth mindset’. Education Week. www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2015/09/23/carol-dweck-revisits-the-growth-mindset.html.
   Google Scholar
• Dweck, C. S., and E. S. Elliott. 1983. “Achievement Motivation.” In Handbook of Child Psychology, edited by P. Mussen and E. M. Hetherington, 643–691. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Eke, A., M. Adam, K. Kowalski, and L. Ferguson. 2020. “Narratives of Adolescent Women athletes’ Body Self-Compassion, Performance and Emotional Well-Being.” Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health 12 (2): 175–191. doi:10.1080/2159676X.2019.1628805.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot, A. J., and H. A. McGregor. 2001. “A 2×2 Achievement Goal Framework.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 80 (3): 501–519. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.3.501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felton, L., and S. Jowett. 2015. “On Understanding the Role of Need Thwarting in the Association Between Athlete Attachment and Well/ill-Being.” Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Sports Sciences 25 (2): 289–298. doi:10.1111/sms.12196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felton, L., and S. Jowett. 2017. “A Self-Determination Theory Perspective on Attachment, Need Satisfaction and Well-Being in a Sample of Athletes: A Longitudinal Study.” Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 11 (4): 304–323. doi:10.1123/jcsp.2016-0013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, L.J., K.C. Kowalski, D.E. Mack, and C.M. Sabiston. 2014. “Exploring Self-Compassion and Eudaimonic Well-Being in Young Women Athletes.” Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 36 (2): 203–216. doi:10.1123/jsep.2013-0096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, L.J., K.C. Kowalski, D.E. Mack, and C.M. Sabiston. 2015. “Self-Compassion and Eudaimonic Well-Being During Emotionally Difficult Times in Sport.” Journal of Happiness Studies 16 (5): 1263–1280. doi:10.1007/s10902-014-9558-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finlay, L. 2002. “Negotiating the Swamp: The Opportunity and Challenge of Reflexivity in Research Practice.” Qualitative Research 2 (2): 209–230. doi:10.1177/146879410200200205.
   Google Scholar
• Foskett, R. L., and F. Longstaff. 2018. “The Mental Health of Elite Athletes in the United Kingdom.” Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 21: 765–770. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2017.11.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannone, Z.A., C.J. Haney, D. Kealy, and J.S. Ogrodniczuk. 2017. “Athletic Identity and Psychiatric Symptoms Following Retirement from Sports.” The International Journal of Social Psychiatry 63 (7): 598–601. doi:10.1177/0020764017724184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles, S., D. Fletcher, R. Arnold, A. Ashfield, and J. Harrison. 2020. “Measuring Well-Being in Sport Performers: Where are We Now and How Do We Progress?.” Sports Medicine 50: 1255–1270. doi:10.1007/s40279-020-01274-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorczynski, P. F., M. Coyle, and K. Gibson. 2017. “Depressive Symptoms in High-Performance Athletes and Non-Athletes: A Comparative Meta-Analysis.” British Journal of Sports Medicine 51: 1348–1354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goulimaris, D., G. Mavridis, M. Genti, and S. Rokka. 2014. “Relationships Between Basic Psychological Needs and Psychological Well-Being in Recreational Dance Activities.” Journal of Physical Education & Sport 14 (2): 277–284.
   Google Scholar
• Gunnell, K.E., P.R. Crocker, P.M. Wilson, D.E. Mack, and B.D. Zumbo. 2013. “Psychological Need Satisfaction and Thwarting: A Test of Basic Psychological Needs Theory in Physical Activity Contexts.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 14 (5): 599–607.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haan, R., M.E. Ali Alblooshi, D.H. Syed, K.K. Dougman, T.H. Al, L.A. Campos, Aparecida, and O.C. Baltatu. 2021. “Health and Well-Being of Athletes During the Coronavirus Pandemic: A Scoping Review.” Frontiers in Public Health 9: 2296–2565. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.641392.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, T., and M. Dao. 2020. “Personal Pasts Become Academic Presents: Engaging Reflexivity and Considering Dual Insider/Outsider Roles in Physical Cultural Fieldwork.” Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health 13 (3): 1–15. doi:10.1080/2159676X.2020.1731576.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodge, K., and D.F. Gucciardi. 2015. “Antisocial and Prosocial Behavior in Sport: The Role of Motivational Climate, Basic Psychological Needs, and Moral Disengagement.” Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 37: 257 273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houltberg, B., K. Wang, W. Qi, and C. Nelson. 2018. “Self-Narrative Profiles of Elite Athletes and Comparisons of Psychological Well-Being.” Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 89 (3): 354–360. doi:10.1080/02701367.2018.1481919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshanloo, M. 2016. “Revisiting the Empirical Distinction Between Hedonic and Eudaimonic Aspects of Well-Being Using Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling.” Journal of Happiness Studies 17: 2023–2036.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr, G., and A. Dacyshyn. 2001. “The Retirement Experiences of Elite, Female Gymnasts.” Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 12 (2): 115–133. doi:10.1080/10413200008404218.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr, J.H., and S. Houge-Mackenzie. 2018. “‘I Don’t Want to Die. That’s Not Why I Do It at all’: Multifaceted Motivation, Psychological Health, and Personal Development in BASE Jumping.” Annals of Leisure Research 23 (2): 223–242. doi:10.1080/11745398.2018.1483732.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundqvist, C. 2011. “Well-Being in Competitive Sports—the Feel-Good Factor? A Review of Conceptual Considerations of Well-Being.” International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 4 (2): 109–127. doi:10.1080/1750984X.2011.584067.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundqvist, C., and J. S. Raglin. 2015. “The Relationship of Basic Need Satisfaction, Motivational Climate 16 and Personality to Well-Being and Stress Patterns Among Elite Athletes: An Explorative Study.” Motivation and Emotion 39 (2): 237–246. doi:10.1007/s11031-014-9444-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martela, F., and K.M. Sheldon. 2019. “Clarifying the Concept of Well-Being: Psychological Need Satisfaction as the Common Core Connecting Eudaimonic and Subjective Well-Being.” Review of General Psychology 23 (4): 458–474. doi:10.1177/1089268019880886.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEwen, C. E., L. H. Clarke, E. V. Bennett, K. A. Dawson, and P. R. E. Crocker. 2018. ““It’s This Thing of Being an Olympian That You Don’t Get from Anything else”: Changing Experiences of Canadian Individual-Sport Athletes with Olympic Team Selection.” The Sport Psychologist 32 (2): 81–92. doi:10.1123/tsp.2016-0152.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGannon, K.R., L. Pomerleau-Fontaine, and J. McMahon. 2020. “Extreme Sport, Identity, and Well-Being: A Case Study and Narrative Approach to Elite Skyrunning.” Case Studies in Sport and Exercise Psychology 4 (S1): 8–16. doi:10.1123/cssep.2019-0031.
   Google Scholar
• McGannon, K.R., E. Tatarnic, and J. McMahon. 2019. “The Long and Winding Road: An Autobiographic Study of an Elite Athlete Mother’s Journey to Winning Gold.” Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 31 (4): 385–404. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2018.1512535.
   Google Scholar
• McLeod, J. 1 2006. “Narrative Thinking and the Emergence of Post-Psychological Therapies.” Narrative inquiry 16 (1): 201–210. doi:10.1075/ni.16.1.25mcl.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLoughlin, E., D. Fletcher, G. M. Slavich, R. Arnold, and L. J. Moore. 2021. “Cumulative Lifetime Stress Exposure, Depression, Anxiety, and Well-Being in Elite Athletes: A Mixed-Method Study.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 52: 101823. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrsafar, A.H., P. Gazerani, A. Moghadam Zadeh, and J.C. Jaenes Sánchez. 2020. “Addressing Potential Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical and Mental Health of Elite Athletes.” Brain Behaviour Immunity 87 (3): 147–148. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.011.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller, P., and G. Kerr. 2002. “Conceptualizing Excellence: Past, Present, and Future.” Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 14 (3): 140–153. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200290103464.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moesch, K., G. Kenttä, J. Kleinert, C. Quignon-Fleuret, S. Cecil, and M. Bertollo. 2018. “FEPSAC Position Statement: Mental Health Disorders in Elite Athletes and Models of Service Provision.” Psychology of Sportand Exercise 38: 61–71. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.05.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosewich, A., K. Kowalski, and P.R.E. Crocker. 2014. “Managing Injury and Other Setbacks in Sport: Experiences of (And Resources For) High Performance Women Athletes.” Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise & Health 6 (2): 182–204. doi:10.1080/2159676X.2013.766810.
   Google Scholar
• Neimeyer, R. A., O. Herrero, and L. Botella. 2006. “Chaos to Coherence: Psychotherapeutic Integration of Traumatic Loss.” Journal of Constructivist Psychology 19 (2): 127–145. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10720530500508738.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, H.J., K.L. Howells, and D. Fletcher. 2016. “The Dark Side of Top Level Sport: An Autobiographic Study of Depressive Experiences in Elite Sport Performers.” Frontiers in Psychology 7: 1–12. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls, J.G. 1984. “Achievement Motivation: Conceptions of Ability, Subjective Experience, Task Choice, and Performance.” Psychological Review 91 (3): 328–346. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.91.3.328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls, A.R., A.R. Levy, F. Carson, M.A. Thompson, and J. L. Perry. 2016. “The Applicability of Self-Regulation Theories in Sport: Goal Adjustment Capacities, Stress Appraisals, Coping, and Well-Being Among Athletes.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 27: 47–55. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.07.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orkibi, H., and T. Ronen. 2017. “Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction Mediates the Association Between Self-Control Skills and Subjective Well-Being.” Frontiers in Psychology 8: 936. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton, M. Q. 2015. Qualitative Research and Evaluating Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice. 4th ed. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Pensgaard, A. M., T.H. Oevreboe, and A. Ivarsson. 2021. “Mental Health Among Elite Athletes in Norway During a Selected Period of the COVID-19 Pandemic.” BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 7 (1): e001025. doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2020-001025.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reinboth, M., and J.L. Duda. 2006. “Perceived Motivational Climate, Need Satisfaction and Indices of Wellbeing in Team Sports: A Longitudinal Perspective.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 7 (3): 269–286. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2005.06.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice, S. M., R. Purcell, S. De Silva, D. Mawren, P. D. McGorry, and A. G. Parker. 2016. “The Mental Health of Elite Athletes: A Narrative Systematic Review.” Sports Medicine 46: 1333–1353. doi:10.1007/s40279-.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy-Davis, K., R. Wadey, and L. Evans. 2017. “A Grounded Theory of Sport Injury-Related Growth.” Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology 6 (1): 35–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000080.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, C. 2015. “Factors Impacting Carded Athlete’s Readiness for Dual Careers.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 21: 91–97. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.04.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, R.M., and E.L. Deci. 2001. “On Happiness and Human Potentials: A Review of Research on Hedonic and Eudaimonic Well-Being.” Annual Review of Psychology 52 (1): 141–166. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryff, C.D. 1989. “Happiness is Everything, or is It? Explorations on the Meaning of Psychological Well-Being.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57 (6): 1069–1081. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryff, C.D. 2013. “Psychological Well-Being Revisited: Advances in the Science and Practice of Eudaimonia.” Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 83 (1): 10–28. doi:10.1159/000353263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryff, C., and L. Keyes. 1995. “The Structure of Psychological Well-Being Revisited.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69 (4): 719–727. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuel, R.D., G. Tenenbaum, and Y. Galily. 2020. “The 2020 Coronavirus Pandemic as a Change-Event in Sport performers’ Careers: Conceptual and Applied Practice Considerations.” Frontiers in Psychology 11: 567966. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schinke, R., A. Papaioannou, K. Henriksen, G. Si, L. Zhang, and P. Haberl. 2020. “Sport Psychology Services to High Performance Athletes During COVID-19.” International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 18 (3): 269–272. doi:10.1080/1612197X.2020.1754616.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seligman, M.E.P. 2011. Flourish: A Visionary New Understanding of Happiness and wellbeing.New. York, NY: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, A.L., N. Ntoumanis, J.L. Duda, and M. Vansteenkiste. 2011. “Goal Striving, Coping, and Well-Being: A Prospective Investigation of the Self-Concordance Model in Sport.” Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 33 (1): 124–145. doi:https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.33.1.124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, B., and A. Sparkes. 2006. “Narrative Inquire in Psychology: Exploring the Tensions Within.” Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (3): 169–192. doi:10.1191/1478088706qrp068oa.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, B., and A. Sparkes. 2016. “Interviews: Qualitative Interviewing in the Sport and Exercise Sciences.” In Routledge Handbook of Qualitative Research in Sport and Exercise, edited by B. Smith and A. Sparkes, 103–123. New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315762012.
   Google Scholar
• Souter, G., R. Lewis, and L. Serrant. 2018. “Men, Mental Health and Elite Sport: A Narrative Review.” Sports Medicine Open 4 (1): 4(57. doi:10.1186/s40798-018-0175-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sparkes, A. C., and B. Smith. 2009. “Judging the Quality of Qualitative Inquiry: Criteriology and Relativism in Action.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 10 (5): 491–497. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.02.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swann, C., A. Moran, and D. Piggott. 2015. “Defining Elite Athletes: Issues in the Study of Expert Performance in Sport Psychology.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 16: 3–14. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.07.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tatarkiewicz, W. 1976. Analysis of Happiness. Martinus Nijhoff: The Hague. doi:10.1007/978-94-010-1380-2.
   Google Scholar
• Trainor, L.R., and A. Bundon. 2021. “Developing the Craft: Reflexive Accounts of Reflexive Thematic Analysis.” Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health 13 (5): 526–705. doi:10.1080/2159676X.2020.1840423.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trainor, L. R., P. R. E. Crocker, A. Bundon, and L. Ferguson. 2020. “The Rebalancing Act: Injured Varsity Women athletes’ Experiences of Global and Sport Psychological Well-Being.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 49: 101713. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101713.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallerand, R.J., L.G. Pelletier, and R. Koestner. 2008. “Reflections on Self-Determination Theory.” Canadian Psychology 49 (3): 257–262. doi:10.1037/a0012804.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verner-Filion, J., R. Vallarand, C. Amiot, and I. Mocanu. 2017. “Two Roads from Passion to Sport Performance and Psychological Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Need Satisfaction, Deliberate Practice and Achievement Goals.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 30: 19–29. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.01.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warriner, K., and D. Lavallee. 2008. “The Retirement Experiences of Elite Gymnasts: Self-Identity and the Physical Self.” Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 20 (3): 301–317. doi:10.1080/10413200801998564.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterman, A.S. 1993. “Two Conceptions of Happiness: Contrasts of Personal Expressiveness (Eudaimonia) and Hedonic Enjoyment.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64: 678–691. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.4.678.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitcomb-Khan, G., N. Wadsworth, K. McGinty-Minister, S. Bicker, L. Swettenham, and D. Tod. 2021. “Critical Pause: Athletes’ Stories of Lockdown During COVID-19.” The Sport Psychologist 35 (1): 43–54. doi:10.1123/tsp.2020-0106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willig, C. 2013. Introducing Qualitative Research in Psychology. England, UK: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar