A review of forward osmosis membrane fouling: types, research methods and future prospects

References

• Phuntsho S, Sahebi S, Majeed T, et al. Assessing the major factors affecting the performances of forward osmosis and its implications on the desalination process. Chem Eng J. 2013;231:484–496. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2013.07.058
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linares RV, Li Z, Sarp S, et al. Forward osmosis niches in seawater desalination and wastewater reuse. Water Res. 2014;66:122–139. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han G, de Wit JS, Chung TS. Water reclamation from emulsified oily wastewater via effective forward osmosis hollow fiber membranes under the PRO mode. Water Res. 2015;81:54–63. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.05.048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coday BD, Xu P, Beaudry EG, et al. The sweet spot of forward osmosis: treatment of produced water, drilling wastewater, and other complex and difficult liquid streams. Desalination. 2014;333:23–35. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2013.11.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen G, Wang Z, Long DN, et al. Treatment of shale gas drilling flowback fluids (SGDFs) by forward osmosis: membrane fouling and mitigation. Desalination. 2015;366:113–120. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2015.02.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coday BD, Almaraz N, Cath TY. Forward osmosis desalination of oil and gas wastewater: impacts of membrane selection and operating conditions on process performance. J Membr Sci. 2015;488:40–55. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.03.059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao P, Gao B, Yue Q, et al. The performance of forward osmosis process in treating the surfactant wastewater: the rejection of surfactant, water flux and physical cleaning effectiveness. Chem Eng J. 2015;281:688–695. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2015.07.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu FJ, Zhang S, Sun SP, et al. POSS-containing delamination-free dual-layer hollow fiber membranes for forward osmosis and osmotic power generation. J Membr Sci. 2013;443:144–155. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.04.050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borges CP, Mermier JD. Direct osmosis process for power generation using salinity gradient FO/PRO pilot plant investigation using hollow fiber modules. Chem Eng Process. 2015;103:27–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ming X, Lee J, Long DN, et al. Role of pressure in organic fouling in forward osmosis and reverse osmosis. J Membr Sci. 2015;493:748–754. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.07.033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee S, Boo C, Elimelech M, et al. Comparison of fouling behavior in forward osmosis (FO) and reverse osmosis (RO). J Membr Sci. 2010;365:34–39. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.08.036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li ZY, Yangali-Quintanilla V, Valladares-Linares R, et al. Flux patterns and membrane fouling propensity during desalination of seawater by forward osmosis. Water Res. 2012;46:195–204. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boo C, Elimelech M, Hong S. Fouling control in a forward osmosis process integrating seawater desalination and wastewater reclamation. J Membr Sci. 2013;444:148–156. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.05.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arkhangelsky E, Wicaksana F, Chou S, et al. Effects of scaling and cleaning on the performance of forward osmosis hollow fiber membranes. J Membr Sci. 2012;415–416:101–108. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2012.04.041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim S, Go GW, Jang A. Study of flux decline and solute diffusion on an osmotically driven membrane process potentially applied to municipal wastewater reclamation. J Indust Eng Chem. 2016;33:255–261. doi: 10.1016/j.jiec.2015.10.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin X, She Q, Ang X, et al. Removal of boron and arsenic by forward osmosis membrane: influence of membrane orientation and organic fouling. J Membr Sci. 2012;389:182–187. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.10.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu Y, Wang YN, Wei J, et al. Organic fouling of thin-film composite polyamide and cellulose triacetate forward osmosis membranes by oppositely charged macromolecules. Water Res. 2013;47:1867–1874. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.01.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi HG, Son M, Yoon SH, et al. Alginate fouling reduction of functionalized carbon nanotube blended cellulose acetate membrane in forward osmosis. Chemosphere. 2015;136:204–210. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen A, Azari S, Zou L. Coating Zwitterionic amino acid I-DOPA to increase fouling resistance of forward osmosis membrane. Desalination. 2013;312:82–87. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2012.11.038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu X, Qi S, Li Y, et al. Synthesis and characterization of novel antibacterial silver nanocomposite nanofiltration and forward osmosis membranes based on layer-by-layer assembly. Water Res. 2013;47:3081–3092. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.03.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castrillión RV, Lu X, Shaffer DL, et al. Amine enrichment and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) surface modification of thin-film composite forward osmosis membranes for organic fouling control. J Membr Sci. 2014;450:331–339. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.09.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mi B, Elimelech M. Chemical and physical aspects of organic fouling of forward osmosis membranes. J Membr Sci. 2008;320:292–302. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.04.036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang CY, She Q, Lay WCL, et al. Coupled effects of internal concentration polarization and fouling on flux behavior of forward osmosis membranes during humic acid filtration. J Membr Sci. 2010;354:123–133. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.02.059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mi B, Elimelech M. Organic fouling of forward osmosis membranes: fouling reversibility and cleaning without chemical reagents. J Membr Sci. 2010;348:337–345. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2009.11.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Amoudi A, Lovitt RW. Fouling strategies and the cleaning system of NF membranes and factors affecting cleaning efficiency. J Membr Sci. 2007;303:4–28. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2007.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Mi B. Combined fouling of forward osmosis membranes: synergistic foulant interaction and direct observation of fouling layer formation. J Membr Sci. 2012;407–408:136–144. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2012.03.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phuntsho S, Listowski A, Shon HK, et al. Membrane autopsy of a 10 year old hollow fibre membrane from Sydney Olympic Park water reclamation plant. Desalination. 2011;271:241–247. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2010.12.040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darton T, Annunziata U, Pisano FDV, et al. Membrane autopsy helps to provide solutions to operational problems. Desalination. 2004;167:239–245. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.133
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parida V, Ng HY. Forward osmosis organic fouling: effects of organic loading, calcium and membrane orientation. Desalination. 2013;312:88–98. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2012.04.029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motsa MM, Mamba BB, D’Haese A, et al. Organic fouling in forward osmosis membranes: the role of feed solution chemistry and membrane structural properties. J Membr Sci. 2014;460:99–109. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.02.035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mi B, Elimelech M. Silica scaling and scaling reversibility in forward osmosis. Desalination. 2013;312:75–81. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2012.08.034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tijing LD, Yun CW, Choi JS, et al. Fouling and its control in membrane distillation—a review. J Membr Sci. 2015;475:215–244. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.09.042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arkhangelsky E, Wicaksana F, Tang C, et al. Combined organic–inorganic fouling of forward osmosis hollow fiber membranes. Water Res. 2012;46:6329–6338. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motsa MM, Mamba BB, Verliefde ARD. Combined colloidal and organic fouling of FO membranes: the influence of foulant–foulant interactions and ionic strength. J Membr Sci. 2015;493:539–548. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.06.035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang YN, Järvelä E, Wei J, et al. Gypsum scaling and membrane integrity of osmotically driven membranes: the effects of membrane materials and operating conditions. Desalination. 2016;377:1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2015.08.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boo C, Lee S, Elimelech M, et al. Colloidal fouling in forward osmosis: role of reverse salt diffusion. J Membr Sci. 2012;390–391:277–284. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwan SE, Bar-Zeev E, Elimelech M. Biofouling in forward osmosis and reverse osmosis: measurements and mechanisms. J Membr Sci. 2015;493:703–708. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.07.027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon H, Baek Y, Yu J, et al. Biofouling occurrence process and its control in the forward osmosis. Desalination. 2013;325:30–36. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2013.06.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Z, Linares RV, Bucs S, et al. Calcium carbonate scaling in seawater desalination by ammonia–carbon dioxide forward osmosis: mechanism and implications. J Membr Sci. 2015;481:36–43. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.12.055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linares RV, Bucs SS, Li Z, et al. Impact of spacer thickness on biofouling in forward osmosis. Water Res. 2014;57:223–233. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim CM, Kim SJ, Kim LH, et al. Effects of phosphate limitation in feed water on biofouling in forward osmosis (FO) process. Desalination. 2014;349:51–59. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2014.06.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Mi B. Effects of organic macromolecular conditioning on gypsum scaling of forward osmosis membranes. J Membr Sci. 2014;450:153–161. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim Y, Elimelech M, Shon HK, et al. Combined organic and colloidal fouling in forward osmosis: fouling reversibility and the role of applied pressure. J Membr Sci. 2014;460:206–212. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.02.038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park M, Lee J, Boo C, et al. Modeling of colloidal fouling in forward osmosis membrane: effects of reverse draw solution permeation. Desalination. 2013;314:115–123. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2013.01.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paipuri M, Kim SH, Hassan O, et al. Numerical modelling of concentration polarisation and cake formation in membrane filtration processes. Desalination. 2015;365:151–159. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2015.02.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee J, Kim B, Hong S. Fouling distribution in forward osmosis membrane process. J Environ Sci. 2014;26:1348–1354. doi: 10.1016/S1001-0742(13)60610-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zularisam AW, Ismail AF, Salim R. Behaviours of natural organic matter in membrane filtration for surface water treatment — a review. Desalination. 2006;194:211–231. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2005.10.030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haigang Li, Huanjin X, Yingxi M. Modeling organic fouling of reverse osmosis membrane: from adsorption to fouling layer formation. Desalination. 2016;386:25–31. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2016.02.037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue J, Anna J, Suhan K, et al. Effects of feed water temperature on separation performance and organic fouling of brackish water RO membranes. Desalination. 2009;239:346–359. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2008.06.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiyuan D, Yu Y, Chen L, et al. The effects of organic fouling on the removal of radionuclides by reverse osmosis membranes. Water Res. 2016;95:174–184. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Younggil J, Ilgu H, Seungkwan H. Multiple MFI measurements for the evaluation of organic fouling in SWRO desalination. Desalination. 2015;365:136–143. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2015.02.035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alhadidi A, Blankert B, Kemperman AJB. Effect of testing conditions and filtration mechanisms on SDI. J Membr Sci. 2011;381:142–151. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.07.030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou L, Vidalis I, Steele D, et al. Surface hydrophilic modification of RO membranes by plasma polymerization for low organic fouling. J Membr Sci. 2011;369:420–428. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.12.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emily W, Tow MM, Rencken JH, et al. In situ visualization of organic fouling and cleaning mechanisms in reverse osmosis and forward osmosis. Desalination. 2016;399:138–147. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2016.08.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taro M, Masuhiro H, Kazuaki S, et al. Important fractions of organic matter causing fouling of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) membranes. Desalination. 2016;390:72–80. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2016.03.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wui Seng A, Alberto T, Kai Loon C, et al. Fouling and cleaning of RO membranes fouled by mixtures of organic foulants simulating wastewater effluent. J Membr Sci. 2011;376:196–206. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.04.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirazi S, Lin CJ, Chen D. Inorganic fouling of pressure-driven membrane processes — A critical review. Desalination. 2010;250:236–248. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2009.02.056
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fountoukidis E, Maroulis ZB, Marinos-Kouris D. Modeling of calcium sulphate fouling of reverse osmosis membranes. Desalination. 1989;72:293–318. doi: 10.1016/0011-9164(89)80013-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheikholeslami R. Assessment of the scaling potential for sparingly soluble salts in RO and NF units. Desalination. 2004;167:247–256. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.134
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Shammiri M, Salman A, Al-Shammari S, et al. Simple program for the estimation of scaling potential in RO systems. Desalination. 2005;184:139–147. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2005.02.068
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qi Huang WM. A model of estimating scaling potential in reverse osmosis and nanofiltration systems. Desalination. 2012;288:40–46. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2011.12.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mi B, Elimelech M. Gypsum scaling and cleaning in forward osmosis: measurements and mechanisms. Environ Sci Technol. 2010;44:2022–2028. doi: 10.1021/es903623r
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buffle J, Willkinson KJ, Stoll S, et al. A generalized description of aquatic colloidal interactions: the three-colloidal component approach. Environ Sci Technol. 1998;32:2887–2899. doi: 10.1021/es980217h
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sim LN, Ye Y, Chen V, et al. Investigations of the coupled effect of cake-enhanced osmotic pressure and colloidal fouling in RO using crossflow sampler-modified fouling index ultrafiltration. Desalination. 2011;273:184–196. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2011.01.059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sim STV, Taheri AH, Chong TH, et al. Colloidal metastability and membrane fouling – effects of crossflow velocity, flux, salinity and colloid concentration. J Membr Sci. 2014;469:174–187. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.06.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ju Y, Hong S. Nano-colloidal fouling mechanisms in seawater reverse osmosis process evaluated by cake resistance simulator-modified fouling index nanofiltration. Desalination. 2014;343:88–96. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2014.03.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuyang Y, Tang TH, Chong AGF. Colloidal interactions and fouling of NF and RO membranes: a review. Adv Colloid Int Sci. 2011;164:126–143. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2010.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong TH, Wong FS, Fane AG. Implications of critical flux and cake enhanced osmotic pressure (CEOP) on colloidal fouling in reverse osmosis: experimental observations. J Membr Sci. 2008;314:101–111. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.01.030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee Nuang S, Yun Y, Vicki C, et al. Investigations of the coupled effect of cake-enhanced osmotic pressure and colloidal fouling in RO using crossflow sampler-modified fouling index ultrafiltration. Desalination. 2011;273:184–196. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2011.01.059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoek EMV, Kim AS, Elimelech M. Influence of crossflow membrane filter geometry and shear rate on colloidal fouling in reverse osmosis and nanofiltration separations. Environ Eng Sci. 2002;19:357–372. doi: 10.1089/109287502320963364
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong TH, Fane AG. Implications of critical flux and cake enhanced osmotic pressure (CEOP) on colloidal fouling in reverse osmosis: modeling approach. Desalin Water Treat. 2009;8:68–90. doi: 10.5004/dwt.2009.792
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng HY, Elimelech M. Influence of colloidal fouling on rejection of trace organic contaminants by reverse osmosis. J Membr Sci. 2004;244:215–226. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2004.06.054
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng HY. RO membrane solute rejection behavior at the initial stage of colloidal fouling. Desalination. 2005;174:211–217. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2004.09.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sergio G, Salinas-Rodriguez, GL, Amy, JC, et al. The modified fouling index ultrafiltration constant flux for assessing particulate/colloidal fouling of RO systems. Desalination. 2015;365:79–91. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2015.02.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herzberg M, Elimelech M. Biofouling of reverse osmosis membranes: role of biofilm-enhanced osmotic pressure. J Membr Sci. 2007;295:11–20. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2007.02.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flemming HC. Reverse osmosis membrane biofouling. Exp Therm Fluid Sci. 1997;14:382–391. doi: 10.1016/S0894-1777(96)00140-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanna N, Gianturco FA, Pikramenou Z, et al. Biofouling in membrane systems — A review. Desalination. 1998;118:81–89. doi: 10.1016/S0011-9164(98)00091-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vrouwenvelder JS, van der Kooij D. Diagnosis, prediction and prevention of biofouling of NF and RO membranes. Desalination. 2001;139:65–71. doi: 10.1016/S0011-9164(01)00295-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flemming HC, Wingender J. The biofilm matrix. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010;8:623–633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong TH, Wong FS, Fane AG. The effect of imposed flux on biofouling in reverse osmosis: role of concentration polarisation and biofilm enhanced osmotic pressure phenomena. J Membr Sci. 2008;325:840–850. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.09.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivnitsky H, Minz D, Kautsky L, et al. Biofouling formation and modeling in nanofiltration membranes applied to wastewater treatment. J Membr Sci. 2010;360:165–173. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.05.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goosen MFA, Sablani SS, Al-Hinai H, et al. Fouling of reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration membranes: a critical review. Sep Sci Technol. 2005;39:2261–2297. doi: 10.1081/SS-120039343
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matin A, Khan Z, Zaidi SMJ, et al. Biofouling in reverse osmosis membranes for seawater desalination: phenomena and prevention. Desalination. 2011;281:1–16. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2011.06.063
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar M, Adham SS, Pearce WR. Investigation of seawater reverse osmosis fouling and its relationship to pretreatment type. Environ Sci Technol. 2006;40:2037–2044. doi: 10.1021/es0512428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginic-Markovic M, Barclay TG, Constantopoulos KT, et al. Biofouling resistance of polysulfobetaine coated reverse osmosis membranes. Desalination. 2015;369:37–45. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2015.04.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jing W, Zhi W, Jixiao W, et al. Improving the water flux and bio-fouling resistance of reverse osmosis (RO) membrane through surface modification by Zwitterionic polymer. J Membr Sci. 2015;493:188–199. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.06.036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koo CH, Mohammad AW, Suja F, et al. Review of the effect of selected physicochemical factors on membrane fouling propensity based on fouling indices. Desalination. 2012;287:167–177. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2011.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sikorski P, Mo F, Skjåk-Braek G, et al. Evidence for egg-box-compatible interactions in calcium–alginate gels from fiber X-ray diffraction. Biomacromolecules. 2007;8:2098–2103. doi: 10.1021/bm0701503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ang WS, Elimelech M. Protein (BSA) fouling of reverse osmosis membranes: Implications for wastewater reclamation. J Membr Sci. 2007;296:83–92. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2007.03.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Q, Elimelech M. Synergistic effects in combined fouling of a loose nanofiltration membrane by colloidal materials and natural organic matter. J Membr Sci. 2006;278:72–82. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2005.10.045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee S, Cho J, Elimelech M. Combined influence of natural organic matter (NOM) and colloidal particles on nanofiltration membrane fouling. J Membr Sci. 2005;262:27–41. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2005.03.043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sim LN, Wang ZJ, Gu J, et al. Detection of reverse osmosis membrane fouling with silica, bovine serum albumin and their mixture using in-situ electrical impedance spectroscopy. J Membr Sci. 2013;443:45–53. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.04.047
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaffer DL, Werber JR, Jaramillo H, et al. Forward osmosis: where are we now? Desalination. 2015;356:271–284. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2014.10.031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang CY, Chong TH, Fane AG. Colloidal interactions and fouling of NF and RO membranes: a review. Adv Colloid Interface. 2011;164:126–143. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2010.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang LY, Lee DJ, Lai JY. Forward osmosis membrane bioreactor for wastewater treatment with phosphorus recovery. Bioresour Technol. 2015;198:418–423. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.09.045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding Y, Tian Y, Li Z, et al. Characterization of organic membrane foulants in a forward osmosis membrane bioreactor treating anaerobic membrane bioreactor effluent. Bioresour Technol. 2014;167:137–143. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.06.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nawaz MS, Gadelha G, Khan SJ, et al. Microbial toxicity effects of reverse transported draw solute in the forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (FO-MBR). J Membr Sci. 2013;429:323–329. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2012.11.057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Praveen P, Nguyen DTT, Loh KC. Biodegradation of phenol from saline wastewater using forward osmotic hollow fiber membrane bioreactor coupled chemostat. Biochem Eng J. 2015;94:125–133. doi: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.11.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lay WCL, Zhang Q, Zhang J, et al. Study of integration of forward osmosis and biological process: membrane performance under elevated salt environment. Desalination. 2011;283:123–130. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2011.01.036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Achilli A, Cath TY, Marchand EA, et al. The forward osmosis membrane bioreactor: a low fouling alternative to MBR processes. Desalination. 2009;239:10–21. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2008.02.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornelissen ER, Harmsen D, de Korte KF, et al. Membrane fouling and process performance of forward osmosis membranes on activated sludge. J Membr Sci. 2008;319:158–168. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2008.03.048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Chua HC, Zhou JT, et al. Factors affecting the membrane performance in submerged membrane bioreactors. J Membr Sci. 2006;284:54–66. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2006.06.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Q, Jie YW, Loong WLC, et al. Characterization of biofouling in a lab-scale forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (FOMBR). Water Res. 2014;58:141–151. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo W, Hai FI, Price WE, et al. Water extraction from mixed liquor of an aerobic bioreactor by forward osmosis: membrane fouling and biomass characteristics assessment. Sep Purif Technol. 2015;145:56–62. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.02.044
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding Y, Tian Y, Liu J, et al. Investigation of microbial structure and composition involved in membrane fouling in the forward osmosis membrane bioreactor treating anaerobic bioreactor effluent. Chem Eng J. 2016;286:198–207. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2015.10.084
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Loong WLC, Chou S, et al. Membrane biofouling and scaling in forward osmosis membrane bioreactor. J Membr Sci. 2012;403–404:8–14. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2012.01.032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue W, Yamamoto K, Tobino T. Membrane fouling and long-term performance of seawater-driven forward osmosis for enrichment of nutrients in treated municipal wastewater. J Membr Sci. 2016;499:555–562. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.11.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phuntsho S, Lotfi F, Hong S, et al. Membrane scaling and flux decline during fertiliser-drawn forward osmosis desalination of brackish groundwater. Water Res. 2014;57:172–182. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honda R, Rukapan W, Komura H, et al. Effects of membrane orientation on fouling characteristics of forward osmosis membrane in concentration of microalgae culture. Bioresour Technol. 2015;197:429–433. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou S, Gu Y, Xiao D, et al. The role of physical and chemical parameters on forward osmosis membrane fouling during algae separation. J Membr Sci. 2011;366:356–362. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2010.10.030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar