Liver X receptor β: new player in the regulatory network of thyroid hormone and ‘browning’ of white fat

References

• Korach-Andre M, Gustafsson JA. Liver X receptors as regulators of metabolism. Biomol Concepts 2015; 6:177-90; PMID:25945723; http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmc-2015-0007
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barros RP, Gustafsson JA. Estrogen receptors and the metabolic network. Cell Metab 2011; 14:289-99; PMID:21907136; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2011.08.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C, Chi Y, Li J, Miao Y, Li S, Su W, Jia S, Chen Z, Du S, Zhang X, et al. FAM3A activates PI3K p110alpha/Akt signaling to ameliorate hepatic gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis. Hepatology 2014; 59:1779-90; PMID:24806753; http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.26945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harms M, Seale P. Brown and beige fat: development, function and therapeutic potential. Nature Med 2013; 19:1252-63; PMID:24100998; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm.3361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enerback S. Human brown adipose tissue. Cell Metab 2010; 11:248-52; PMID:20374955; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2010.03.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lidell ME, Betz MJ, Enerback S. Two types of brown adipose tissue in humans. Adipocyte 2014; 3:63-6; PMID:24575372; http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/adip.26896
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cypess AM, Lehman S, Williams G, Tal I, Rodman D, Goldfine AB, Kuo FC, Palmer EL, Tseng YH, Doria A, et al. Identification and importance of brown adipose tissue in adult humans. New Eng J Med 2009; 360:1509-17; PMID:19357406; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0810780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito M, Okamatsu-Ogura Y, Matsushita M, Watanabe K, Yoneshiro T, Nio-Kobayashi J, Iwanaga T, Miyagawa M, Kameya T, Nakada K, et al. High incidence of metabolically active brown adipose tissue in healthy adult humans: effects of cold exposure and adiposity. Diabetes 2009; 58:1526-31; PMID:19401428; http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db09-0530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Marken Lichtenbelt WD, Vanhommerig JW, Smulders NM, Drossaerts JM, Kemerink GJ, Bouvy ND, Schrauwen P, Teule GJ. Cold-activated brown adipose tissue in healthy men. N Eng J Med 2009; 360:1500-8; http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0808718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu J, Bostrom P, Sparks LM, Ye L, Choi JH, Giang AH, Khandekar M, Virtanen KA, Nuutila P, Schaart G, et al. Beige adipocytes are a distinct type of thermogenic fat cell in mouse and human. Cell 2012; 150:366-76; PMID:22796012; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2012.05.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu J, Cohen P, Spiegelman BM. Adaptive thermogenesis in adipocytes: is beige the new brown? Genes Dev 2013; 27:234-50; PMID:23388824; http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gad.211649.112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korach-Andre M, Archer A, Barros RP, Parini P, Gustafsson JA. Both liver-X receptor (LXR) isoforms control energy expenditure by regulating brown adipose tissue activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:403-8; PMID:21173252; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1017884108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korach-Andre M, Parini P, Larsson L, Arner A, Steffensen KR, Gustafsson JA. Separate and overlapping metabolic functions of LXRalpha and LXRbeta in C57Bl/6 female mice. Am J Phy Endocrinol Metab 2010; 298:E167-78; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00184.2009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stulnig TM, Steffensen KR, Gao H, Reimers M, Dahlman-Wright K, Schuster GU, Gustafsson JA. Novel roles of liver X receptors exposed by gene expression profiling in liver and adipose tissue. Mol Pharmacol 2002; 62:1299-305; PMID:12435796; http://dx.doi.org/10.1124/mol.62.6.1299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Zhang Y, Yehuda-Shnaidman E, Medvedev AV, Kumar N, Daniel KW, Robidoux J, Czech MP, Mangelsdorf DJ, Collins S. Liver X receptor α is a transcriptional repressor of the uncoupling protein 1 gene and the brown fat phenotype. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 28:2187-200; PMID:18195045; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MCB.01479-07
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalaany NY, Gauthier KC, Zavacki AM, Mammen PP, Kitazume T, Peterson JA, Horton JD, Garry DJ, Bianco AC, Mangelsdorf DJ. LXRs regulate the balance between fat storage and oxidation. Cell Metab 2005; 1:231-44; PMID:16054068; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2005.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almind K, Manieri M, Sivitz WI, Cinti S, Kahn CR. Ectopic brown adipose tissue in muscle provides a mechanism for differences in risk of metabolic syndrome in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:2366-71; PMID:17283342; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0610416104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cousin B, Cinti S, Morroni M, Raimbault S, Ricquier D, Penicaud L, Casteilla L. Occurrence of brown adipocytes in rat white adipose tissue: molecular and morphological characterization. J Cell Sci 1992; 103(Pt 4):931-42; PMID:1362571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young P, Arch JR, Ashwell M. Brown adipose tissue in the parametrial fat pad of the mouse. FEBS Lett 1984; 167:10-4; PMID:6698197; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(84)80822-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva JE, Rabelo R. Regulation of the uncoupling protein gene expression. Eur J Endocrinol Eur Feder Endocrine Societies 1997; 136:251-64; http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1360251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianco AC, Sheng XY, Silva JE. Triiodothyronine amplifies norepinephrine stimulation of uncoupling protein gene transcription by a mechanism not requiring protein synthesis. J Biol Chem 1988; 263:18168-75; PMID:3192531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullur R, Liu YY, Brent GA. Thyroid hormone regulation of metabolism. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:355-82; PMID:24692351; http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00030.2013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christoffolete MA, Doleschall M, Egri P, Liposits Z, Zavacki AM, Bianco AC, Gereben B. Regulation of thyroid hormone activation via the liver X-receptor/retinoid X-receptor pathway. J Endocrinol 2010; 205:179-86; PMID:20176747; http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/JOE-09-0448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghaddab-Zroud R, Seugnet I, Steffensen KR, Demeneix BA, Clerget-Froidevaux MS. Liver X receptor regulation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone transcription in mouse hypothalamus is dependent on thyroid status. PloS One 2014; 9:e106983; PMID:25229406; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0106983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan X, Kim HJ, Bouton D, Warner M, Gustafsson JA. Expression of liver X receptor β is essential for formation of superficial cortical layers and migration of later-born neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:13445-50; PMID:18768805; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806974105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obregon MJ. Adipose tissues and thyroid hormones. Front Physiol 2014; 5:479-91; PMID:25566082; http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2014.00479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar