11,037
Views
147
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Trial watch: chemotherapy-induced immunogenic cell death in immuno-oncology

, , , , , , , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all
Article: 1703449 | Received 28 Oct 2019, Accepted 01 Nov 2019, Published online: 09 Jan 2020

References

  • Zhou J, Wang G, Chen Y, Wang H, Hua Y, Cai Z. Immunogenic cell death in cancer therapy: present and emerging inducers. J Cell Mol Med. 2019;23:4854–23. doi:10.1111/jcmm.2019.23.issue-8.
  • Bezu L, Sauvat A, Humeau J, Leduc M, Kepp O, Kroemer G. eIF2alpha phosphorylation: A hallmark of immunogenic cell death. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1431089. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2018.1431089.
  • Twumasi-Boateng K, Pettigrew JL, Kwok YYE, Bell JC, Nelson BH. Oncolytic viruses as engineering platforms for combination immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2018;18:419–432. doi:10.1038/s41568-018-0009-4.
  • Casares N, Pequignot MO, Tesniere A, Ghiringhelli F, Roux S, Chaput N, Schmitt E., Hamai A., Hervas-Stubbs S., Obeid M., et al. Caspase-dependent immunogenicity of doxorubicin-induced tumor cell death. J Exp Med. 2005;202:1691–1701. doi:10.1084/jem.20050915.
  • Fang S, Agostinis P, Salven P, Garg AD. Decoding cancer cell death-driven immune cell recruitment: an in vivo method for site-of-vaccination analyses. Methods Enzymol Acad Press. 2019. doi:10.1016/bs.mie.2019.04.013.
  • Russ A, Hua AB, Montfort WR, Rahman B, Riaz IB, Khalid MU, Carew JS, Nawrocki ST, Persky D, Anwer F, et al. Blocking “don’t eat me” signal of CD47-SIRPalpha in hematological malignancies, an in-depth review. Blood Rev. 2018;32:480–489. doi:10.1016/j.blre.2018.04.005.
  • Syn NL, Teng MWL, Mok TSK, Soo RA. De-novo and acquired resistance to immune checkpoint targeting. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18:e731–e41. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30607-1.
  • Galluzzi L, Vitale I, Aaronson SA, Abrams JM, Adam D, Agostinis P, Alnemri E.S., Altucci L., Amelio I., Andrews D.W. Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the nomenclature committee on cell death 2018. Cell Death Differ. 2018;25:486–541.
  • Tran E, Robbins PF, Rosenberg SA. ‘Final common pathway’ of human cancer immunotherapy: targeting random somatic mutations. Nat Immunol. 2017;18:255–262. doi:10.1038/ni.3682.
  • Janicka M, Gubernator J. Use of nanotechnology for improved pharmacokinetics and activity of immunogenic cell death inducers used in cancer chemotherapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2017;14:1059–1075. doi:10.1080/17425247.2017.1266333.
  • Radogna F, Diederich M. Stress-induced cellular responses in immunogenic cell death: implications for cancer immunotherapy. Biochem Pharmacol. 2018;153:12–23. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2018.02.006.
  • Galluzzi L, Buque A, Kepp O, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G. Immunogenic cell death in cancer and infectious disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2017;17:97–111. doi:10.1038/nri.2016.107.
  • Darragh LB, Oweida AJ, Karam SD. Overcoming resistance to combination radiation-immunotherapy: a focus on contributing pathways within the tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol. 2018;9:3154. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.03154.
  • Petrie EJ, Czabotar PE, Murphy JM. The structural basis of necroptotic cell death signaling. Trends Biochem Sci. 2019;44:53–63. doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2018.11.002.
  • Garg AD, Galluzzi L, Apetoh L, Baert T, Birge RB, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Breckpot K, Brough D, Chaurio R, Cirone M, et al. Molecular and translational classifications of damps in immunogenic cell death. Front Immunol. 2015;6:588. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00588.
  • Zhao X, Subramanian S. Intrinsic resistance of solid tumors to immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Cancer Res. 2017;77:817–822. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-16-2379.
  • Wilson AL, Plebanski M, Stephens AN. New trends in anti-cancer therapy: combining conventional chemotherapeutics with novel immunomodulators. Curr Med Chem. 2018;25:4758–4784. doi:10.2174/0929867324666170830094922.
  • Wang Q, Ju X, Wang J, Fan Y, Ren M, Zhang H. Immunogenic cell death in anticancer chemotherapy and its impact on clinical studies. Cancer Lett. 2018;438:17–23. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2018.08.028.
  • Kepp O, Senovilla L, Vitale I, Vacchelli E, Adjemian S, Agostinis P, Apetoh L, Aranda F, Barnaba V, Bloy N, et al. Consensus guidelines for the detection of immunogenic cell death. Oncoimmunology. 2014;3:e955691. doi:10.4161/21624011.2014.955691.
  • Garg AD, More S, Rufo N, Mece O, Sassano ML, Agostinis P, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial watch: immunogenic cell death induction by anticancer chemotherapeutics. Oncoimmunology. 2017;6:e1386829. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1386829.
  • Kroemer G, Galluzzi L, Kepp O, Zitvogel L. Immunogenic cell death in cancer therapy. Annu Rev Immunol. 2013;31:51–72. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-032712-100008.
  • Lin AG, Xiang B, Merlino DJ, Baybutt TR, Sahu J, Fridman A, Snook AE, Miller V. Non-thermal plasma induces immunogenic cell death in vivo in murine CT26 colorectal tumors. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1484978. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2018.1484978.
  • Kasikova L, Hensler M, Truxova I, Skapa P, Laco J, Belicova L, Praznovec I, Vosahlikova S, Halaska MJ, Brtnicky T, et al. Calreticulin exposure correlates with robust adaptive antitumor immunity and favorable prognosis in ovarian carcinoma patients. J Immunother Cancer. 2019;7. In Press. doi:10.1186/s40425-019-0781-z.
  • Garg AD, Agostinis P. Cell death and immunity in cancer: from danger signals to mimicry of pathogen defense responses. Immunol Rev. 2017;280:126–148. doi:10.1111/imr.2017.280.issue-1.
  • Goodman AM, Kato S, Cohen PR, Boichard A, Frampton G, Miller V, Stephens PJ, Daniels GA, Kurzrock R. Genomic landscape of advanced basal cell carcinoma: implications for precision treatment with targeted and immune therapies. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1404217. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1404217.
  • Aoto K, Mimura K, Okayama H, Saito M, Chida S, Noda M, Nakajima T, Saito K, Abe N, Ohki S, et al. Immunogenic tumor cell death induced by chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep. 2018;39:151–159.
  • Grenier JM, Yeung ST, Khanna KM. Combination immunotherapy: taking cancer vaccines to the next level. Front Immunol. 2018;9:610. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00610.
  • Khagi Y, Kurzrock R, Patel SP. Next generation predictive biomarkers for immune checkpoint inhibition. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2017;36:179–190. doi:10.1007/s10555-016-9652-y.
  • Byun DJ, Wolchok JD, Rosenberg LM, Girotra M. Cancer immunotherapy - immune checkpoint blockade and associated endocrinopathies. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13:195–207. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.205.
  • Stevanovic S, Pasetto A, Helman SR, Gartner JJ, Prickett TD, Howie B, Robins HS, Robbins PF, Klebanoff CA, Rosenberg SA, et al. Landscape of immunogenic tumor antigens in successful immunotherapy of virally induced epithelial cancer. Science. 2017;356:200–205. doi:10.1126/science.aak9510.
  • Nishino M, Ramaiya NH, Hatabu H, Hodi FS. Monitoring immune-checkpoint blockade: response evaluation and biomarker development. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2017;14:655–668. doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2017.88.
  • Lee J, Lee Y, Xu L, White R, Sullenger BA. Differential induction of immunogenic cell death and interferon expression in cancer cells by structured ssRNAs. Mol Ther. 2017;25:1295–1305. doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.03.014.
  • Garrido G, Rabasa A, Sanchez B, Lopez MV, Blanco R, Lopez A, Hernández DR, Pérez R, Fernández LE. Induction of immunogenic apoptosis by blockade of epidermal growth factor receptor activation with a specific antibody. J Immunol. 2011;187:4954–4966. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1003477.
  • Showalter A, Limaye A, Oyer JL, Igarashi R, Kittipatarin C, Copik AJ, Khaled AR. Cytokines in immunogenic cell death: applications for cancer immunotherapy. Cytokine. 2017;97:123–132. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2017.05.024.
  • Garg AD, Dudek-Peric AM, Romano E, Agostinis P. Immunogenic cell death. Int J Dev Biol. 2015;59:131–140. doi:10.1387/ijdb.150061pa.
  • Ma Y, Pitt JM, Li Q, Yang H. The renaissance of anti-neoplastic immunity from tumor cell demise. Immunol Rev. 2017;280:194–206. doi:10.1111/imr.2017.280.issue-1.
  • Mohme M, Riethdorf S, Pantel K. Circulating and disseminated tumour cells - mechanisms of immune surveillance and escape. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2017;14:155–167. doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.144.
  • Dyck L, Mills KHG. Immune checkpoints and their inhibition in cancer and infectious diseases. Eur J Immunol. 2017;47:765–779. doi:10.1002/eji.201646875.
  • Iurescia S, Fioretti D, Rinaldi M. Targeting cytosolic nucleic acid-sensing pathways for cancer immunotherapies. Front Immunol. 2018;9:711. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00711.
  • Nanini HF, Bernardazzi C, Castro F, de Souza HSP. Damage-associated molecular patterns in inflammatory bowel disease: from biomarkers to therapeutic targets. World J Gastroenterol. 2018;24:4622–4634. doi:10.3748/wjg.v24.i41.4622.
  • De Lorenzo G, Ferrari S, Cervone F, Okun E. Extracellular DAMPs in plants and mammals: immunity, tissue damage and repair. Trends Immunol. 2018;39:937–950. doi:10.1016/j.it.2018.09.006.
  • Roh JS, Sohn DH. Damage-associated molecular patterns in inflammatory diseases. Immune Netw. 2018;18:e27. doi:10.4110/in.2018.18.e27.
  • Relja B, Land WG. Damage-associated molecular patterns in trauma. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2019.
  • Escandell I, Martin JM, Jorda E. Novel immunologic approaches to melanoma treatment. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2017;108:708–720. doi:10.1016/j.ad.2017.01.017.
  • Fleshner M, Crane CR. Exosomes, DAMPs and miRNA: features of stress physiology and immune homeostasis. Trends Immunol. 2017;38:768–776. doi:10.1016/j.it.2017.08.002.
  • Rodriguez-Nuevo A, Zorzano A. The sensing of mitochondrial DAMPs by non-immune cells. Cell Stress. 2019;3:195–207. doi:10.15698/cst.
  • Ventura MT, Casciaro M, Gangemi S, Buquicchio R. Immunosenescence in aging: between immune cells depletion and cytokines up-regulation. Clin Mol Allergy. 2017;15:21. doi:10.1186/s12948-017-0077-0.
  • Montico B, Nigro A, Casolaro V, Dal Col J. Immunogenic apoptosis as a novel tool for anticancer vaccine development. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19.
  • Fischer S. Pattern recognition receptors and control of innate immunity: role of nucleic acids. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2018;19:1203–1209. doi:10.2174/138920112804583087.
  • Patel S. Danger-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs): the derivatives and triggers of inflammation. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2018;18:63. doi:10.1007/s11882-018-0817-3.
  • Paroli M, Bellati F, Videtta M, Focaccetti C, Mancone C, Donato T, Antonilli M, Perniola G, Accapezzato D, Napoletano C, et al. Discovery of chemotherapy-associated ovarian cancer antigens by interrogating memory T cells. Int J Cancer. 2014;134:1823–1834. doi:10.1002/ijc.28515.
  • Palombo F, Focaccetti C, Barnaba V. Therapeutic implications of immunogenic cell death in human cancer. Front Immunol. 2014;4:503. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00503.
  • Gameiro SR, Jammeh ML, Wattenberg MM, Tsang KY, Ferrone S, Hodge JW. Radiation-induced immunogenic modulation of tumor enhances antigen processing and calreticulin exposure, resulting in enhanced T-cell killing. Oncotarget. 2014;5:403–416. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.v5i2.
  • Loi S, Pommey S, Haibe-Kains B, Beavis PA, Darcy PK, Smyth MJ, Stagg J. CD73 promotes anthracycline resistance and poor prognosis in triple negative breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110:11091–11096. doi:10.1073/pnas.1222251110.
  • Hodge JW, Garnett CT, Farsaci B, Palena C, Tsang KY, Ferrone S, Gameiro SR. Chemotherapy-induced immunogenic modulation of tumor cells enhances killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and is distinct from immunogenic cell death. Int J Cancer. 2013;133:624–636. doi:10.1002/ijc.v133.3.
  • Dutoit V, Migliorini D, Ranzanici G, Marinari E, Widmer V, Lobrinus JA, Momjian S, Costello J, Walker PR, Okada H, et al. Antigenic expression and spontaneous immune responses support the use of a selected peptide set from the IMA950 glioblastoma vaccine for immunotherapy of grade II and III glioma. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1391972. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1391972.
  • Apetoh L, Ghiringhelli F, Tesniere A, Obeid M, Ortiz C, Criollo A, Mignot G, Maiuri MC, Ullrich E, Saulnier P, et al. Toll-like receptor 4-dependent contribution of the immune system to anticancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Nat Med. 2007;13:1050–1059. doi:10.1038/nm1622.
  • Shindo T, Kitaura K, Ureshino H, Kamachi K, Miyahara M, Doi K, Watanabe T, Sueoka E, Shin-I T, Suzuki R, et al. Deep sequencing of the T cell receptor visualizes reconstitution of T cell immunity in mogamulizumab-treated adult T cell leukemia. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1405204. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1405204.
  • De Simone M, Rossetti G, Pagani M. Single cell t cell receptor sequencing: techniques and future challenges. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1638. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01638.
  • Jandus C, Usatorre AM, Vigano S, Zhang L, Romero P. The vast universe of T cell diversity: subsets of memory cells and their differentiation. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1514:1–17.
  • Krackhardt AM, Anliker B, Hildebrandt M, Bachmann M, Eichmuller SB, Nettelbeck DM, Renner M, Uharek L, Willimsky G, Schmitt M, et al. Clinical translation and regulatory aspects of CAR/TCR-based adoptive cell therapies-the German cancer consortium approach. Cancer Immunol Immunother CII. 2018;67:513–523. doi:10.1007/s00262-018-2119-y.
  • Schrama D, Ritter C, Becker JC. T cell receptor repertoire usage in cancer as a surrogate marker for immune responses. Semin Immunopathol. 2017;39:255–268. doi:10.1007/s00281-016-0614-9.
  • Whiteside SK, Snook JP, Williams MA, Weis JJ. Bystander T cells: a balancing act of friends and foes. Trends Immunol. 2018;39:1021–1035. doi:10.1016/j.it.2018.10.003.
  • Janikovits J, Muller M, Krzykalla J, Korner S, Echterdiek F, Lahrmann B, Grabe N, Schneider M, Benner A, Doeberitz MVK, et al. High numbers of PDCD1 (PD-1)-positive T cells and B2M mutations in microsatellite-unstable colorectal cancer. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1390640. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1390640.
  • Vitale I, Sistigu A, Manic G, Rudqvist NP, Trajanoski Z, Galluzzi L. Mutational and antigenic landscape in tumor progression and cancer immunotherapy. Trends Cell Biol. 2019;29:396–416. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2019.01.003.
  • Postow MA, Manuel M, Wong P, Yuan J, Dong Z, Liu C, Perez S, Tanneau I, Noel M, Courtier A, et al. Peripheral T cell receptor diversity is associated with clinical outcomes following ipilimumab treatment in metastatic melanoma. J Immunother Cancer. 2015;3:23. doi:10.1186/s40425-015-0070-4.
  • Zhao Y, Niu C, Cui J. Gamma-delta (gammadelta) T cells: friend or foe in cancer development? J Transl Med. 2018;16:3. doi:10.1186/s12967-017-1378-2.
  • Rizvi NA, Hellmann MD, Snyder A, Kvistborg P, Makarov V, Havel JJ, Lee W, Yuan J, Wong P, Ho TS, et al. Cancer immunology. Mutational landscape determines sensitivity to PD-1 blockade in non-small cell lung cancer. Science. 2015;348:124–128. doi:10.1126/science.aaa1348.
  • Zingg D, Arenas-Ramirez N, Sahin D, Rosalia RA, Antunes AT, Haeusel J, Sommer L, Boyman O. The histone methyltransferase Ezh2 controls mechanisms of adaptive resistance to tumor immunotherapy. Cell Rep. 2017;20:854–867. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.007.
  • Turajlic S, Litchfield K, Xu H, Rosenthal R, McGranahan N, Reading JL, Wong YNS, Rowan A, Kanu N, Al Bakir M, et al. Insertion-and-deletion-derived tumour-specific neoantigens and the immunogenic phenotype: a pan-cancer analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18:1009–1021. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30516-8.
  • Parakh S, Gan HK, Parslow AC, Burvenich IJG, Burgess AW, Scott AM. Evolution of anti-HER2 therapies for cancer treatment. Cancer Treat Rev. 2017;59:1–21. doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.06.005.
  • O’Rourke DM, Nasrallah MP, Desai A, Melenhorst JJ, Mansfield K, Morrissette JJD, Martinez-Lage M, Brem S, Maloney E, Shen A, et al. A single dose of peripherally infused EGFRvIII-directed CAR T cells mediates antigen loss and induces adaptive resistance in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9:eaaa0984. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa0984.
  • Jimenez-Sanchez A, Memon D, Pourpe S, Veeraraghavan H, Li Y, Vargas HA, Gill MB, Park KJ, Zivanovic O, Konner J, et al. Heterogeneous tumor-immune microenvironments among differentially growing metastases in an ovarian cancer patient. Cell. 2017;170:927–38 e20. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.07.025.
  • Gubin MM, Zhang X, Schuster H, Caron E, Ward JP, Noguchi T, Ivanova Y, Hundal J, Arthur CD, Krebber W-J, et al. Checkpoint blockade cancer immunotherapy targets tumour-specific mutant antigens. Nature. 2014;515:577–581. doi:10.1038/nature13988.
  • Kosaloglu-Yalcin Z, Lanka M, Frentzen A, Logandha Ramamoorthy Premlal A, Sidney J, Vaughan K, Greenbaum J, Robbins P, Gartner J, Sette A, et al. Predicting T cell recognition of MHC class I restricted neoepitopes. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1492508. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2018.1492508.
  • Azizi AA, Pillai M, Thistlethwaite FC. T-cell receptor and chimeric antigen receptor in solid cancers: current landscape, preclinical data and insight into future developments. Curr Opin Oncol. 2019;31:430–438. doi:10.1097/CCO.0000000000000562.
  • Ott PA, Hu Z, Keskin DB, Shukla SA, Sun J, Bozym DJ, Zhang W, Luoma A, Giobbie-Hurder A, Peter L, et al. An immunogenic personal neoantigen vaccine for patients with melanoma. Nature. 2017;547:217–221. doi:10.1038/nature22991.
  • Leonard JD, Gilmore DC, Dileepan T, Nawrocka WI, Chao JL, Schoenbach MH, Jenkins MK, Adams EJ, Savage PA. Identification of natural regulatory T cell epitopes reveals convergence on a dominant autoantigen. Immunity. 2017;47:107–17 e8. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2017.06.015.
  • Kumai T, Fan A, Harabuchi Y, Celis E. Cancer immunotherapy: moving forward with peptide T cell vaccines. Curr Opin Immunol. 2017;47:57–63. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2017.07.003.
  • Meng YM, Liang J, Wu C, Xu J, Zeng DN, Yu XJ, Ning H, Xu L, Zheng L. Monocytes/Macrophages promote vascular CXCR4 expression via the ERK pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1408745. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1408745.
  • Ferretti E, Di Carlo E, Ognio E, Fraternali-Orcioni G, Corcione A, Belmonte B, Ravetti JL, Tripodo C, Ribatti D, Pistoia V, et al. IL-25 dampens the growth of human germinal center-derived B-cell non hodgkin lymphoma by curtailing neoangiogenesis. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1397249. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1397249.
  • Bakhru P, Zhu M-L, Wang -H-H, Hong LK, Khan I, Mouchess M, Gulati AS, Starmer J, Hou Y, Sailer D, et al. Combination central tolerance and peripheral checkpoint blockade unleashes antimelanoma immunity. JCI Insight. 2017;2. doi:10.1172/jci.insight.93265
  • Iberg CA, Jones A, Hawiger D. Dendritic cells as inducers of peripheral tolerance. Trends Immunol. 2017;38:793–804. doi:10.1016/j.it.2017.07.007.
  • Liu M, Li S, Li MO. TGF-beta control of adaptive immune tolerance: a break from treg cells. Bioessays. 2018;40:e1800063. doi:10.1002/bies.201800063.
  • McCarville JL, Ayres JS. Disease tolerance: concept and mechanisms. Curr Opin Immunol. 2018;50:88–93. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2017.12.003.
  • Nemazee D. Mechanisms of central tolerance for B cells. Nat Rev Immunol. 2017;17:281–294. doi:10.1038/nri.2017.19.
  • Nakagawa H, Mizukoshi E, Kobayashi E, Tamai T, Hamana H, Ozawa T, Kishi H, Kitahara M, Yamashita T, Arai K, et al. Association between high-avidity t-cell receptors, induced by alpha-fetoprotein-derived peptides, and anti-tumor effects in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2017;152:1395–406.e10. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.02.001.
  • Segal G, Prato S, Zehn D, Mintern JD, Villadangos JA. Target density, not affinity or avidity of antigen recognition, determines adoptive T cell therapy outcomes in a mouse lymphoma model. J Immunol. 2016;196:3935–3942. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1502187.
  • Jaigirdar A, Rosenberg SA, Parkhurst M. A high-avidity WT1-reactive T-cell receptor mediates recognition of peptide and processed antigen but not naturally occurring WT1-positive TUMOR CELLS. J Immunol. 2016;39:105–116.
  • Zhao Q, Ahmed M, Tassev DV, Hasan A, Kuo T-Y, Guo H-F, O’Reilly RJ, Cheung NKV. Affinity maturation of T-cell receptor-like antibodies for Wilms tumor 1 peptide greatly enhances therapeutic potential. Leukemia. 2015;29:2238–2247. doi:10.1038/leu.2015.125.
  • Tassev DV, Hasan A, Kuo TY, Guo HF, O’Reilly RJ, Cheung NK, et al. Quantitative TCR: pMHCDissociation rate assessment by ntamers reveals antimelanoma T cell repertoires enriched for high functional competence. Leukemia. 2015;195:356–366.
  • Palmer DC, Guittard GC, Franco Z, Crompton JG, Eil RL, Patel SJ, Ji Y, Van Panhuys N, Klebanoff CA, Sukumar M, et al. Cish actively silences TCR signaling in CD8+ T cells to maintain tumor tolerance. J Exp Med. 2015;212:2095–2113. doi:10.1084/jem.20150304.
  • Nakatsugawa M, Yamashita Y, Ochi T, Tanaka S, Chamoto K, Guo T, Butler MO, Hirano N. Specific roles of each TCR hemichain in generating functional chain-centric TCR. J Immunol. 2015;194:3487–3500. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1401717.
  • Hebeisen M, Schmidt J, Guillaume P, Baumgaertner P, Speiser DE, Luescher I, Rufer N. Identification of rare high-avidity, tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells by monomeric TCR-ligand off-rates measurements on living cells. Cancer Res. 2015;75:1983–1991. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-3516.
  • Oren R, Hod-Marco M, Haus-Cohen M, Thomas S, Blat D, Duvshani N, Denkberg G, Elbaz Y, Benchetrit F, Eshhar Z, et al. Functional comparison of engineered T cells carrying a native TCR versus TCR-like antibody-based chimeric antigen receptors indicates affinity/avidity thresholds. J Immunol. 2014;193:5733–5743. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1301769.
  • Smith-Garvin JE, Koretzky GA, Jordan MS. T cell activation. Annu Rev Immunol. 2009;27:591–619. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.021908.132706.
  • Chen DS, Mellman I. Elements of cancer immunity and the cancer-immune set point. Nature. 2017;541:321–330. doi:10.1038/nature21349.
  • Patsoukis N, Weaver JD, Strauss L, Herbel C, Seth P, Boussiotis VA. Immunometabolic regulations mediated by coinhibitory receptors and their impact on T Cell immune responses. Eur J Immunol. 2017;8:330.
  • Cibrian D, Sanchez-Madrid F. CD69: from activation marker to metabolic gatekeeper. Eur J Immunol. 2017;47:946–953. doi:10.1002/eji.201646837.
  • Gerritsen B, Pandit A. The memory of a killer T cell: models of CD8(+) T cell differentiation. Immunol Cell Biol. 2016;94:236–241. doi:10.1038/icb.2015.118.
  • Dogra P, Ghoneim HE, Abdelsamed HA, Youngblood B. Generating long-lived CD8(+) T-cell memory: insights from epigenetic programs. Eur J Immunol. 2016;46:1548–1562. doi:10.1002/eji.201545550.
  • Almeida L, Lochner M, Berod L, Sparwasser T. Metabolic pathways in T cell activation and lineage differentiation. Semin Immunol. 2016;28:514–524. doi:10.1016/j.smim.2016.10.009.
  • Blank CU, Haining WN, Held W, Hogan PG, Kallies A, Lugli E, Lynn RC, Philip M, Rao A, Restifo NP, et al. Defining ‘T cell exhaustion’. Nat Rev Immunol. 2019;19:665–674. doi:10.1038/s41577-019-0221-9.
  • Davoodzadeh Gholami M, Kardar GA, Saeedi Y, Heydari S, Garssen J, Falak R. Exhaustion of T lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment: significance and effective mechanisms. Cell Immunol. 2017;322:1–14. doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.10.002.
  • He QF, Xu Y, Li J, Huang ZM, Li XH, Wang X. CD8+ T-cell exhaustion in cancer: mechanisms and new area for cancer immunotherapy. Brief Funct Genomics. 2019;18:99–106. doi:10.1093/bfgp/ely006.
  • Kurachi M. CD8(+) T cell exhaustion. Semin Immunopathol. 2019;41:327–337. doi:10.1007/s00281-019-00744-5.
  • McKinney EF, Smith KGC. Metabolic exhaustion in infection, cancer and autoimmunity. Nat Immunol. 2018;19:213–221. doi:10.1038/s41590-018-0045-y.
  • Philip M, Schietinger A. Heterogeneity and fate choice: T cell exhaustion in cancer and chronic infections. Curr Opin Immunol. 2019;58:98–103. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2019.04.014.
  • Saeidi A, Zandi K, Cheok YY, Saeidi H, Wong WF, Lee CYQ, Cheong HC, Yong YK, Larsson M, Shankar EM, et al. T-cell exhaustion in chronic infections: reversing the state of exhaustion and reinvigorating optimal protective immune responses. Front Immunol. 2018;9:2569. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02569.
  • Serrano-Del Valle A, Anel A, Naval J, Marzo I. Immunogenic cell death and immunotherapy of multiple myeloma. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2019;7:50. doi:10.3389/fcell.2019.00050.
  • Vesely MD, Kershaw MH, Schreiber RD, Smyth MJ. Natural innate and adaptive immunity to cancer. Annu Rev Immunol. 2011;29:235–271. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101324.
  • Schreiber RD, Old LJ, Smyth MJ. Cancer immunoediting: integrating immunity’s roles in cancer suppression and promotion. Science. 2011;331:1565–1570. doi:10.1126/science.1203486.
  • Senovilla L, Vitale I, Martins I, Tailler M, Pailleret C, Michaud M, Galluzzi L, Adjemian S, Kepp O, Niso-Santano M, et al. An immunosurveillance mechanism controls cancer cell ploidy. Science. 2012;337:1678–1684. doi:10.1126/science.1224922.
  • Cruz-Adalia A, Ramirez-Santiago G, Osuna-Perez J, Torres-Torresano M, Zorita V, Martinez-Riano A, Boccasavia V, Borroto A, Martínez Del Hoyo G, González-Granado JM, et al. Conventional CD4+ T cells present bacterial antigens to induce cytotoxic and memory CD8+ T cell responses. Nat Commun. 2017;8:1591. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01661-7.
  • Pasquereau-Kotula E, Habault J, Kroemer G, Poyet JL. The anticancer peptide RT53 induces immunogenic cell death. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0201220. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201220.
  • Lu J, Liu X, Liao Y-P, Wang X, Ahmed A, Jiang W, Ji Y, Meng H, Nel AE. Breast cancer chemo-immunotherapy through liposomal delivery of an immunogenic cell death stimulus plus interference in the IDO-1 pathway. ACS Nano. 2018;12:11041–11061. doi:10.1021/acsnano.8b05189.
  • Tappe KA, Budida R, Stankov MV, Frenz T, RS H, Volz A, Sutter G, Kalinke U, Behrens GMN. Immunogenic cell death of dendritic cells following modified vaccinia virus Ankara infection enhances CD8(+) T cell proliferation. Eur J Immunol. 2018;48:2042–2054. doi:10.1002/eji.v48.12.
  • Ogawa M, Tomita Y, Nakamura Y, Lee MJ, Lee S, Tomita S, Nagaya T, Sato K, Yamauchi T, Iwai H, et al. Immunogenic cancer cell death selectively induced by near infrared photoimmunotherapy initiates host tumor immunity. Oncotarget. 2017;8:10425–10436. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.v8i6.
  • Garg AD, Vandenberk L, Koks C, Verschuere T, Boon L, Van Gool SW, Agostinis P. Dendritic cell vaccines based on immunogenic cell death elicit danger signals and T cell-driven rejection of high-grade glioma. Sci Transl Med. 2016;8:328ra27. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aae0105.
  • Chowdhury PS, Chamoto K, Honjo T. Combination therapy strategies for improving PD-1 blockade efficacy: a new era in cancer immunotherapy. J Intern Med. 2018;283:110–120. doi:10.1111/joim.2018.283.issue-2.
  • Gupta R, Amanam I, Chung V. Current and future therapies for advanced pancreatic cancer. J Surg Oncol. 2017;116:25–34. doi:10.1002/jso.v116.1.
  • Shimizu Y, Suzuki T, Yoshikawa T, Tsuchiya N, Sawada Y, Endo I, Nakatsura T. Cancer immunotherapy-targeted glypican-3 or neoantigens. Cancer Sci. 2018;109:531–541. doi:10.1111/cas.2018.109.issue-3.
  • Galluzzi L, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G. Immunological mechanisms underneath the efficacy of cancer therapy. Cancer Immunol Res. 2016;4:895–902. doi:10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-16-0197.
  • Somasundaram A, Burns TF. The next generation of immunotherapy: keeping lung cancer in check. J Hematol Oncol. 2017;10:87. doi:10.1186/s13045-017-0456-5.
  • Gulley JL, Madan RA, Pachynski R, Mulders P, Sheikh NA, Trager J, Drake CG. Role of antigen spread and distinctive characteristics of immunotherapy in cancer treatment. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2017;109.
  • McCall NS, Dicker AP, Lu B. Beyond concurrent chemoradiation: the emerging role of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in stage III lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2018;24:1271–1276. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-3269.
  • Galluzzi L, Vacchelli E, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Buque A, Senovilla L, Baracco EE, Bloy N, Castoldi F, Abastado J-P, Agostinis P, et al. Classification of current anticancer immunotherapies. Oncotarget. 2014;5:12472–12508. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.v5i24.
  • van den Bulk J, Verdegaal EM, de Miranda NF. Cancer immunotherapy: broadening the scope of targetable tumours. Open Biol. 2018;8:180037. doi:10.1098/rsob.180037.
  • Casey SC, Baylot V, Felsher DW. MYC: master regulator of immune privilege. Trends Immunol. 2017;38:298–305. doi:10.1016/j.it.2017.01.002.
  • Galluzzi L, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Kepp O, Kroemer G. Regulated cell death and adaptive stress responses. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2016;73:2405–2410. doi:10.1007/s00018-016-2209-y.
  • Wu J, Waxman DJ. Immunogenic chemotherapy: dose and schedule dependence and combination with immunotherapy. Cancer Lett. 2018;419:210–221. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.050.
  • Buqué A, Rodriguez-Ruiz ME, Fucikova J, Galluzzi L. Apoptotic caspases cut down the immunogenicity of radiation. OncoImmunology. 2019;8:e1655364. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2019.1655364.
  • Formenti SC, Rudqvist N-P, Golden E, Cooper B, Wennerberg E, Lhuillier C, Vanpouille-Box C, Friedman K, Ferrari de Andrade L, Wucherpfennig KW, et al. Radiotherapy induces responses of lung cancer to CTLA-4 blockade. Nat Med. 2018;24:1845–1851. doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0232-2.
  • Ko EC, Galluzzi L. Radiation unlocks the therapeutic potential of immune checkpoint blockers in lung cancer patients. Oncoimmunology. 2019;8:1606624. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2019.1606624.
  • Ni L, Dong C. New checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Immunol Rev. 2017;276:52–65. doi:10.1111/imr.2017.276.issue-1.
  • Montico B, Nigro A, Casolaro V, Dal Col J. Immunogenic apoptosis as a novel tool for anticancer vaccine development. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19:594. doi:10.3390/ijms19020594.
  • Rapoport BL, Anderson R. Realizing the clinical potential of immunogenic cell death in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:959. doi:10.3390/ijms20040959.
  • Tanchot C, Terme M, Pere H, Tran T, Benhamouda N, Strioga M, Banissi C, Galluzzi L, Kroemer G, Tartour E, et al. Tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells: phenotype, role, mechanism of expansion in situ and clinical significance. Cancer Microenviron. 2013;6:147–157. doi:10.1007/s12307-012-0122-y.
  • Curran CS, Sharon E. PD-1 immunobiology in autoimmune hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Semin Oncol. 2017;44:428–432. doi:10.1053/j.seminoncol.2017.12.001.
  • Donia M, Pedersen M, Svane IM. Cancer immunotherapy in patients with preexisting autoimmune disorders. Semin Immunopathol. 2017;39:333–337. doi:10.1007/s00281-016-0595-8.
  • Vitale I, Manic G, Coussens LM, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Macrophages and metabolism in the tumor microenvironment. Cell Metab. 2019;30:36–50. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2019.06.001.
  • Johnson DB, Sullivan RJ, Menzies AM. Immune checkpoint inhibitors in challenging populations. Cancer. 2017;123:1904–1911. doi:10.1002/cncr.v123.11.
  • Paluch C, Santos AM, Anzilotti C, Cornall RJ, Davis SJ. Immune checkpoints as therapeutic targets in autoimmunity. Front Immunol. 2018;9:2306. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02306.
  • Swoboda A, Nanda R. Immune checkpoint blockade for breast cancer. Cancer Treat Res. 2018;173:155–165.
  • Wykes MN, Lewin SR. Immune checkpoint blockade in infectious diseases. Nat Rev Immunol. 2018;18:91–104. doi:10.1038/nri.2017.112.
  • Yoon KW. Dead cell phagocytosis and innate immune checkpoint. BMB Rep. 2017;50:496–503. doi:10.5483/BMBRep.2017.50.10.147.
  • Vahl JM, Friedrich J, Mittler S, Trump S, Heim L, Kachler K, Balabko L, Fuhrich N, Geppert C-I, Trufa DI, et al. Interleukin-10-regulated tumour tolerance in non-small cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer. 2017;117:1644–1655. doi:10.1038/bjc.2017.336.
  • Fan Y, Kuai R, Xu Y, Ochyl LJ, Irvine DJ, Moon JJ. Immunogenic cell death amplified by co-localized adjuvant delivery for cancer immunotherapy. Nano Lett. 2017;17:7387–7393. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03218.
  • Garg AD, De Ruysscher D, Agostinis P. Immunological metagene signatures derived from immunogenic cancer cell death associate with improved survival of patients with lung, breast or ovarian malignancies: A large-scale meta-analysis. Oncoimmunology. 2016;5:e1069938. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2015.1069938.
  • Musetti S, Huang L. Nanoparticle-mediated remodeling of the tumor microenvironment to enhance immunotherapy. ACS Nano. 2018;12:11740–11755. doi:10.1021/acsnano.8b05893.
  • Wittwer C, Boeck S, Heinemann V, Haas M, Stieber P, Nagel D, Holdenrieder S. Circulating nucleosomes and immunogenic cell death markers HMGB1, sRAGE and DNAse in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer undergoing chemotherapy. Int J Cancer. 2013;133:2619–2630. doi:10.1002/ijc.28294.
  • Siddiqui I, Erreni M, Kamal MA, Porta C, Marchesi F, Pesce S, Pasqualini F, Schiarea S, Chiabrando C, Mantovani A, et al. Differential role of interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 in K-Ras-driven pancreatic carcinoma undergoing mesenchymal transition. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1388485. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1388485.
  • Exner R, Sachet M, Arnold T, Zinn-Zinnenburg M, Michlmayr A, Dubsky P, Bartsch R, Steger G, Gnant M, Bergmann M, et al. Prognostic value of HMGB1 in early breast cancer patients under neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer Med. 2016;5:2350–2358. doi:10.1002/cam4.2016.5.issue-9.
  • Garg AD, Coulie PG, Van den Eynde BJ, Agostinis P. Integrating next-generation dendritic cell vaccines into the current cancer immunotherapy landscape. Trends Immunol. 2017;38:577–593. doi:10.1016/j.it.2017.05.006.
  • Vacchelli E, Ma Y, Baracco EE, Sistigu A, Enot DP, Pietrocola F, Yang H, Adjemian S, Chaba K, Semeraro M, et al. Chemotherapy-induced antitumor immunity requires formyl peptide receptor 1. Science. 2015;350:972–978. doi:10.1126/science.aad0779.
  • Fotaki G, Jin C, Ramachandran M, Kerzeli IK, Karlsson-Parra A, Yu D, Essand M. Pro-inflammatory allogeneic DCs promote activation of bystander immune cells and thereby license antigen-specific T-cell responses. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1395126. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1395126.
  • Lukacsi S, Nagy-Balo Z, Erdei A, Sandor N, Bajtay Z. The role of CR3 (CD11b/CD18) and CR4 (CD11c/CD18) in complement-mediated phagocytosis and podosome formation by human phagocytes. Immunol Lett. 2017;189:64–72. doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2017.05.014.
  • Ohlsson SM, Pettersson Å, Ohlsson S, Selga D, Bengtsson AA, Segelmark M, Hellmark T. Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated systemic vasculitis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2012;170:47–56. doi:10.1111/cei.2012.170.issue-1.
  • Ligeon LA, Romao S, Munz C. Analysis of LC3-associated phagocytosis and antigen presentation. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1519:145–168.
  • Choi S-C, Simhadri VR, Tian L, Gil-Krzewska A, Krzewski K, Borrego F, Coligan JE. Cutting edge: mouse CD300f (CMRF-35-like molecule-1) recognizes outer membrane-exposed phosphatidylserine and can promote phagocytosis. J Immunol. 2011;187:3483–3487. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1101549.
  • Ishimoto H, Yanagihara K, Araki N, Mukae H, Sakamoto N, Izumikawa K, Seki M, Miyazaki Y, Hirakata Y, Mizuta Y, et al. Single-cell observation of phagocytosis by human blood dendritic cells. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2008;61:294–297.
  • van Bommel PE, He Y, Schepel I, Hendriks M, Wiersma VR, van Ginkel RJ, van Meerten T, Ammatuna E, Huls G, Samplonius DF, et al. CD20-selective inhibition of CD47-SIRPalpha “don’t eat me” signaling with a bispecific antibody-derivative enhances the anticancer activity of daratumumab, alemtuzumab and obinutuzumab. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1386361. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1386361.
  • Li F, Lv B, Liu Y, Hua T, Han J, Sun C, Xu L, Zhang Z, Feng Z, Cai Y, et al. Blocking the CD47-SIRPα axis by delivery of anti-CD47 antibody induces antitumor effects in glioma and glioma stem cells. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1391973. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1391973.
  • Garg AD, Romano E, Rufo N, Agostinis P. Immunogenic versus tolerogenic phagocytosis during anticancer therapy: mechanisms and clinical translation. Cell Death Differ. 2016;23:938–951. doi:10.1038/cdd.2016.5.
  • Morioka S, Perry JSA, Raymond MH, Medina CB, Zhu Y, Zhao L, Serbulea V, Onengut-Gumuscu S, Leitinger N, Kucenas S, et al. Efferocytosis induces a novel SLC program to promote glucose uptake and lactate release. Nature. 2018;563:714–718. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0735-5.
  • Chaoul N, Tang A, Desrues B, Oberkampf M, Fayolle C, Ladant D, Sainz-Perez A, Leclerc C. Lack of MHC class II molecules favors CD8(+) T-cell infiltration into tumors associated with an increased control of tumor growth. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1404213. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1404213.
  • McDonnell AM, Cook A, Robinson BWS, Lake RA, Nowak AK. Serial immunomonitoring of cancer patients receiving combined antagonistic anti-CD40 and chemotherapy reveals consistent and cyclical modulation of T cell and dendritic cell parameters. BMC Cancer. 2017;17:417. doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3403-5.
  • Chen L, Hasni MS, Jondal M, Yakimchuk K. Modification of anti-tumor immunity by tolerogenic dendritic cells. Autoimmunity. 2017;50:370–376. doi:10.1080/08916934.2017.1344837.
  • Castiello L, Sabatino M, Ren J, Terabe M, Khuu H, Wood LV, Berzofsky JA, Stroncek DF Expression of CD14, IL10, and tolerogenic signature in dendritic cells inversely correlate with clinical and immunologic response to TARP vaccination in prostate cancer patients. Autoimmunity. 2017;23:3352–3364.
  • Van den Bergh J, Willemen Y, Lion E, Van Acker H, De Reu H, Anguille S, Goossens H, Berneman Z, Van Tendeloo V, Smits E, et al. Transpresentation of interleukin-15 by IL-15/IL-15Rα mRNA-engineered human dendritic cells boosts antitumoral natural killer cell activity. Oncotarget. 2015;6:44123–44133. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.6536.
  • Nagaoka K, Hosoi A, Iino T, Morishita Y, Matsushita H, Kakimi K. Dendritic cell vaccine induces antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells that are metabolically distinct from those of peptide vaccine and is well-combined with PD-1 checkpoint blockade. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1395124. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1395124.
  • Duggan MC, Campbell AR, McMichael EL, Opheim KS, Levine KM, Bhave N, Culbertson MC, Noel T, Yu L, Carson WE, et al. Co-stimulation of the fc receptor and interleukin-12 receptor on human natural killer cells leads to increased expression of cd25. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1381813. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1381813.
  • Briseno CG, Haldar M, Kretzer NM, Wu X, Theisen DJ, Kc W, Durai V, Grajales-Reyes G, Iwata A, Bagadia P, et al. Distinct transcriptional programs control cross-priming in classical and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Cell Rep. 2016;15:2462–2474. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.025.
  • Zhang Y, Chen G, Liu Z, Tian S, Zhang J, Carey CD, Murphy KM, Storkus WJ, Falo LD, You Z, et al. Genetic vaccines to potentiate the effective CD103+ dendritic cell-mediated cross-priming of antitumor immunity. J Immunol. 2015;194:5937–5947. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1500089.
  • Osmond TL, Farrand KJ, Painter GF, Ruedl C, Petersen TR, Hermans IF. Activated NKT cells can condition different splenic dendritic cell subsets to respond more effectively to TLR engagement and enhance cross-priming. J Immunol. 2015;195:821–831. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1401751.
  • Leavy O. Cell death: pathways for cross-priming. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015;15:725. doi:10.1038/nri3933.
  • Katakam AK, Brightbill H, Franci C, Kung C, Nunez V, Jones C 3rd, Peng I, Jeet S, Wu LC, Mellman I, et al. Dendritic cells require NIK for CD40-dependent cross-priming of CD8+ T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112:14664–14669. doi:10.1073/pnas.1520627112.
  • Stephenson RM, Lim CM, Matthews M, Dietsch G, Hershberg R, Ferris RL. TLR8 stimulation enhances cetuximab-mediated natural killer cell lysis of head and neck cancer cells and dendritic cell cross-priming of EGFR-specific CD8+ T cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother CII. 2013;62:1347–1357. doi:10.1007/s00262-013-1437-3.
  • Gamrekelashvili J, Kapanadze T, Han M, Wissing J, Ma C, Jaensch L, Manns MP, Armstrong T, Jaffee E, White AO, et al. Peptidases released by necrotic cells control CD8+ T cell cross-priming. J Clin Invest. 2013;123:4755–4768. doi:10.1172/JCI65698.
  • Watson AM, Mylin LM, Thompson MM, Schell TD. Modification of a tumor antigen determinant to improve peptide/MHC stability is associated with increased immunogenicity and cross-priming a larger fraction of CD8+ T cells. J Immunol. 2012;189:5549–5560. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1102221.
  • Valentine FT, Golomb FM, Harris M, Roses DF. A novel immunization strategy using cytokine/chemokines induces new effective systemic immune responses, and frequent complete regressions of human metastatic melanoma. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1386827. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1386827.
  • Anwer F, Shaukat -A-A, Zahid U, Husnain M, McBride A, Persky D, Lim M, Hasan N, Riaz IB. Donor origin CAR T cells: graft versus malignancy effect without GVHD, a systematic review. Immunotherapy. 2017;9:123–130. doi:10.2217/imt-2016-0127.
  • Hennequart M, Pilotte L, Cane S, Hoffmann D, Stroobant V, Plaen E, Eynde BJVD. Constitutive IDO1 expression in human tumors is driven by cyclooxygenase-2 and mediates intrinsic immune resistance. Cancer Immunol Res. 2017;5:695–709. doi:10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-16-0400.
  • Hocine HR, Costa HE, Dam N, Giustiniani J, Palacios I, Loiseau P, Bensussan A, Borlado LR, Charron D, Suberbielle C, et al. Minimizing the risk of allo-sensitization to optimize the benefit of allogeneic cardiac-derived stem/progenitor cells. Sci Rep. 2017;7:41125. doi:10.1038/srep41125.
  • Inman CF, Eldershaw SA, Croudace JE, Davies NJ, Sharma-Oates A, Rai T, Pearce H, Sirovica M, Chan YLT, Verma K, et al. Unique features and clinical importance of acute alloreactive immune responses. JCI Insight. 2018;3. doi:10.1172/jci.insight.97219
  • Ramadan A, Griesenauer B, Adom D, Kapur R, Hanenberg H, Liu C, Kaplan MH, Paczesny S. Specifically differentiated T cell subset promotes tumor immunity over fatal immunity. J Exp Med. 2017;214:3577–3596. doi:10.1084/jem.20170041.
  • Riquelme P, Haarer J, Kammler A, Walter L, Tomiuk S, Ahrens N, Wege AK, Goecze I, Zecher D, Banas B, et al. TIGIT+ iTregs elicited by human regulatory macrophages control T cell immunity. Nat Commun. 2018;9:2858. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05167-8.
  • Schijns V, Pretto C, Strik AM, Gloudemans-Rijkers R, Deviller L, Pierre D, Chung J, Dandekar M, Carrillo JA, Kong XT, et al. Therapeutic immunization against glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19.
  • Stern L, McGuire H, Avdic S, Rizzetto S, Fazekas de St Groth B, Luciani F, Slobedman B, Blyth E. Mass cytometry for the assessment of immune reconstitution after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1672. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01672.
  • Tasian SK, Kenderian SS, Shen F, Ruella M, Shestova O, Kozlowski M, Li Y, Schrank-Hacker A, Morrissette JJD, Carroll M, et al. Optimized depletion of chimeric antigen receptor T cells in murine xenograft models of human acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2017;129:2395–2407. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-08-736041.
  • Du W, Mohammadpour H, O’Neill RE, Kumar S, Chen C, Qiu M, Mei L, Qiu J, McCarthy PL, Lee KP, et al. Serine protease inhibitor 6 protects alloreactive T cells from Granzyme B-mediated mitochondrial damage without affecting graft-versus-tumor effect. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1397247. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1397247.
  • Alimbetov D, Askarova S, Umbayev B, Davis T, Kipling D. Pharmacological targeting of cell cycle, apoptotic and cell adhesion signaling pathways implicated in chemoresistance of cancer cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19.
  • Filliol A, Piquet-Pellorce C, Raguenes-Nicol C, Dion S, Farooq M, Lucas-Clerc C, Vandenabeele P, Bertrand MJM, Le Seyec J, Samson M, et al. RIPK1 protects hepatocytes from Kupffer cells-mediated TNF-induced apoptosis in mouse models of PAMP-induced hepatitis. J Hepatol. 2017;66:1205–1213. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2017.01.005.
  • Huang AC, Postow MA, Orlowski RJ, Mick R, Bengsch B, Manne S, Xu W, Harmon S, Giles JR, Wenz B, et al. T-cell invigoration to tumour burden ratio associated with anti-PD-1 response. Nature. 2017;545:60–65. doi:10.1038/nature22079.
  • Liu D, Jenkins RW, Sullivan RJ. Mechanisms of resistance to immune checkpoint blockade. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2019;20:41–54. doi:10.1007/s40257-018-0389-y.
  • Pawelec G. Immune signatures predicting responses to immunomodulatory antibody therapy. Curr Opin Immunol. 2018;51:91–96. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2018.03.003.
  • Stanczak MA, Siddiqui SS, Trefny MP, Thommen DS, Boligan KF, von Gunten S, Tzankov A, Tietze L, Lardinois D, Heinzelmann-Schwarz V, et al. Self-associated molecular patterns mediate cancer immune evasion by engaging siglecs on T cells. J Clin Invest. 2018;128:4912–4923. doi:10.1172/JCI120612.
  • Wang B, Zhang W, Jankovic V, Golubov J, Poon P, Oswald EM, Gurer C, Wei J, Ramos I, Wu Q, et al. Combination cancer immunotherapy targeting PD-1 and GITR can rescue CD8(+) T cell dysfunction and maintain memory phenotype. Sci Immunol. 2018;3:eaat7061. doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.aat7061.
  • Foerster F, Boegel S, Heck R, Pickert G, Russel N, Rosigkeit S, Bros M, Strobl S, Kaps L, Aslam M, et al. Enhanced protection of C57 BL/6 vs Balb/c mice to melanoma liver metastasis is mediated by NK cells. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1409929. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1409929.
  • Nam G-H, Lee EJ, Kim YK, Hong Y, Choi Y, Ryu M-J, Woo J, Cho Y, Ahn DJ, Yang Y, et al. Combined Rho-kinase inhibition and immunogenic cell death triggers and propagates immunity against cancer. Nat Commun. 2018;9:2165. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04607-9.
  • Kuryk L, Moller AW, Jaderberg M. Combination of immunogenic oncolytic adenovirus ONCOS-102 with anti-PD-1 pembrolizumab exhibits synergistic antitumor effect in humanized A2058 melanoma huNOG mouse model. Oncoimmunology. 2019;8:e1532763. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2018.1532763.
  • Berzofsky JA, Terabe M, Trepel JB, Pastan I, Stroncek DF, Morris JC, Wood LV. Cancer vaccine strategies: translation from mice to human clinical trials. Cancer Immunol Immunother CII. 2018;67:1863–1869. doi:10.1007/s00262-017-2084-x.
  • Menger L, Vacchelli E, Adjemian S, Martins I, Ma Y, Shen S, Yamazaki T, Sukkurwala AQ, Michaud M, Mignot G, et al. Cardiac glycosides exert anticancer effects by inducing immunogenic cell death. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4:143ra99. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3003807.
  • Hernandez C, Huebener P, Schwabe RF. Damage-associated molecular patterns in cancer: a double-edged sword. Oncogene. 2016;35:5931–5941. doi:10.1038/onc.2016.104.
  • Gardai SJ, McPhillips KA, Frasch SC, Janssen WJ, Starefeldt A, Murphy-Ullrich JE, Bratton DL, Oldenborg P-A, Michalak M, Henson PM, et al. Cell-surface calreticulin initiates clearance of viable or apoptotic cells through trans-activation of LRP on the phagocyte. Cell. 2005;123:321–334. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.032.
  • Woo SR, Corrales L, Gajewski TF. Innate immune recognition of cancer. Annu Rev Immunol. 2015;33:445–474. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-032414-112043.
  • Sancho D, Reis E Sousa C. Sensing of cell death by myeloid C-type lectin receptors. Curr Opin Immunol. 2013;25:46–52. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2012.12.007.
  • Ahn J, Xia T, Rabasa Capote A, Betancourt D, Barber GN. Extrinsic Phagocyte-Dependent STING Signaling Dictates the Immunogenicity of Dying Cells. Cancer Cell. 2018;33:862–73.e5. doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2018.03.027.
  • Bianchi ME, Crippa MP, Manfredi AA, Mezzapelle R, Rovere Querini P, Venereau E. High-mobility group box 1 protein orchestrates responses to tissue damage via inflammation, innate and adaptive immunity, and tissue repair. Immunol Rev. 2017;280:74–82. doi:10.1111/imr.2017.280.issue-1.
  • Nuka E, Ohnishi K, Terao J, Kawai Y. ATP/P2X7 receptor signaling as a potential anti-inflammatory target of natural polyphenols. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0204229. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0204229.
  • Parkes EE, Walker SM, Taggart LE, McCabe N, Knight LA, Wilkinson R, McCloskey KD, Buckley NE, Savage KI, Salto-Tellez M, et al. Activation of STING-dependent innate immune signaling by S-phase-specific DNA damage in breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2017;109.
  • Suek N, Campesato LF, Merghoub T, Khalil DN. Targeted APC activation in cancer immunotherapy to enhance the abscopal effect. Front Immunol. 2019;10:604. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00604.
  • Yatim N, Cullen S, Albert ML. Dying cells actively regulate adaptive immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol. 2017;17:262–275. doi:10.1038/nri.2017.9.
  • Obeid M, Tesniere A, Ghiringhelli F, Fimia GM, Apetoh L, Perfettini J-L, Castedo M, Mignot G, Panaretakis T, Casares N, et al. Calreticulin exposure dictates the immunogenicity of cancer cell death. Nat Med. 2007;13:54–61. doi:10.1038/nm1523.
  • Garg AD, Elsen S, Krysko DV, Vandenabeele P, de Witte P, Agostinis P. Resistance to anticancer vaccination effect is controlled by a cancer cell-autonomous phenotype that disrupts immunogenic phagocytic removal. Oncotarget. 2015;6:26841–26860. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.v6i29.
  • Truxova I, Kasikova L, Salek C, Hensler M, Lysak D, Holicek P, Bilkova P, Holubova M, Chen X, Mikyskova R, et al. Calreticulin exposure on malignant blasts correlates with improved natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity in acute myeloid leukemia patients. Haematologica. 2019. doi:10.3324/haematol.2019.223933.
  • Elliott MR, Chekeni FB, Trampont PC, Lazarowski ER, Kadl A, Walk SF, Park D, Woodson RI, Ostankovich M, Sharma P, et al. Nucleotides released by apoptotic cells act as a find-me signal to promote phagocytic clearance. Nature. 2009;461:282–286. doi:10.1038/nature08296.
  • Chekeni FB, Elliott MR, Sandilos JK, Walk SF, Kinchen JM, Lazarowski ER, Armstrong AJ, Penuela S, Laird DW, Salvesen GS, et al. Pannexin 1 channels mediate ‘find-me’ signal release and membrane permeability during apoptosis. Nature. 2010;467:863–867. doi:10.1038/nature09413.
  • Martins I, Wang Y, Michaud M, Ma Y, Sukkurwala AQ, Shen S, Kepp O, Métivier D, Galluzzi L, Perfettini J-L, et al. Molecular mechanisms of ATP secretion during immunogenic cell death. Cell Death Differ. 2014;21:79–91. doi:10.1038/cdd.2013.75.
  • Galluzzi L, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Demaria S, Formenti SC, Kroemer G. Activating autophagy to potentiate immunogenic chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2017;14:247–258. doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.183.
  • Garg AD, Krysko DV, Vandenabeele P, Agostinis P. Extracellular ATP and P(2)X(7) receptor exert context-specific immunogenic effects after immunogenic cancer cell death. Cell Death Dis. 2016;7:e2097. doi:10.1038/cddis.2015.411.
  • Scaffidi P, Misteli T, Bianchi ME. Release of chromatin protein HMGB1 by necrotic cells triggers inflammation. Nature. 2002;418:191–195. doi:10.1038/nature00858.
  • Liu P, Zhao L, Loos F, Iribarren K, Kepp O, Kroemer G. Epigenetic anticancer agents cause HMGB1 release in vivo. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1431090. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2018.1431090.
  • Sistigu A, Yamazaki T, Vacchelli E, Chaba K, Enot DP, Adam J, Vitale I, Goubar A, Baracco EE, Remédios C, et al. Cancer cell-autonomous contribution of type I interferon signaling to the efficacy of chemotherapy. Nat Med. 2014;20:1301–1309. doi:10.1038/nm.3708.
  • Vanpouille-Box C, Alard A, Aryankalayil MJ, Sarfraz Y, Diamond JM, Schneider RJ, Inghirami G, Coleman CN, Formenti SC, Demaria S, et al. DNA exonuclease Trex1 regulates radiotherapy-induced tumour immunogenicity. Nat Commun. 2017;8:15618. doi:10.1038/ncomms15618.
  • Mackenzie KJ, Carroll P, Martin CA, Murina O, Fluteau A, Simpson DJ, Olova N, Sutcliffe H, Rainger JK, Leitch A, et al. cGAS surveillance of micronuclei links genome instability to innate immunity. Nature. 2017;548:461–465. doi:10.1038/nature23449.
  • Harding SM, Benci JL, Irianto J, Discher DE, Minn AJ, Greenberg RA. Mitotic progression following DNA damage enables pattern recognition within micronuclei. Nature. 2017;548:466–470. doi:10.1038/nature23470.
  • Sprooten J, Agostinis P, Garg AD. Type I interferons and dendritic cells in cancer immunotherapy. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol Acad Press. 2019. doi:10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.06.001.
  • Cauwels A, Van Lint S, Garcin G, Bultinck J, Paul F, Gerlo S, Van der Heyden J, Bordat Y, Catteeuw D, De Cauwer L, et al. A safe and highly efficient tumor-targeted type I interferon immunotherapy depends on the tumor microenvironment. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1398876. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1398876.
  • Krombach J, Hennel R, Brix N, Orth M, Schoetz U, Ernst A, Schuster J, Zuchtriegel G, Reichel CA, Bierschenk S, et al. Priming anti-tumor immunity by radiotherapy: dying tumor cell-derived DAMPs trigger endothelial cell activation and recruitment of myeloid cells. Oncoimmunology. 2019;8:e1523097. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2018.1523097.
  • Garg AD, Vandenberk L, Fang S, Fasche T, Van Eygen S, Maes J, Van Woensel M, Koks C, Vanthillo N, Graf N, et al. Pathogen response-like recruitment and activation of neutrophils by sterile immunogenic dying cells drives neutrophil-mediated residual cell killing. Cell Death Differ. 2017;24:832–843. doi:10.1038/cdd.2017.15.
  • De Waele J, Marcq E, Van Audenaerde JR, Van Loenhout J, Deben C, Zwaenepoel K, Van de Kelft E, Van der Planken D, Menovsky T, Van den Bergh JM, et al. Poly(I:C) primes primary human glioblastoma cells for an immune response invigorated by PD-L1 blockade. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1407899. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1407899.
  • Vanpouille-Box C, Hoffmann JA, Galluzzi L. Pharmacological modulation of nucleic acid sensors - therapeutic potential and persisting obstacles. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2019. doi:10.1038/s41573-019-0043-2.
  • Galluzzi L, Buque A, Kepp O, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G. Immunological Effects of Conventional Chemotherapy and Targeted Anticancer Agents. Cancer Cell. 2015;28:690–714. doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2015.10.012.
  • Delaunay T, Violland M, Boisgerault N, Dutoit S, Vignard V, Munz C, Gannage M, Dréno B, Vaivode K, Pjanova D, et al. Oncolytic viruses sensitize human tumor cells for NY-ESO-1 tumor antigen recognition by CD4+ effector T cells. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1407897. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1407897.
  • Garg AD, Krysko DV, Verfaillie T, Kaczmarek A, Ferreira GB, Marysael T, Rubio N, Firczuk M, Mathieu C, Roebroek AJM, et al. A novel pathway combining calreticulin exposure and ATP secretion in immunogenic cancer cell death. Embo J. 2012;31:1062–1079. doi:10.1038/emboj.2011.497.
  • Garg AD, Dudek AM, Ferreira GB, Verfaillie T, Vandenabeele P, Krysko DV, Mathieu C, Agostinis P. ROS-induced autophagy in cancer cells assists in evasion from determinants of immunogenic cell death. Autophagy. 2013;9:1292–1307. doi:10.4161/auto.25399.
  • Pol J, Bloy N, Obrist F, Eggermont A, Galon J, Cremer I, Erbs P, Limacher J-M, Preville X, Zitvogel L, et al. Trial Watch:: oncolytic viruses for cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology. 2014;3:e28694. doi:10.4161/onci.28694.
  • Willemen Y, Van den Bergh JM, Lion E, Anguille S, Roelandts VA, Van Acker HH, Heynderickx SDI, Stein BMH, Peeters M, Figdor CG, et al. Engineering monocyte-derived dendritic cells to secrete interferon-alpha enhances their ability to promote adaptive and innate anti-tumor immune effector functions. Cancer Immunol Immunother CII. 2015;64:831–842. doi:10.1007/s00262-015-1688-2.
  • Poschke I, Mougiakakos D, Hansson J, Masucci GV, Kiessling R. Immature immunosuppressive CD14+HLA-DR-/low cells in melanoma patients are Stat3hi and overexpress CD80, CD83, and DC-sign. Cancer Res. 2010;70:4335–4345. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-3767.
  • Birkholz K, Schwenkert M, Kellner C, Gross S, Fey G, Schuler-Thurner B, Schuler G, Schaft N, Dörrie J. Targeting of DEC-205 on human dendritic cells results in efficient MHC class II-restricted antigen presentation. Blood. 2010;116:2277–2285. doi:10.1182/blood-2010-02-268425.
  • Nagahara K, Arikawa T, Oomizu S, Kontani K, Nobumoto A, Tateno H, Watanabe K, Niki T, Katoh S, Miyake M, et al. Galectin-9 increases Tim-3+ dendritic cells and CD8+ T cells and enhances antitumor immunity via galectin-9-Tim-3 interactions. J Immunol. 2008;181:7660–7669. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.181.11.7660.
  • Keller AM, Schildknecht A, Xiao Y, van den Broek M, Borst J. Expression of costimulatory ligand CD70 on steady-state dendritic cells breaks CD8+ T cell tolerance and permits effective immunity. Immunity. 2008;29:934–946. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2008.10.009.
  • Idorn M, Olsen M, Halldorsdottir HR, Skadborg SK, Pedersen M, Hogdall C, Høgdall E, Met Ö, thor Straten P. Improved migration of tumor ascites lymphocytes to ovarian cancer microenvironment by CXCR2 transduction. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1412029. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1412029.
  • Sprooten J, Ceusters J, Coosemans A, Agostinis P, De Vleeschouwer S, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L, Garg AD. Trial watch: dendritic cell vaccination for cancer immunotherapy. OncoImmunology. 2019;8:e1638212. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2019.1638212.
  • Lampen MH, van Hall T. Strategies to counteract MHC-I defects in tumors. Curr Opin Immunol. 2011;23:293–298. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2010.12.005.
  • Schmid DA, Irving MB, Posevitz V, Hebeisen M, Posevitz-Fejfar A, Sarria JC, Gomez-Eerland R, Thome M, Schumacher TNM, Romero P, et al. Evidence for a TCR affinity threshold delimiting maximal CD8 T cell function. J Immunol. 2010;184:4936–4946. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1000173.
  • Meije CB, Swart GW, Lepoole C, Das PK, Van den Oord JJ. Antigenic profiles of individual-matched pairs of primary and melanoma metastases. Hum Pathol. 2009;40:1399–1407. doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2008.11.018.
  • Gubin MM, Artyomov MN, Mardis ER, Schreiber RD. Tumor neoantigens: building a framework for personalized cancer immunotherapy. J Clin Invest. 2015;125:3413–3421. doi:10.1172/JCI80008.
  • Zhang Y, Kurupati R, Liu L, Zhou XY, Zhang G, Hudaihed A, Filisio F, Giles-Davis W, Xu X, Karakousis GC, et al. Enhancing CD8+ T cell fatty acid catabolism within a metabolically challenging tumor microenvironment increases the efficacy of melanoma immunotherapy. Cancer Cell. 2017;32:377–91.e9. doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2017.08.004.
  • Wennhold K, Thelen M, Schlosser HA, Haustein N, Reuter S, Garcia-Marquez M, Lechner A, Kobold S, Rataj F, Utermöhlen O, et al. Using antigen-specific B cells to combine antibody and T cell-based cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Res. 2017;5:730–743. doi:10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-16-0236.
  • Patel SJ, Sanjana NE, Kishton RJ, Eidizadeh A, Vodnala SK, Cam M, Gartner JJ, Jia L, Steinberg SM, Yamamoto TN, et al. Identification of essential genes for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Immunol. 2017;548:537–542.
  • Araki K, Morita M, Bederman AG, Konieczny BT, Kissick HT, Sonenberg N, Ahmed R. Translation is actively regulated during the differentiation of CD8+ effector T cells. Nat Immunol. 2017;18:1046–1057. doi:10.1038/ni.3795.
  • De Beck L, Melhaoui S, De Veirman K, Menu E, De Bruyne E, Vanderkerken K, Breckpot K, Maes K. Epigenetic treatment of multiple myeloma mediates tumor intrinsic and extrinsic immunomodulatory effects. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1484981. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2018.1484981.
  • Fotaki G, Jin C, Kerzeli IK, Ramachandran M, Martikainen MM, Karlsson-Parra A, Karlsson-Parra A, Yu D, Essand M. Cancer vaccine based on a combination of an infection-enhanced adenoviral vector and pro-inflammatory allogeneic DCs leads to sustained antigen-specific immune responses in three melanoma models. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1397250. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1397250.
  • Sharma P, Hu-Lieskovan S, Wargo JA, Ribas A. Primary, adaptive, and acquired resistance to cancer immunotherapy. Cell. 2017;168:707–723. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.01.017.
  • Joyce JA, Fearon DT. T cell exclusion, immune privilege, and the tumor microenvironment. Science. 2015;348:74–80. doi:10.1126/science.aaa6204.
  • Curiel TJ, Coukos G, Zou L, Alvarez X, Cheng P, Mottram P, Evdemon-Hogan M, Conejo-Garcia JR, Zhang L, Burow M, et al. Specific recruitment of regulatory T cells in ovarian carcinoma fosters immune privilege and predicts reduced survival. Nat Med. 2004;10:942–949. doi:10.1038/nm1093.
  • Spadoni I, Fornasa G, Rescigno M. Organ-specific protection mediated by cooperation between vascular and epithelial barriers. Nat Rev Immunol. 2017;17:761–773. doi:10.1038/nri.2017.100.
  • Chung EY, Liu J, Homma Y, Zhang Y, Brendolan A, Saggese M, Han J, Silverstein R, Selleri L, Ma X, et al. Interleukin-10 expression in macrophages during phagocytosis of apoptotic cells is mediated by homeodomain proteins Pbx1 and Prep-1. Immunity. 2007;27:952–964. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2007.11.014.
  • Fadok VA, Bratton DL, Konowal A, Freed PW, Westcott JY, Henson PM. Macrophages that have ingested apoptotic cells in vitro inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production through autocrine/paracrine mechanisms involving TGF-beta, PGE2, and PAF. J Clin Invest. 1998;101:890–898. doi:10.1172/JCI1112.
  • Grivennikov SI, Greten FR, Karin M. Immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Cell. 2010;140:883–899. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.025.
  • Yeku OO, Purdon TJ, Koneru M, Spriggs D, Brentjens RJ. Armored CAR T cells enhance antitumor efficacy and overcome the tumor microenvironment. Sci Rep. 2017;7:10541. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-10940-8.
  • Haderk F, Schulz R, Iskar M, Cid LL, Worst T, Willmund KV, Schulz A, Warnken U, Seiler J, Benner A, et al. Tumor-derived exosomes modulate PD-L1 expression in monocytes. Sci Immunol. 2017;2:eaah5509. doi:10.1126/sciimmunol.aah5509.
  • Spranger S, Dai D, Horton B, Gajewski TF. Tumor-residing Batf3 dendritic cells are required for effector T cell trafficking and adoptive T cell therapy. Cancer Cell. 2017;31:711–23.e4. doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2017.04.003.
  • Serra S, Horenstein AL, Vaisitti T, Brusa D, Rossi D, Laurenti L, D’Arena G, Coscia M, Tripodo C, Inghirami G, et al. CD73-generated extracellular adenosine in chronic lymphocytic leukemia creates local conditions counteracting drug-induced cell death. Blood. 2011;118:6141–6152. doi:10.1182/blood-2011-08-374728.
  • McDonald B, Pittman K, Menezes GB, Hirota SA, Slaba I, Waterhouse CC, Beck PL, Muruve DA, Kubes P. Intravascular danger signals guide neutrophils to sites of sterile inflammation. Science. 2010;330:362–366. doi:10.1126/science.1195491.
  • Moser B, Wolf M, Walz A, Loetscher P. Chemokines: multiple levels of leukocyte migration control. Trends Immunol. 2004;25:75–84. doi:10.1016/j.it.2003.12.005.
  • Taylor NA, Vick SC, Iglesia MD, Brickey WJ, Midkiff BR, McKinnon KP, Reisdorf S, Anders CK, Carey LA, Parker JS, et al. Treg depletion potentiates checkpoint inhibition in claudin-low breast cancer. J Clin Invest. 2017;127:3472–3483. doi:10.1172/JCI90499.
  • Li S, Xu F, Zhang J, Wang L, Zheng Y, Wu X, Wang J, Huang Q, Lai M. Tumor-associated macrophages remodeling EMT and predicting survival in colorectal carcinoma. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1380765. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1380765.
  • Pardoll DM. The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2012;12:252–264. doi:10.1038/nrc3239.
  • Sharma P, Allison JP. The future of immune checkpoint therapy. Science. 2015;348:56–61.
  • Garg AD, Vandenberk L, Van Woensel M, Belmans J, Schaaf M, Boon L, De Vleeschouwer S, Agostinis P. Preclinical efficacy of immune-checkpoint monotherapy does not recapitulate corresponding biomarkers-based clinical predictions in glioblastoma. Oncoimmunology. 2017;6:e1295903. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1295903.
  • Kuttke M, Sahin E, Pisoni J, Percig S, Vogel A, Kraemmer D, Hanzl L, Brunner JS, Paar H, Soukup K, et al. Myeloid PTEN deficiency impairs tumor-immune surveillance via immune-checkpoint inhibition. Oncoimmunology. 2016;5:e1164918. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2016.1164918.
  • Wu M-Z, Cheng W-C, Chen S-F, Nieh S, O’Connor C, Liu C-L, Tsai -W-W, Wu C-J, Martin L, Lin Y-S, et al. miR-25/93 mediates hypoxia-induced immunosuppression by repressing cGAS. Nat Cell Biol. 2017;19:1286–1296. doi:10.1038/ncb3615.
  • Turtle CJ, Hay KA, Hanafi LA, Li D, Cherian S, Chen X, Wood B, Lozanski A, Byrd JC, Heimfeld S, et al. Durable molecular remissions in chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells after failure of ibrutinib. Nat Cell Biol. 2017;35:3010–3020.
  • Manguso RT, Pope HW, Zimmer MD, Brown FD, Yates KB, Miller BC, Collins NB, Bi K, LaFleur MW, Juneja VR, et al. In vivo CRISPR screening identifies Ptpn2 as a cancer immunotherapy target. Sci Signal. 2017;547:413–418.
  • Grinberg-Bleyer Y, Oh H, Desrichard A, Bhatt DM, Caron R, Chan TA, Schmid RM, Klein U, Hayden MS, Ghosh S, et al. NF-kappaB c-Rel is crucial for the regulatory T cell immune checkpoint in cancer. Cell. 2017;170:1096–108.e13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.004.
  • Burr ML, Sparbier CE, Chan YC, Williamson JC, Woods K, Beavis PA, Lam EYN, Henderson MA, Bell CC, Stolzenburg S, et al. CMTM6 maintains the expression of PD-L1 and regulates anti-tumour immunity. Nature. 2017;549:101–105. doi:10.1038/nature23643.
  • Budhu S, Schaer DA, Li Y, Toledo-Crow R, Panageas K, Yang X, Zhong H, Houghton AN, Silverstein SC, Merghoub T, et al. Blockade of surface-bound TGF-beta on regulatory T cells abrogates suppression of effector T cell function in the tumor microenvironment. Sci Signal. 2017;10:aak9702. doi:10.1126/scisignal.aak9702.
  • Kamran N, Li Y, Sierra M, Alghamri MS, Kadiyala P, Appelman HD, Edwards M, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Melanoma induced immunosuppression is mediated by hematopoietic dysregulation. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1408750. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1408750.
  • Sharma P, Allison JP. Immune checkpoint targeting in cancer therapy: toward combination strategies with curative potential. Cell. 2015;161:205–214. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.03.030.
  • Martinenaite E, Mortensen REJ, Hansen M, Orebo Holmstrom M, Munir Ahmad S, Gronne Dahlager Jorgensen N, Met Ö, Donia M, Svane IM, Andersen MH, et al. Frequent adaptive immune responses against arginase-1. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1404215. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1404215.
  • Kostine M, Briaire-de Bruijn IH, Cleven AHG, Vervat C, Corver WE, Schilham MW, Van Beelen E, van Boven H, Haas RL, Italiano A, et al. Increased infiltration of M2-macrophages, T-cells and PD-L1 expression in high grade leiomyosarcomas supports immunotherapeutic strategies. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1386828. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1386828.
  • Dunn GP, Bruce AT, Ikeda H, Old LJ, Schreiber RD. Cancer immunoediting: from immunosurveillance to tumor escape. Nat Immunol. 2002;3:991–998. doi:10.1038/ni1102-991.
  • Henrickson SE, Perro M, Loughhead SM, Senman B, Stutte S, Quigley M, Alexe G, Iannacone M, Flynn M, Omid S, et al. Antigen Availability Determines CD8+ T cell-dendritic cell interaction kinetics and memory fate decisions. Immunity. 2013;39:496–507. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2013.08.034.
  • Nirschl CJ, Suarez-Farinas M, Izar B, Prakadan S, Dannenfelser R, Tirosh I, Liu Y, Zhu Q, Devi KSP, Carroll SL, et al. IFNgamma-dependent tissue-immune homeostasis is co-opted in the tumor microenvironment. Cell. 2017;170:127–41.e15. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.06.016.
  • Griffith TS, Ferguson TA. Cell death in the maintenance and abrogation of tolerance: the five Ws of dying cells. Immunity. 2011;35:456–466. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2011.08.011.
  • Galluzzi L, Senovilla L, Vitale I, Michels J, Martins I, Kepp O, Castedo M, Kroemer G. Molecular mechanisms of cisplatin resistance. Oncogene. 2012;31:1869–1883. doi:10.1038/onc.2011.384.
  • Martins I, Kepp O, Schlemmer F, Adjemian S, Tailler M, Shen S, Michaud M, Menger L, Gdoura A, Tajeddine N, et al. Restoration of the immunogenicity of cisplatin-induced cancer cell death by endoplasmic reticulum stress. Oncogene. 2011;30:1147–1158. doi:10.1038/onc.2010.500.
  • Dudek-Peric AM, Ferreira GB, Muchowicz A, Wouters J, Prada N, Martin S, Kiviluoto S, Winiarska M, Boon L, Mathieu C, et al. Antitumor immunity triggered by melphalan is potentiated by melanoma cell surface-associated calreticulin. Cancer Res. 2015;75:1603–1614. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-2089.
  • Spranger S, Bao R, Gajewski TF. Melanoma-intrinsic beta-catenin signalling prevents anti-tumour immunity. Nature. 2015;523:231–235. doi:10.1038/nature14404.
  • Garg AD, Maes H, van Vliet AR, Agostinis P. Targeting the hallmarks of cancer with therapy-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Mol Cell Oncol. 2015;2:e975089. doi:10.4161/23723556.2014.975089.
  • Giglio P, Gagliardi M, Tumino N, Antunes F, Smaili S, Cotella D, Santoro C, Bernardini R, Mattei M, Piacentini M, et al. PKR and GCN2 stress kinases promote an ER stress-independent eIF2alpha phosphorylation responsible for calreticulin exposure in melanoma cells. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1466765. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2018.1466765.
  • Fucikova J, Kralikova P, Fialova A, Brtnicky T, Rob L, Bartunkova J, Spisek R. Human tumor cells killed by anthracyclines induce a tumor-specific immune response. Cancer Res. 2011;71:4821–4833. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-0950.
  • Sun F, Shi J, Geng C. Dexrazoxane improves cardiac autonomic function in epirubicin-treated breast cancer patients with type 2 diabetes. Medicine. 2016;95:e5228. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000005228.
  • Hemdan T, Johansson R, Jahnson S, Hellstrom P, Tasdemir I, Malmstrom PU. 5-Year outcome of a randomized prospective study comparing bacillus Calmette-Guerin with epirubicin and interferon-alpha2b in patients with T1 bladder cancer. J Urol. 2014;191:1244–1249. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2013.11.005.
  • Berry V, Basson L, Bogart E, Mir O, Blay JY, Italiano A, Bertucci F, Chevreau C, Clisant-Delaine S, Liegl-Antzager B, et al. REGOSARC: regorafenib versus placebo in doxorubicin-refractory soft-tissue sarcoma-A quality-adjusted time without symptoms of progression or toxicity analysis. Cancer. 2017;123:2294–2302. doi:10.1002/cncr.v123.12.
  • Tap WD, Jones RL, Van Tine BA, Chmielowski B, Elias AD, Adkins D, Agulnik M, Cooney MM, Livingston MB, Pennock G, et al. Olaratumab and doxorubicin versus doxorubicin alone for treatment of soft-tissue sarcoma: an open-label phase 1b and randomised phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2016;388:488–497. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30587-6.
  • Orlowski RZ, Nagler A, Sonneveld P, Blade J, Hajek R, Spencer A, Robak T, Dmoszynska A, Horvath N, Spicka I, et al. Final overall survival results of a randomized trial comparing bortezomib plus pegylated liposomal doxorubicin with bortezomib alone in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Cancer. 2016;122:2050–2056. doi:10.1002/cncr.v122.13.
  • Choy E, Flamand Y, Balasubramanian S, Butrynski JE, Harmon DC, George S, Cote GM, Wagner AJ, Morgan JA, Sirisawad M, et al. Phase 1 study of oral abexinostat, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, in combination with doxorubicin in patients with metastatic sarcoma. Cancer. 2015;121:1223–1230. doi:10.1002/cncr.v121.8.
  • Prajapati HJ, Xing M, Spivey JR, Hanish SI, El-Rayes BF, Kauh JS, Chen Z, Kim HS. Survival, efficacy, and safety of small versus large doxorubicin drug-eluting beads TACE chemoembolization in patients with unresectable HCC. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;203:W706–14. doi:10.2214/AJR.13.12308.
  • Morris PG, Iyengar NM, Patil S, Chen C, Abbruzzi A, Lehman R, Steingart R, Oeffinger KC, Lin N, Moy B, et al. Long-term cardiac safety and outcomes of dose-dense doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by paclitaxel and trastuzumab with and without lapatinib in patients with early breast cancer. Cancer. 2013;119:3943–3951. doi:10.1002/cncr.28284.
  • Lipshultz SE, Miller TL, Lipsitz SR, Neuberg DS, Dahlberg SE, Colan SD, Silverman LB, Henkel JM, Franco VI, Cushman LL, et al. Continuous versus bolus infusion of doxorubicin in children with ALL: long-term cardiac outcomes. Pediatrics. 2012;130:1003–1011. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-0727.
  • Gulhati P, Raghav K, Shroff RT, Varadhachary GR, Kopetz S, Javle M, Qiao W, Wang H, Morris J, Wolff RA, et al. Bevacizumab combined with capecitabine and oxaliplatin in patients with advanced adenocarcinoma of the small bowel or ampulla of vater: A single-center, open-label, phase 2 study. Cancer. 2017;123:1011–1017. doi:10.1002/cncr.30445.
  • Meulendijks D, de Groot JW, Los M, Boers JE, Beerepoot LV, Polee MB, Beeker A, Portielje JEA, Goey SH, de Jong RS, et al. Bevacizumab combined with docetaxel, oxaliplatin, and capecitabine, followed by maintenance with capecitabine and bevacizumab, as first-line treatment of patients with advanced HER2-negative gastric cancer: A multicenter phase 2 study. Cancer. 2016;122:1434–1443. doi:10.1002/cncr.v122.9.
  • Leone F, Marino D, Cereda S, Filippi R, Belli C, Spadi R, Nasti G, Montano M, Amatu A, Aprile G, et al. Panitumumab in combination with gemcitabine and oxaliplatin does not prolong survival in wild-type KRAS advanced biliary tract cancer: A randomized phase 2 trial (Vecti-BIL study). Cancer. 2016;122:574–581. doi:10.1002/cncr.v122.4.
  • O’Reilly EM, Perelshteyn A, Jarnagin WR, Schattner M, Gerdes H, Capanu M, Tang LH, LaValle J, Winston C, DeMatteo RP, et al. A single-arm, nonrandomized phase II trial of neoadjuvant gemcitabine and oxaliplatin in patients with resectable pancreas adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg. 2014;260:142–148. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000000251.
  • Leone F, Artale S, Marino D, Cagnazzo C, Cascinu S, Pinto C, Fornarini G, Tampellini M, Di Fabio F, Sartore-Bianchi A, et al. Panitumumab in combination with infusional oxaliplatin and oral capecitabine for conversion therapy in patients with colon cancer and advanced liver metastases. The metapan study. Cancer. 2013;119:3429–3435. doi:10.1002/cncr.28223.
  • Kim EJ, Ben-Josef E, Herman JM, Bekaii-Saab T, Dawson LA, Griffith KA, Francis IR, Greenson JK, Simeone DM, Lawrence TS, et al. A multi-institutional phase 2 study of neoadjuvant gemcitabine and oxaliplatin with radiation therapy in patients with pancreatic cancer. Cancer. 2013;119:2692–2700. doi:10.1002/cncr.28117.
  • Kidwell KM, Yothers G, Ganz PA, Land SR, Ko CY, Cecchini RS, Kopec JA, Wolmark N. Long-term neurotoxicity effects of oxaliplatin added to fluorouracil and leucovorin as adjuvant therapy for colon cancer: results from national surgical adjuvant breast and bowel project trials C-07 and LTS-01. Cancer. 2012;118:5614–5622. doi:10.1002/cncr.27593.
  • Attal M, Lauwers-Cances V, Hulin C, Leleu X, Caillot D, Escoffre M, Arnulf B, Macro M, Belhadj K, Garderet L, et al. Lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone with transplantation for myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:1311–1320. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1611750.
  • Palumbo A, Chanan-Khan A, Weisel K, Nooka AK, Masszi T, Beksac M, Spicka I, Hungria V, Munder M, Mateos MV, et al. Daratumumab, bortezomib, and dexamethasone for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:754–766. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1606038.
  • Kumar SK, LaPlant BR, Reeder CB, Roy V, Halvorson AE, Buadi F, Gertz MA, Bergsagel PL, Dispenzieri A, Thompson MA, et al. Randomized phase 2 trial of ixazomib and dexamethasone in relapsed multiple myeloma not refractory to bortezomib. Blood. 2016;128:2415–2422. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-05-717769.
  • Jakubowiak A, Offidani M, Pegourie B, De La Rubia J, Garderet L, Laribi K, Bosi A, Marasca R, Laubach J, Mohrbacher A, et al. Randomized phase 2 study: elotuzumab plus bortezomib/dexamethasone vs bortezomib/dexamethasone for relapsed/refractory MM. Blood. 2016;127:2833–2840. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-01-694604.
  • Chari A, Htut M, Zonder JA, Fay JW, Jakubowiak AJ, Levy JB, Lau K, Burt SM, Tunquist BJ, Hilder BW, et al. A phase 1 dose-escalation study of filanesib plus bortezomib and dexamethasone in patients with recurrent/refractory multiple myeloma. Cancer. 2016;122:3327–3335. doi:10.1002/cncr.30174.
  • Robak T, Huang H, Jin J, Zhu J, Liu T, Samoilova O, Pylypenko H, Verhoef G, Siritanaratkul N, Osmanov E, et al. Bortezomib-based therapy for newly diagnosed mantle-cell lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:944–953. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1412096.
  • Offner F, Samoilova O, Osmanov E, Eom H-S, Topp MS, Raposo J, Pavlov V, Ricci D, Chaturvedi S, Zhu E, et al. Frontline rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and prednisone with bortezomib (VR-CAP) or vincristine (R-CHOP) for non-GCB DLBCL. Blood. 2015;126:1893–1901. doi:10.1182/blood-2015-03-632430.
  • Fenske TS, Shah NM, Kim KM, Saha S, Zhang C, Baim AE, Farnen JP, Onitilo AA, Blank JH, Ahuja H, et al. A phase 2 study of weekly temsirolimus and bortezomib for relapsed or refractory B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A Wisconsin Oncology Network study. Cancer. 2015;121:3465–3471. doi:10.1002/cncr.v121.19.
  • Spisek R, Charalambous A, Mazumder A, Vesole DH, Jagannath S, Dhodapkar MV. Bortezomib enhances dendritic cell (DC)-mediated induction of immunity to human myeloma via exposure of cell surface heat shock protein 90 on dying tumor cells: therapeutic implications. Blood. 2007;109:4839–4845. doi:10.1182/blood-2006-10-054221.
  • Demaria S, Santori FR, Ng B, Liebes L, Formenti SC, Vukmanovic S. Select forms of tumor cell apopto sis induce dendritic cell maturation. J Leukoc Biol. 2005;77:361–368. doi:10.1189/jlb.0804478.
  • Cirone M, Di Renzo L, Lotti LV, Conte V, Trivedi P, Santarelli R, Gonnella R, Frati L, Faggioni A. Primary effusion lymphoma cell death induced by bortezomib and AG 490 activates dendritic cells through CD91. PLoS One. 2012;7:e31732. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031732.
  • Baz RC, Martin TG 3rd, Lin HY, Zhao X, Shain KH, Cho HJ, Wolf JL, Mahindra A, Chari A, Sullivan DM, et al. Randomized multicenter phase 2 study of pomalidomide, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone in relapsed refractory myeloma. Blood. 2016;127:2561–2568. doi:10.1182/blood-2015-11-682518.
  • Short NJ, Keating MJ, Wierda WG, Faderl S, Ferrajoli A, Estrov Z, Smith SC, O’Brien SM. Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and multiple-dose rituximab as frontline therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer. 2015;121:3869–3876. doi:10.1002/cncr.29605.
  • Rossi D, Terzi-di-Bergamo L, De Paoli L, Cerri M, Ghilardi G, Chiarenza A, Bulian P, Visco C, Mauro FR, Morabito F, et al. Molecular prediction of durable remission after first-line fludarabine-cyclophosphamide-rituximab in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2015;126:1921–1924. doi:10.1182/blood-2015-05-647925.
  • Pagnoux C, Quemeneur T, Ninet J, Diot E, Kyndt X, de Wazieres B, Reny J-L, Puéchal X, le Berruyer P-Y, Lidove O, et al. Treatment of systemic necrotizing vasculitides in patients aged sixty-five years or older: results of a multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial of corticosteroid and cyclophosphamide-based induction therapy. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67:1117–1127. doi:10.1002/art.v67.4.
  • Kastritis E, Gavriatopoulou M, Kyrtsonis MC, Roussou M, Hadjiharissi E, Symeonidis A, Repoussis P, Michalis E, Delimpasi S, Tsatalas K, et al. Dexamethasone, rituximab, and cyclophosphamide as primary treatment of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia: final analysis of a phase 2 study. Blood. 2015;126:1392–1394. doi:10.1182/blood-2015-05-647420.
  • Brown JR, O’Brien S, Kingsley CD, Eradat H, Pagel JM, Lymp J, Hirata J, Kipps TJ. Obinutuzumab plus fludarabine/cyclophosphamide or bendamustine in the initial therapy of CLL patients: the phase 1b GALTON trial. Blood. 2015;125:2779–2785. doi:10.1182/blood-2014-12-613570.
  • Geisler CH, van T’ Veer MB, Jurlander J, Walewski J, Tjonnfjord G, Itala Remes M, Kimby E, Kozak T, Polliack A, Wu KL, et al. Frontline low-dose alemtuzumab with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide prolongs progression-free survival in high-risk CLL. Blood. 2014;123:3255–3262. doi:10.1182/blood-2014-01-547737.
  • Derosa L, Galli L, Orlandi P, Fioravanti A, Di Desidero T, Fontana A, Antonuzzo A, Biasco E, Farnesi A, Marconcini R, et al. Docetaxel plus oral metronomic cyclophosphamide: a phase II study with pharmacodynamic and pharmacogenetic analyses in castration-resistant prostate cancer patients. Cancer. 2014;120:3923–3931. doi:10.1002/cncr.28953.
  • Abrisqueta P, Villamor N, Terol MJ, Gonzalez-Barca E, Gonzalez M, Ferra C, Abella E, Delgado J, García-Marco JA, González Y, et al. Rituximab maintenance after first-line therapy with rituximab, fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and mitoxantrone (R-FCM) for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2013;122:3951–3959. doi:10.1182/blood-2013-05-502773.
  • Schiavoni G, Sistigu A, Valentini M, Mattei F, Sestili P, Spadaro F, Sanchez M, Lorenzi S, D’Urso MT, Belardelli F, et al. Cyclophosphamide synergizes with type I interferons through systemic dendritic cell reactivation and induction of immunogenic tumor apoptosis. Cancer Res. 2011;71:768–778. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-2788.
  • Bugaut H, Bruchard M, Berger H, Derangere V, Odoul L, Euvrard R, Ladoire S, Chalmin F, Végran F, Rébé C, et al. Bleomycin exerts ambivalent antitumor immune effect by triggering both immunogenic cell death and proliferation of regulatory T cells. PLoS One. 2013;8:e65181. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065181.
  • Borgoni S, Iannello A, Cutrupi S, Allavena P, D’Incalci M, Novelli F, Cappello P. Depletion of tumor-associated macrophages switches the epigenetic profile of pancreatic cancer infiltrating T cells and restores their anti-tumor phenotype. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1393596. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1393596.
  • McKee SJ, Tuong ZK, Kobayashi T, Doff BL, Soon MS, Nissen M, Lam PY, Keane C, Vari F, Moi D, et al. B cell lymphoma progression promotes the accumulation of circulating Ly6Clo monocytes with immunosuppressive activity. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1393599. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1393599.
  • Kersten K, Salvagno C, de Visser KE. Exploiting the immunomodulatory properties of chemotherapeutic drugs to improve the success of cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol. 2015;6:516. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00516.
  • Ivagnes A, Messaoudene M, Stoll G, Routy B, Fluckiger A, Yamazaki T, Iribarren K, Duong CPM, Fend L, Caignard A, et al. TNFR2/BIRC3-TRAF1 signaling pathway as a novel NK cell immune checkpoint in cancer. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1386826. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1386826.
  • Coffelt SB, de Visser KE. Immune-mediated mechanisms influencing the efficacy of anticancer therapies. Trends Immunol. 2015;36:198–216. doi:10.1016/j.it.2015.02.006.
  • Allen F, Bobanga ID, Rauhe P, Barkauskas D, Teich N, Tong C, Myers J, Huang AY. CCL3 augments tumor rejection and enhances CD8(+) T cell infiltration through NK and CD103(+) dendritic cell recruitment via IFNγ. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1393598. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1393598.
  • Dewan MZ, Galloway AE, Kawashima N, Dewyngaert JK, Babb JS, Formenti SC, Demaria S. Fractionated but not single-dose radiotherapy induces an immune-mediated abscopal effect when combined with anti-CTLA-4 antibody. Clin Cancer Res off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2009;15:5379–5388. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0265.
  • Bouquet F, Pal A, Pilones KA, Demaria S, Hann B, Akhurst RJ, Babb JS, Lonning SM, DeWyngaert JK, Formenti SC, et al. TGF 1 inhibition increases the radiosensitivity of breast cancer cells in vitro and promotes tumor control by radiation in vivo. Clin Cancer Res off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2011;17:6754–6765. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-0544.
  • Wennerberg E, Lhuillier C, Vanpouille-Box C, Pilones KA, Garcia-Martinez E, Rudqvist N-P, Formenti SC, Demaria S. Barriers to radiation-induced in situ tumor vaccination. Front Immunol. 2017;8:229. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00229.
  • Jarosch A, Sommer U, Bogner A, Reissfelder C, Weitz J, Krause M, Folprecht G, Baretton GB, Aust DE. Neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy decreases the total amount of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, but increases the number of CD8+/Granzyme B+ (GrzB) cytotoxic T-cells in rectal cancer. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1393133. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1393133.
  • Deutsch E, Chargari C, Galluzzi L, Kroemer G. Optimising efficacy and reducing toxicity of anticancer radioimmunotherapy. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20:e452–e63. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30171-8.
  • Bolli E, O’Rourke JP, Conti L, Lanzardo S, Rolih V, Christen JM, Barutello G, Forni M, Pericle F, Cavallo F, et al. A virus-like-particle immunotherapy targeting epitope-specific anti-xCT expressed on cancer stem cell inhibits the progression of metastatic cancer in vivo. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1408746. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1408746.
  • Moserova I, Truxova I, Garg AD, Tomala J, Agostinis P, Cartron PF, Vosahlikova S, Kovar M, Spisek R, Fucikova J, et al. Caspase-2 and oxidative stress underlie the immunogenic potential of high hydrostatic pressure-induced cancer cell death. Oncoimmunology. 2017;6:e1258505. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2016.1258505.
  • Tatsuno K, Yamazaki T, Hanlon D, Han P, Robinson E, Sobolev O, Yurter A, Rivera-Molina F, Arshad N, Edelson RL, et al. Extracorporeal photochemotherapy induces bona fide immunogenic cell death. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10:578. doi:10.1038/s41419-019-1819-3.
  • Adams JL, Smothers J, Srinivasan R, Hoos A. Big opportunities for small molecules in immuno-oncology. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2015;14:603–622. doi:10.1038/nrd4596.
  • Tang J, Shalabi A, Hubbard-Lucey VM. Comprehensive analysis of the clinical immuno-oncology landscape. Ann Oncol. 2018;29:84–91. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdx755.
  • Bezu L, Sauvat A, Humeau J, Gomes-da-Silva LC, Iribarren K, Forveille S, Garcia P, Zhao L, Liu P, Zitvogel L, et al. eIF2α phosphorylation is pathognomonic for immunogenic cell death. Cell Death Differ. 2018;25:1375–1393. doi:10.1038/s41418-017-0044-9.
  • Cari L, Nocentini G, Migliorati G, Riccardi C. Potential effect of tumor-specific Treg-targeted antibodies in the treatment of human cancers: A bioinformatics analysis. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1387705. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1387705.
  • Lecciso M, Ocadlikova D, Sangaletti S, Trabanelli S, De Marchi E, Orioli E, Pegoraro A, Portararo P, Jandus C, Bontadini A, et al. ATP release from chemotherapy-treated dying leukemia cells elicits an immune suppressive effect by increasing regulatory t cells and tolerogenic dendritic cells. Front Immunol. 2017;8:1918. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01918.
  • Cao B, Wang Q, Zhang H, Zhu G, Lang J. Two immune-enhanced molecular subtypes differ in inflammation, checkpoint signaling and outcome of advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1392427. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1392427.
  • Boxberg M, Steiger K, Lenze U, Rechl H, von Eisenhart-rothe R, Wortler K, Weichert W, Langer R, Specht K. PD-L1 and PD-1 and characterization of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in high grade sarcomas of soft tissue - prognostic implications and rationale for immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1389366. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1389366.
  • Huang FY, Lei J, Sun Y, Yan F, Chen B, Zhang L, Lu Z, Cao R, Lin YY, Wang CC, et al. Induction of enhanced immunogenic cell death through ultrasound-controlled release of doxorubicin by liposome-microbubble complexes. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1446720. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2018.1446720.
  • Mastria EM, Cai LY, Kan MJ, Li X, Schaal JL, Fiering S, Gunn MD, Dewhirst MW, Nair SK, Chilkoti A, et al. Nanoparticle formulation improves doxorubicin efficacy by enhancing host antitumor immunity. J Control Release. 2018;269:364–373. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.11.021.
  • Yang W, Zhu G, Wang S, Yu G, Yang Z, Lin L, Zhou Z, Liu Y, Dai Y, Zhang F, et al. In situ dendritic cell vaccine for effective cancer immunotherapy. ACS Nano. 2019;13:3083–3094. doi:10.1021/acsnano.8b08346.
  • Lu J, Liu X, Liao YP, Salazar F, Sun B, Jiang W, Chang CH, Jiang J, Wang X, Wu AM, et al. Nano-enabled pancreas cancer immunotherapy using immunogenic cell death and reversing immunosuppression. Nat Commun. 2017;8:1811. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01651-9.
  • Liu Q, Chen F, Hou L, Shen L, Zhang X, Wang D, Huang L. Nanocarrier-mediated chemo-immunotherapy arrested cancer progression and induced tumor dormancy in desmoplastic melanoma. ACS Nano. 2018;12:7812–7825. doi:10.1021/acsnano.8b01890.
  • Laubli H, Koelzer VH, Matter MS, Herzig P, Dolder Schlienger B, Wiese MN, Lardinois D, Mertz KD, Zippelius A. The T cell repertoire in tumors overlaps with pulmonary inflammatory lesions in patients treated with checkpoint inhibitors. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1386362. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1386362.
  • Fend L, Yamazaki T, Remy C, Fahrner C, Gantzer M, Nourtier V, Préville X, Quéméneur E, Kepp O, Adam J, et al. Immune checkpoint blockade, immunogenic chemotherapy or IFN-α blockade boost the local and abscopal effects of oncolytic virotherapy. Cancer Res. 2017;77:4146–4157. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-16-2165.
  • Camilio KA, Wang M-Y, Mauseth B, Waagene S, Kvalheim G, Rekdal Ø, Sveinbjørnsson B, Mælandsmo GM. Combining the oncolytic peptide LTX-315 with doxorubicin demonstrates therapeutic potential in a triple-negative breast cancer model. Breast Cancer Res. 2019;21:9. doi:10.1186/s13058-018-1092-x.
  • Groza D, Gehrig S, Kudela P, Holcmann M, Pirker C, Dinhof C, Schueffl HH, Sramko M, Hoebart J, Alioglu F, et al. Bacterial ghosts as adjuvant to oxaliplatin chemotherapy in colorectal carcinomatosis. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1424676. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2018.1424676.
  • Gao J, Deng F, Jia W. Inhibition of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase enhances the therapeutic efficacy of immunogenic chemotherapeutics in breast cancer. J Breast Cancer. 2019;22:196–209. doi:10.4048/jbc.2019.22.e23.
  • Gebremeskel S, Lobert L, Tanner K, Walker B, Oliphant T, Clarke LE, Dellaire G, Johnston B. Natural killer T-cell immunotherapy in combination with chemotherapy-induced immunogenic cell death targets metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Immunol Res. 2017;5:1086–1097. doi:10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-17-0229.
  • Combes E, Andrade AF, Tosi D, Michaud HA, Coquel F, Garambois V, Desigaud D, Jarlier M, Coquelle A, Pasero P, et al. Inhibition of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and RAD3-Related (ATR) overcomes oxaliplatin resistance and promotes antitumor immunity in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res. 2019;79:2933–2946. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-2807.
  • Voorwerk L, Slagter M, Horlings HM, Sikorska K, van de Vijver KK, de Maaker M, Nederlof I, Kluin RJ, Warren S, Ong S, et al. Immune induction strategies in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer to enhance the sensitivity to PD-1 blockade: the TONIC trial. Nat Med. 2019;25:920–928. doi:10.1038/s41591-019-0432-4.
  • Scurr M, Pembroke T, Bloom A, Roberts D, Thomson A, Smart K, Bridgeman H, Adams R, Brewster A, Jones R, et al. Effect of modified vaccinia Ankara-5T4 and low-dose cyclophosphamide on antitumor immunity in metastatic colorectal cancer: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2017;3:e172579. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.2579.
  • Federico SM, McCarville MB, Shulkin BL, Sondel PM, Hank JA, Hutson P, Meagher M, Shafer A, Ng CY, Leung W, et al. A pilot trial of humanized anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody (hu14.18K322A) with chemotherapy and natural killer cells in children with recurrent/refractory neuroblastoma. Clinical cancer research: an official. J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2017;23:6441–6449.
  • Bota DA, Chung J, Dandekar M, Carrillo JA, Kong XT, Fu BD, Hsu FP, Schönthal AH, Hofman FM, Chen TC, et al. Phase II study of ERC1671 plus bevacizumab versus bevacizumab plus placebo in recurrent glioblastoma: interim results and correlations with CD4(+) T-lymphocyte counts. CNS Oncol. 2018;7:CNS22. doi:10.2217/cns-2018-0009.
  • Kanekiyo S, Hazama S, Takenouchi H, Nakajima M, Shindo Y, Matsui H, Tokumitsu Y, Tomochika S, Tsunedomi R, Tokuhisa Y, et al. IgG response to MHC class I epitope peptides is a quantitative predictive biomarker in the early course of treatment of colorectal cancer using therapeutic peptides. Oncol Rep. 2018;39:2385–2392. doi:10.3892/or.2018.6288.
  • Geyer MB, Riviere I, Senechal B, Wang X, Wang Y, Purdon TJ, Hsu M, Devlin SM, Halton E, Lamanna N, et al. Autologous CD19-targeted CAR T cells in patients with residual CLL following initial purine analog-based therapy. Mol Ther. 2018;26:1896–1905. doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.05.018.
  • Foukakis T, Lovrot J, Matikas A, Zerdes I, Lorent J, Tobin N, Suzuki C, Brage SE, Carlsson L, Einbeigi Z, et al. Immune gene expression and response to chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 2018;118:480–488. doi:10.1038/bjc.2017.446.
  • Kwa M, Li X, Novik Y, Oratz R, Jhaveri K, Wu J, Gu P, Meyers M, Muggia F, Speyer J, et al. Serial immunological parameters in a phase II trial of exemestane and low-dose oral cyclophosphamide in advanced hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2018;168:57–67. doi:10.1007/s10549-017-4570-4.
  • Werter IM, Huijts CM, Lougheed SM, Hamberg P, Polee MB, Tascilar M, Los M, Haanen JB, Helgason HH, Verheul HM, et al. Metronomic cyclophosphamide attenuates mTOR-mediated expansion of regulatory T cells, but does not impact clinical outcome in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer treated with everolimus. Cancer Immunol Immunother CII. 2019;68:787–798. doi:10.1007/s00262-019-02313-z.
  • Toulmonde M, Penel N, Adam J, Chevreau C, Blay JY, Le Cesne A, Bompas E, Piperno-Neumann S, Cousin S, Grellety T, et al. Use of PD-1 targeting, macrophage infiltration, and IDO pathway activation in sarcomas: a phase 2 clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2018;4:93–97. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.1617.
  • Stevens WBC, Mendeville M, Redd R, Clear AJ, Bladergroen R, Calaminici M, Rosenwald A, Hoster E, Hiddemann W, Gaulard P, et al. Prognostic relevance of CD163 and CD8 combined with EZH2 and gain of chromosome 18 in follicular lymphoma: a study by the lunenburg lymphoma biomarker consortium. Haematologica. 2017;102:1413–1423. doi:10.3324/haematol.2017.165415.
  • Aspeslagh S, Matias M, Palomar V, Dercle L, Lanoy E, Soria JC, Postel-Vinay S. In the immuno-oncology era, is anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy modifying the sensitivity to conventional cancer therapies? Eur J Cancer. 2017;87:65–74. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2017.09.027.
  • Overman MJ, McDermott R, Leach JL, Lonardi S, Lenz HJ, Morse MA, Desai J, Hill A, Axelson M, Moss RA, et al. Nivolumab in patients with metastatic DNA mismatch repair-deficient or microsatellite instability-high colorectal cancer (CheckMate 142): an open-label, multicentre, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18:1182–1191. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30422-9.
  • Keung EZ, Tsai JW, Ali AM, Cormier JN, Bishop AJ, Guadagnolo BA, Torres KE, Somaiah N, Hunt KK, Wargo JA, et al. Analysis of the immune infiltrate in undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma of the extremity and trunk in response to radiotherapy: rationale for combination neoadjuvant immune checkpoint inhibition and radiotherapy. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1385689. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1385689.
  • Sabatos-Peyton CA, Nevin J, Brock A, Venable JD, Tan DJ, Kassam N, Xu F, Taraszka J, Wesemann L, Pertel T, et al. Blockade of Tim-3 binding to phosphatidylserine and CEACAM1 is a shared feature of anti-Tim-3 antibodies that have functional efficacy. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1385690. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1385690.
  • Vanpouille-Box C, Lhuillier C, Bezu L, Aranda F, Yamazaki T, Kepp O, Fucikova J, Spisek R, Demaria S, Formenti SC, et al. Trial watch: immune checkpoint blockers for cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology. 2017;6:e1373237. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1373237.
  • Raikar SS, Fleischer LC, Moot R, Fedanov A, Paik NY, Knight KA, Doering CB, Spencer HT. Development of chimeric antigen receptors targeting T-cell malignancies using two structurally different anti-CD5 antigen binding domains in NK and CRISPR-edited T cell lines. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1407898. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1407898.
  • Priceman SJ, Gerdts EA, Tilakawardane D, Kennewick KT, Murad JP, Park AK, Jeang B, Yamaguchi Y, Yang X, Urak R, et al. Co-stimulatory signaling determines tumor antigen sensitivity and persistence of CAR T cells targeting PSCA+ metastatic prostate cancer. Oncoimmunology. 2018;7:e1380764. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2017.1380764.
  • Pettitt D, Arshad Z, Smith J, Stanic T, Hollander G, Brindley D. CAR-T cells: a systematic review and mixed methods analysis of the clinical trial landscape. Mol Ther. 2018;26:342–353. doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.10.019.
  • Pol J, Vacchelli E, Aranda F, Castoldi F, Eggermont A, Cremer I, Sautes-Fridman C, Fucikova J, Galon J, Spisek R, et al. Trial watch: immunogenic cell death inducers for anticancer chemotherapy. Oncoimmunology. 2015;4:e1008866. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2015.1008866.
  • Morano WF, Aggarwal A, Love P, Richard SD, Esquivel J, Bowne WB. Intraperitoneal immunotherapy: historical perspectives and modern therapy. Cancer Gene Ther. 2016;23:373–381. doi:10.1038/cgt.2016.49.
  • Shekarian T, Valsesia-Wittmann S, Caux C, Marabelle A. Paradigm shift in oncology: targeting the immune system rather than cancer cells. Mutagenesis. 2015;30:205–211. doi:10.1093/mutage/geu073.
  • Lazzari C, Bulotta A, Ducceschi M, Vigano MG, Brioschi E, Corti F, Gianni L, Gregorc V. Historical evolution of second-line therapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Front Med. 2017;4:4. doi:10.3389/fmed.2017.00004.
  • Kerbel RS, Shaked Y. The potential clinical promise of ‘multimodality’ metronomic chemotherapy revealed by preclinical studies of metastatic disease. Cancer Lett. 2017;400:293–304. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2017.02.005.
  • Chen YL, Chang MC, Cheng WF. Metronomic chemotherapy and immunotherapy in cancer treatment. Cancer Lett. 2017;400:282–292. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2017.01.040.
  • Weiss T, Weller M, Roth P. Immunological effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy against brain tumors. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2016;16:1087–1094. doi:10.1080/14737140.2016.1229600.
  • Cook AM, Lesterhuis WJ, Nowak AK, Lake RA. Chemotherapy and immunotherapy: mapping the road ahead. Curr Opin Immunol. 2016;39:23–29. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2015.12.003.
  • Fucikova J, Truxova I, Hensler M, Becht E, Kasikova L, Moserova I, Vosahlikova S, Klouckova J, Church SE, Cremer I, et al. Calreticulin exposure by malignant blasts correlates with robust anticancer immunity and improved clinical outcome in AML patients. Blood. 2016;128:3113–3124. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-08-731737.