Doggone fat: An analysis of the barriers to top surgery for fat trans and nonbinary people in Canada

References

• Ålgars, Monica, K. Alanko, P. Santtila, and N. K. Sandnabba. July, 2012. “Disordered Eating and Gender Identity Disorder: A Qualitative Study.” Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment & Prevention 20 (4): 300–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2012.668482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ålgars, Monica, P. Santtila, and N. K. Sandnabba. July, 2010. “Conflicted Gender Identity, Body Dissatisfaction, and Disordered Eating in Adult Men and Women.” Sex Roles 63 (1–2): 118–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9758-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso, S., A. L. Du, R. S. Waterman, and R. Gabriel. 2022. “Body Mass Index is Not an Independent Factor Associated with Recovery Room Length of Stay for Patients Undergoing Outpatient Surgery.” Journal of Patient Safety 18 (8): 742–46. https://doi.org/10.1097/PTS.0000000000001036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, Jenn. 2012. “Whose Voice Counts? A Critical Examination of Discourses Surrounding the Body Mass Index.” Fat Studies: An International Journal of Body Weight and Society 1 (2): 195–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/21604851.2012.656500.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, Virginia, and Victoria Clarke. 2006. “Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology.” Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (2): 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa.
   Google Scholar
• Brownstone, Lisa M., et al. August, 2020. “Body Mass Index Requirements for Gender-Affirming Surgeries are Not Empirically Based”. Transgender Health 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2020.0068.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burgard, Deb. 2009. “What is ‘Health at Every Size’?” In The Fat Studies Reader, edited by Esther Rothblum, Sondra Solovay, and Marilyn Wann, 42–53. New York: NYU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Christienne, Javier, Charlie R. Crimston, and Fiona Kate Barlow. 2022. ““Surgical Satisfaction and Quality of Life Outcomes Reported by Transgender Men and Women at Least One Year Post Gender-Affirming Surgery: A Systematic Literature Review.” International Journal of Transgender Health 23 (3): 255–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895269.2022.2038334.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dalzell, Heidi, and Kayti Protos. 2020. A Clinician’s Guide to Gender Identity and Body Image: Practical Support for Working with Transgender and Non-Binary Clients. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Diemer, Elizabeth W., J. M. White Hughto, A. R. Gordon, C. Guss, S. B. Austin, and S. L. Reisner. January, 2018. “Beyond the Binary: Differences in Eating Disorder Prevalence by Gender Identity in a Transgender Sample.” Transgender Health 3 (1): 17–23. https://doi.org/10.1089/trgh.2017.0043.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donaldson, Abigail A., A. Hall, J. Neukirch, V. Kasper, S. Simones, S. Gagnon, S. Reich, and M. Forcier. 8 May 2018. “Multidisciplinary Care Considerations for Gender Nonconforming Adolescents with Eating Disorders: A Case Series.” International Journal of Eating Disorders 551 (5): 475–79. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22868.
   Google Scholar
• Fellas, Trans. June 29, 2017. “Top Surgery @ the McLean Clinic Q&A.” YouTube. Accessed July 11, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uENufY34fBU&feature=youtu.be.
   Google Scholar
• Frequently Asked Questions. July 11, 2023a. GrS Montréal. https://www.grsmontreal.com/en/frequently-asked-questions.html?rep=21.
   Google Scholar
• Frohard-Dourlent, Hélène, et al. 2017. “‘The Agency to Choose What’s Right for Their Body’: Experiences with Gender-Affirming Surgery in British Columbia.” University of British Columbia. 1–46. https://www.saravyc.ubc.ca.
   Google Scholar
• Gaesser, Glenn. 2009. “Is ‘Permanent Weight Loss’ an Oxymoron? The Statistics on Weight Loss and the National Weight Control Registry.” In The Fat Studies Reader, edited by Esther Rothblum, Sondra Solovay, and Marilyn Wann, 37–41. New York: NYU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Harrison, Da’Shaun L. 2021. Belly of the Beast: The Politics of Anti-Fatness as Anti-Blackness. Berkeley, California: North Atlantic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Hassan, Bashar, C. R. Schuster, M. Ascha, G. Del Corral, B. Fischer, and F. Liang. 1 November 2023. “Association of High Body Mass Index with Postoperative Complications After Chest Masculinization Surgery.” Annals of Plastic Surgery 92 (2): 174–80. https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000003737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hepp, Urs, and Milos. Gabriella. 2002. “Gender Identity Disorder and Eating Disorders.” The International Journal of Eating Disorders 32 (4): 473–78. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.10090. October 17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irving, Dan. 2012. “Elusive Subjects: Notes on the Relationship Between Critical Political Economy and Trans Studies.” In Transfeminist Perspectives in and Beyond Transgender and Gender Studies, edited by A. Finn Enk, 153–69. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Johansson, Annika, E. Sundbom, T. Höjerback, and O. Bodlund. 2010. “A Five-Year Follow-Up Study of Swedish Adults with Gender Identity Disorder.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 39 (6): 1429–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9551-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasten, Gerry. September, 2018. “Listen … and Speak: A Discussion of Weight Bias, Its Intersections with Homophobia, Racism, and Misogyny, and Their Impacts on Health.” Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research 79 (3): 133–38. https://doi.org/10.3148/cjdpr-2018-023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koehle, Johann S. 2017. Anti-Fat Bias as a Barrier to Gender Transition Care. BA thesis, Santa Barbara: University of California
   Google Scholar
• Lampe, M. C. 2016. Identities without Origins: Fat/Trans Subjectivity and the Possibilities of Plurality. MA Thesis, University of Louisville. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/2425.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Jennifer A., and Cat J. Pausé. 2016. “Stigma in Practice: Barriers to Health for Fat Women.” Frontiers in Psychology 7 (2063): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02063.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lyons, Pat. 2009. “Prescription for Harm: Diet Industry Influence, Public Health Policy, and the ‘Obesity Epidemic.” In The Fat Studies Reader, edited by Esther Rothblum, Sondra Solovay, and Marilyn Wann, 75–87. New York: NYU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Martinson, Tyler G., S. Ramachandran, R. Lindner, T. Reisman, and J. D. Safer. 2020. “High Body Mass Index is a Significant Barrier to Gender-Confirmation Surgery for Transgender and Gender-Nonbinary Individuals.” Endocrine Practice 26 (1): 6–15. https://doi.org/10.4158/EP-2019-0345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastectomy Information Booklet: Part a. December, 2022. GrS Montreal. https://www.grsmontreal.com/DATA/DOCUMENT/65.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• McLean, Hugh. n.d.a “Does BMI Effect Your FTM Surgery Eligibility?” Transgender Cosmetic Surgical Procedures. Accessed July 12, 2023. https://www.topsurgery.ca/blog/bmi-effect-ftm-surgery-eligibility.
   Google Scholar
• McLean, Hugh. n.d.b “Top Surgery FAQ.” Transgender Cosmetic Surgical Procedures. Accessed July 12, 2023. https://www.topsurgery.ca/faq.
   Google Scholar
• McLean, Hugh. n.d.c “What are ‘Dog Ears’ and Can They Be Avoided?” Transgender Cosmetic Surgical Procedures. Accessed July 12, 2023. https://www.topsurgery.ca/blog/dog-ears-can-be-avoided.
   Google Scholar
• McLean, Hugh. n.d.d “What is Chest Contouring with FTM Surgery?” Transgender Cosmetic Surgical Procedures Accessed July 12, 2023. https://www.topsurgery.ca/blog/chest-contouring-ftm-surgery.
   Google Scholar
• Medical Forms. n.d. Trans Care BC. Accessed October 9, 2023. https://www.phsa.ca/transcarebc/health-professionals/med-forms/.
   Google Scholar
• Medvedyuk, Stella, A. Ali, and D. Raphael. 2018. “Ideology, Obesity and the Social Determinants of Health: A Critical Analysis of the Obesity and Health Relationship.” Critical Public Health 28 (5): 573–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2017.1356910.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merriam, Sharan B., and Robin S. Grenier. 2019. “Introduction to Qualitative Research.” In Qualitative Research in Practice: Examples for Discussion and Analysis, edited by Sharan B. Merriam and Robin S. Grenier, 3–18. Toronto: John Wiley and Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Mosser, Scott. May 14, 2018. “Are There Any Weight or BMI Requirements for FTM/N Top Surgery?” YouTube. Accessed July 11, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NMXOUXAmJe8&feature=emb_logo.
   Google Scholar
• My Workbook for Chest Construction Surgery in BC. March, 2020. Trans Care BC. pp. 1–44. Accessed July 11, 2023. https://www.phsa.ca/transcarebc/Documents/HealthProf/Chest_Construction_Surgery_Workbook.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Olsen, Billie. December 23, 2022. “Gender-Affirming Care in Canada.” LGBTQ and All. Accessed July 20, 2023. https://www.lgbtqandall.com/gender-affirming-care-in-canada/.
   Google Scholar
• O’Reilly, Caitlin, and Judith Sixsmith. 2012. “From Theory to Policy: Reducing Harms Associated with the Weight-Centered Health Paradigm.” Fat Studies: An International Journal of Body Weight and Society 1 (1): 97–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/21604851.2012.627792.
   Google Scholar
• Orr, Bek J. 2023. “Trans/Fat: An Autoethnographic Exploration of Becoming at the Intersection of Trans and Fat.” Fat Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Body Weight and Society 12 (2): 384–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/21604851.2022.2144889.
   Google Scholar
• Perez-Alvarez, Idanis M., E. G. Zolper, J. Schwitzer, K. L. Fan, and Gabri-el A. Del Corral. 2021. “Incidence of Complications in Chest Wall Masculinization for the Obese Female-To-Male Transgender Population: A Case Series.” World Journal of Plastic Surgery 10 (2): 14–24. https://doi.org/10.29252/wjps.10.2.14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pham, An. 2020. A Longitudinal Study on Disordered Eating Among Transgender and Non-Binary Youth. MA Thesis, ProQuest, University of Washington. https://www.search.proquest.com/openview/3ad052136e1c24f7baf214e99c1069ca/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y.
   Google Scholar
• Public Funding of Transgender Health Care in Canada. 2015. CPATH, 1. Accessed December 11, 2020. https://www.cpath.ca/wpcontent/uploads/2016/02/Publicly-Funded-Transition-Related-Medical-Care-in-Canada-Executive-Summary.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Rothenberg, Kara A., R. C. Gologorsky, J. C. Hojilla, A. Tang, C. M. Cohan, G. Beattie, K. M. Yokoo, et al. 2021. “Gender-Affirming Mastectomy in Transmasculine Patients: Does Obesity Increase Complications or Revisions?” Annals of Plastic Surgery 87 (1): 24–30. https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000002712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothenberg, Kara A., R. C. Gologorsky, C. J. Hojilla, and K. M. Yokoo. October, 2019. “Obesity is Not Associated with Complications or Revisions After Gender-Affirming Mastectomy in Transgender Patients.” Scientific Forum Abstracts 229 (4): S225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2019.08.494.
   Google Scholar
• Ruppin, Ulrike, and Friedmann Pfäfflin. 2015. “Long-Term Follow-Up of Adults with Gender Identity Disorder.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 44 (5): 1321–1329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0453-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salas, X. Ramos, A. S. Alberga, E. Cameron, L. Estey, M. Forhan, S. F. L. Kirk, S. Russell‐Mayhew, and A. M. Sharma. 2017. “Addressing Weight Bias and Discrimination: Moving Beyond Raising Awareness to Creating Change.” Obesity Reviews 18 (11): 1323–35. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Testa, Rylan J., G. N. Rider, N. A. Haug, and K. F. Balsam. October, 2017. “Gender Confirming Medical Interventions and Eating Disorder Symptoms Among Transgender Individuals.” Health Psychology 36 (10): 927–36. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Top Surgery Eligibility FAQ. Gender Confirmation Centre. Accessed July 11, 2023b. https://www.genderconfirmation.com/eligibility-faq/.
   Google Scholar
• Top Surgery McLean Clinic Progress. Reddit. Accessed July 11, 2023c. https://www.reddit.com/r/transontario/comments/bbp61v/top_surgery_mclean_clinic_progress/.
   Google Scholar
• Top Surgery OHIP Coverage. Reddit. Accessed July 11, 2023d. https://www.reddit.com/r/transontario/comments/il86cs/top_surgery_ohip_coverage/.
   Google Scholar
• Valentijn, Tabita M., W. Galal, E. K. M. Tjeertes, S. E. Hoeks, H. J. Verhagen, and R. J. Stolker. 2013. “The Obesity Paradox in the Surgical Population.” The Surgeon (Edinburgh) 11 (3): 169–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surge.2013.02.003.
   Google Scholar
• Vocks, Silja, C. Stahn, K. Loenser, and T. Legenbauer. 22 November 2009. “Eating and Body Image Disturbances in Male-To-Female and Female-To-Male Transsexuals.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 38 (3): 364–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9424-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, Ryan J., J. F. Veale, and E. M. Saewyc. 2017. “Disordered Eating Behaviors Among Transgender Youth: Probability Profiles from Risk and Protective Factors.” International Journal of Eating Disorders 50 (5): 515–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, Francis Ray. 12 May 2014. “Fat/Trans: Queering the Activist Body.” Fat Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Body Weight and Society 3 (2): 86–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/21604851.2014.889489.
   Google Scholar
• Witcomb, Gemma L., W. P. Bouman, N. Brewin, C. Richards, F. Fernandez‐Aranda, and J. Arcelus. 5 May 2015. “Body Image Dissatisfaction and Eating-Related Psychopathology in Trans Individuals: A Matched Control Study.” European Eating Disorders Review 23 (4): 287–93. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Women’s College Hospital. April 24, 2023. “Transition Related Surgery Patient Seminar-Upper Surgery (Chest and Breast).” YouTube. Accessed December 19, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IVl7AIpI2-k&t=380s.
   Google Scholar