Prevalence of Low Scores in Children and Adolescents on the Test of Verbal Conceptualization and Fluency

REFERENCES

• Binder , L. M. , Iverson , G. L. , & Brooks , B. L. ( 2009 ). To err is human: ‘Abnormal’ neuropsychological scores and variability are common in healthy adults , Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 24 , 31 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks , B. L. ( 2010 ). Seeing the forest for the trees: Prevalence of low scores on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) . Psychological Assessment , 22 ( 3 ), 650 – 656 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks , B. L. ( 2011 ). A study of low scores in Canadian children and adolescents on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale For Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) . Child Neuropsychology , 17 ( 3 ), 281 – 289 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks , B. L. , Holdnack , J. A. , & Iverson , G. L. ( 2011 ). Advanced clinical interpretation of the WAIS-IV and WMS-IV: Prevalence of low scores varies by level of intelligence and years of education , Assessment , 18 , 156 – 167 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks , B. L. , & Iverson , G. L. ( 2010 ). Comparing actual to estimated base rates of ‘abnormal’ scores on neuropsychological test batteries: Implications for interpretation , Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 25 , 14 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks , B. L. , & Iverson , G. L. ( 2012 ). Improving accuracy when identifying cognitive impairment in pediatric neuropsychological assessments . In E. M. S. Sherman , & B. L. Brooks (Eds.), Pediatric forensic neuropsychology (pp. 66 – 88 ). New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brooks , B. L. , Iverson , G. L. , Lanting , S. C. , Horton , A. M. , & Reynolds , C. R. ( 2012 ). Improving test interpretation for detecting executive dysfunction in adults and older adults: Prevalence of low scores on the Test of Verbal Conceptualization and Fluency . Applied Neuropsychology , 19 ( 1 ), 61 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks , B. L. , Iverson , G. L. , Sherman , E. M. , & Holdnack , J. A. ( 2009 ). Healthy children and adolescents obtain some low scores across a battery of memory tests . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 15 ( 4 ), 613 – 617 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks , B. L. , Iverson , G. L. , & White , T. ( 2009 ). Advanced interpretation of the Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB) with older adults: Base rate analyses, discrepancy scores, and interpreting change . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 24 ( 7 ), 647 – 657 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks , B. L. , Sherman , E. M. S. , & Iverson , G. L. ( 2010 ). Healthy children get some low scores too: Prevalence of low scores on the NEPSY-II in preschoolers, children, and adolescents , Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 25 , 182 – 190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brookshire , B. , Levin , H. S. , Song , J. , & Zhang , L. (2004). Components of executive function in typically developing and head-injured children. Developmental Neuropsychology , 25(1/2), 61–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown , T. M. , Ris , M. D. , Beebe , D. , Ammerman , R. T. , Oppenheimer , S. G. , Yeates , K. O. , & Enrile , B. G. ( 2008 ). Factors of biological risk and reserve associated with executive behaviors in children and adolescents with spina bifida myelomeningocele . Child Neuropsychology , 14 ( 2 ), 118 – 134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , M. J. ( 1997 ). Children's Memory Scale . San Antonio , TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Grant , D. A. , & Berg , E. A. ( 1948 ). A behavioral analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in a Weigl-type card-sorting problem . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 38 ( 4 ), 404 – 411 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heaton , R. K. , Grant , I. , & Matthews , C. G. ( 1991 ). Comprehensive norms for an extended Halstead-Reitan Battery: Demographic corrections, research findings, and clinical applications . Odessa , FL : Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Heaton , R. K. , Miller , S. W. , Taylor , M. J. , & Grant , I. ( 2004 ). Revised comprehensive norms for an expanded Halstead-Reitan Battery: Demographically adjusted neuropsychological norms for African American and Caucasian adults professional manual . Lutz , FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Hoie , B. , Mykletun , A. , Waaler , P. E. , Skeidsvoll , H. , & Sommerfelt , K. ( 2006 ). Executive functions and seizure-related factors in children with epilepsy in Western Norway . Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology , 48 ( 6 ), 519 – 525 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson , G. L. , Brooks , B. L. , White , T. , & Stern , R. A. ( 2008 ). Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (NAB): Introduction and advanced interpretation . In A. M. Horton , Jr. , & D. Wedding (Eds.), The neuropsychology handbook ( , 3rd ed. , pp. 279 – 343 ). New York , NY : Springer Publishing Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Kern , M. L. , Friedman , H. S. , Martin , L. R. , Reynolds , C. A. , & Luong , G. ( 2009 ). Conscientiousness, career success, and longevity: A lifespan analysis . Annals of Behavioral Medicine , 37 ( 2 ), 154 – 163 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kibby , M. Y. , Schmitter-Edgecombe , M. , & Long , C. J. ( 1998 ). Ecological validity of neuropsychological tests: Focus on the California Verbal Learning Test and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 13 ( 6 ), 523 – 534 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korkman , M. , Kirk , U. , & Kemp , S. ( 2007 ). NEPSY-II: A developmental neuropsychological assessment . San Antonio , TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Laws , K. R. , Patel , D. D. , & Tyson , P. J. ( 2008 ). Awareness of everyday executive difficulties precede overt executive dysfunction in schizotypal subjects . Psychiatry Research , 160 ( 1 ), 8 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lezak , M. D. , Howieson , D. B. , & Loring , D. W. ( 2004 ). Neuropsychological assessment () , 4th ed. . New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mares , D. , McLuckie , A. , Schwartz , M. , & Saini , M. ( 2007 ). Executive function impairments in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Do they differ between school and home environments? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 52 ( 8 ), 527 – 534 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marx , I. , Domes , G. , Havenstein , C. , Berger , C. , Schulze , L. , & Herpertz , S. C. ( 2011 ). Enhanced emotional interference on working memory performance in adults with ADHD . The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry , 12 ( Suppl. 1 ), 70 – 75 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marzocchi , G. M. , Oosterlaan , J. , Zuddas , A. , Cavolina , P. , Geurts , H. , Redigolo , D. , … Sergeant , J. A. ( 2008 ). Contrasting deficits on executive functions between ADHD and reading disabled children . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines , 49 ( 5 ), 543 – 552 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nybo , T. , & Koskiniemi , M. ( 1999 ). Cognitive indicators of vocational outcome after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in childhood . Brain Injury , 13 ( 10 ), 759 – 766 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer , B. W. , Boone , K. B. , Lesser , I. M. , & Wohl , M. A. ( 1998 ). Base rates of ‘impaired’ neuropsychological test performance among healthy older adults . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 13 ( 6 ), 503 – 511 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Passarotti , A. M. , & Pavuluri , M. N. ( 2011 ). Brain functional domains inform therapeutic interventions in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and pediatric bipolar disorder . Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics , 11 ( 6 ), 897 – 914 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian , Y. , Shuai , L. , Cao , Q. , Chan , R. C. , & Wang , Y. ( 2010 ). Do executive function deficits differentiate between children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and ADHD comorbid with oppositional defiant disorder? A cross-cultural study using performance-based tests and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function . Clinical Neuropsychology , 24 ( 5 ), 793 – 810 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabin , L. A. , Barr , W. B. , & Burton , L. A. ( 2005 ). Assessment practices of clinical neuropsychologists in the United States and Canada: A survey of INS, NAN, and APA Division 40 members . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 20 ( 1 ), 33 – 65 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiter , A. , Tucha , O. , & Lange , K. W. ( 2005 ). Executive functions in children with dyslexia . Dyslexia , 11 ( 2 ), 116 – 131 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds , C. R. ( 2003 ). Comprehensive Trail-Making Test: Examiner's manual . Austin , TX : Pro-Ed .
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds , C. , & Horton , A. M. , Jr. ( 2006 ). Test of Verbal Conceptualization and Fluency . Austin , TX : Pro-Ed .
   Google Scholar
• Rucklidge , J. J. ( 2006 ). Impact of ADHD on the neurocognitive functioning of adolescents with bipolar disorder . Biological Psychiatry , 60 ( 9 ), 921 – 928 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schretlen , D. J. , Testa , S. M. , Winicki , J. M. , Pearlson , G. D. , & Gordon , B. ( 2008 ). Frequency and bases of abnormal performance by healthy adults on neuropsychological testing . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 14 ( 3 ), 436 – 445 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidman , L. J. ( 2006 ). Neuropsychological functioning in people with ADHD across the lifespan . Clinical Psychology Review , 26 ( 4 ), 466 – 485 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semrud-Clikeman , M. , Pliszka , S. , & Liotti , M. ( 2008 ). Executive functioning in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Combined type with and without a stimulant medication history . Neuropsychology , 22 ( 3 ), 329 – 340 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman , E. M. , Slick , D. J. , & Eyrl , K. L. ( 2006 ). Executive dysfunction is a significant predictor of poor quality of life in children with epilepsy . Epilepsia , 47 ( 11 ), 1936 – 1942 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slomine , B. S. , Gerring , J. P. , Grados , M. A. , Vasa , R. , Brady , K. D. , Christensen , J. R. , & Denckla , M. B. ( 2002 ). Performance on measures of executive function following pediatric traumatic brain injury . Brain Injury , 16 ( 9 ), 759 – 772 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss , E. , Sherman , E. M. S. , & Spreen , O. ( 2006 ). A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary ( , 3rd ed. ). New York , NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Swanson , H. L. , Howard , C. B. , & Saez , L. ( 2006 ). Do different components of working memory underlie different subgroups of reading disabilities? Journal of Learning Disabilities , 39 ( 3 ), 252 – 269 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toplak , M. E. , Bucciarelli , S. M. , Jain , U. , & Tannock , R. ( 2009 ). Executive functions: Performance-based measures and the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) in adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) . Child Neuropsychology , 15 ( 1 ), 53 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walshaw , P. D. , Alloy , L. B. , & Sabb , F. W. ( 2010 ). Executive function in pediatric bipolar disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: In search of distinct phenotypic profiles . Neuropsychology Review , 20 ( 1 ), 103 – 120 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. ( 2003 ). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition . San Antonio , TX : The Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , T. S. , Westmacott , R. , Dlamini , N. , Granite , L. , Dirks , P. , Askalan , R. , … Deveber , G. ( 2012 ). Intellectual ability and executive function in pediatric moyamoya vasculopathy . Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology , 54 ( 1 ), 30 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang , H. , & Wu , H. ( 2011 ). Inhibitory ability of children with developmental dyscalculia . Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology Medical Sciences , 31 ( 1 ), 131 – 136 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar