4,152
Views
28
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Research

Tumor regression and immunity in combination therapy with anti-CEA chimeric antigen receptor T cells and anti-CEA-IL2 immunocytokine

, , , & ORCID Icon
Article: 1899469 | Received 14 Nov 2020, Accepted 02 Mar 2021, Published online: 18 Mar 2021

References

  • MayoClinic, Colon Cancer.
  • Colon Cancer Treatment (PDQ(R)): Health Professional Version, in PDQ Cancer Information Summaries. 2002: Bethesda MD.
  • Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68(6):394–14. doi:10.3322/caac.21492.
  • Sur D, Havasi A, Cainap C, Samasca G, Burz C, Balacescu O, Lupan I, Deleanu D, Irimie A. Chimeric antigen receptor t-cell therapy for colorectal cancer. J Clin Med. 2020;9(1):182-201. doi:10.3390/jcm9010182.
  • Waks AG, Winer EP. Breast cancer treatment: a review. Jama. 2019;321(3):288–300. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.19323.
  • Esteva FJ, Hubbard-Lucey VM, Tang J, Pusztai L. Immunotherapy and targeted therapy combinations in metastatic breast cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20(3):e175–e186. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(19)30026-9.
  • Gold P, Freedman SO. Demonstration of tumor-specific antigens in human colonic carcinomata by immunological tolerance and absorption techniques. J Exp Med. 1965;121(3):439–462. doi:10.1084/jem.121.3.439.
  • Molina R, Barak V, van Dalen A, Duffy MJ, Einarsson R, Gion M, Goike H, Lamerz R, Nap M, Sölétormos G, et al. Tumor markers in breast cancer- european group on tumor markers recommendations. Tumour Biol. 2005;26(6):281–293. doi:10.1159/000089260.
  • Molina R, Jo J, Zanón G, Filella X, Farrus B, Muñoz M, Latre ML, Pahisa J, Velasco M, Fernandez P, et al. Utility of C-erbB-2 in tissue and in serum in the early diagnosis of recurrence in breast cancer patients: comparison with carcinoembryonic antigen and CA 15.3. Br J Cancer. 1996;74(7):1126–1131. doi:10.1038/bjc.1996.501.
  • Molina R, Zanón G, Filella X, Moreno F, JJ, Daniels M, Latre ML, Giménez N, Pahisa J, Velasco M, et al. Use of serial carcinoembryonic antigen and CA 15.3 assays in detecting relapses in breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1995;36(1):41–48. doi:10.1007/BF00690183.
  • Li X, Dai D, Chen B, Tang H, Xie X, Wei W. Determination of the prognostic value of preoperative CA15-3 and CEA in predicting the prognosis of young patients with breast cancer. Oncol Lett. 2018;16(4):4679–4688. doi:10.3892/ol.2018.9160.
  • Eker B, Ozaslan E, Karaca H, Berk V, Bozkurt O, Inanc M, Duran AO, Ozkan M. Factors affecting prognosis in metastatic colorectal cancer patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16(7):3015–3021. doi:10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.7.3015.
  • Powell E, Shao J, Picon HM, Bristow C, Ge Z, Peoples M, Robinson F, Jeter-Jones SL, Schlosberg C, Grzeskowiak CL, et al. A functional genomic screen in vivo identifies CEACAM5 as a clinically relevant driver of breast cancer metastasis. NPJ Breast Cancer. 2018;4:9. doi:10.1038/s41523-018-0062-x.
  • Mansour EG, Hastert M, Park CH, Koehler KA, Petrelli M. Tissue and plasma carcinoembryonic antigen in early breast cancer. A prognostic factor. Cancer. 1983;51(7):1243–1248. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19830401)51:7<1243::AID-CNCR2820510712>3.0.CO;2-A.
  • Pietra N, Sarli L, Costi R, Ouchemi C, Grattarola M, Peracchia A. Role of follow-up in management of local recurrences of colorectal cancer: a prospective, randomized study. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998;41(9):1127–1133. doi:10.1007/BF02239434.
  • Moertel CG, Fleming TR, Macdonald JS, Haller DG, Laurie JA, Tangen C. An evaluation of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) test for monitoring patients with resected colon cancer. Jama. 1993;270(8):943–947. doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03510080047030.
  • Graham RA, Wang S, Catalano PJ, Haller DG. Postsurgical surveillance of colon cancer: preliminary cost analysis of physician examination, carcinoembryonic antigen testing, chest x-ray, and colonoscopy. Ann Surg. 1998;228(1):59–63. doi:10.1097/00000658-199807000-00009.
  • Woo J, Kim J, Park I, Cho H, Gwak G, Yang KH, Bae BN, Kim KH. Perioperative serum carcinoembryonic antigen ratio is a prognostic indicator in patients with stage ii colorectal cancer. Ann Coloproctol. 2018;34(1):4–10. doi:10.3393/ac.2018.34.1.4.
  • Lin BR, Lin YL, Lai HS, Lee PH, Chang KJ, Liang JT. Overall survival of stage III colon cancer with only one lymph node metastasis is independently predicted by preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen level and lymph node sampling status. PLoS One. 2015;10(9):e0137053. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137053.
  • Duffy MJ. Carcinoembryonic antigen as a marker for colorectal cancer: is it clinically useful? Clin Chem. 2001;47(4):624–630. doi:10.1093/clinchem/47.4.624.
  • Duffy MJ, van Dalen A, Haglund C, Hansson L, Klapdor R, Lamerz R, Nilsson O, Sturgeon C, Topolcan O. Clinical utility of biochemical markers in colorectal cancer: European group on tumour markers (EGTM) guidelines. Eur J Cancer. 2003;39(6):718–727. doi:10.1016/S0959-8049(02)00811-0.
  • Shousha S, Lyssiotis T, Godfrey VM, Scheuer PJ. Carcinoembryonic antigen in breast-cancer tissue: a useful prognostic indicator. Br Med J. 1979;1(6166):777–779. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.6166.777.
  • Ordonez C, Screaton RA, Ilantzis C, Stanners CP. Human carcinoembryonic antigen functions as a general inhibitor of anoikis. Cancer Res. 2000;60(13):3419–3424.
  • Li L, Bading J, Yazaki PJ, Ahuja AH, Crow D, Colcher D, Williams LE, Wong JYC, Raubitschek A, Shively JE. A versatile bifunctional chelate for radiolabeling humanized anti-CEA antibody with In-111 and Cu-64 at either thiol or amino groups: PET imaging of CEA-positive tumors with whole antibodies. Bioconjug Chem. 2008;19(1):89–96. doi:10.1021/bc700161p.
  • Wong JY, Chu DZ, Williams LE, Liu A, Zhan J, Yamauchi DM, Wilczynski S, Wu AM, Yazaki PJ, Shively JE. A phase I trial of (90)Y-DOTA-anti-CEA chimeric T84.66 (cT84.66) radioimmunotherapy in patients with metastatic CEA-producing malignancies. Cancer Biother Radiopharm. 2006;21(2):88–100. doi:10.1089/cbr.2006.21.88.
  • Wong JYC, Williams LE, Yamauchi DM, Odom-Maryon T, Esteban JM, Neumaier M, Wu AM, Johnson DK, Primus FJ, Shively JE, et al. Initial experience evaluating 90yttrium-radiolabeled anti-carcinoembryonic antigen chimeric T84.66 in a phase I radioimmunotherapy trial. Cancer Res. 1995;55(23 Supplement):5929s–5934s.
  • Schlom J. Basic principles and applications of monoclonal antibodies in the management of carcinomas: the richard and hinda rosenthal foundation award lecture. Cancer Res. 1986;46:3225–3238.
  • Kuroki M, Kuroki M, Koga Y, Matsuoka Y. Monoclonal antibodies to carcinoembryonic antigen: a systematic analysis of antibody specificities by using related normal antigens and evidence for allotypic determinants on carcinoembryonic antigen. J Immunol. 1984;133(4):2090–2097.
  • Lonberg N, Taylor LD, Harding FA, Trounstine M, Higgins KM, Schramm SR, Kuo CC, Mashayekh R, Wymore K, McCabe JG, et al. Antigen-specific human antibodies from mice comprising four distinct genetic modifications. Nature. 1994;368(6474):856–859. doi:10.1038/368856a0.
  • Primus FJ, Newell KD, Blue A, Goldenberg DM. Immunological heterogeneity of carcinoembryonic antigen: antigenic determinants on carcinoembryonic antigen distinguished by monoclonal antibodies. Cancer Res. 1983;43(2):686–692.
  • Fesnak AD, June CH, Levine BL. Engineered T cells: the promise and challenges of cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2016;16:566–581.
  • Chmielewski M, Hahn O, Rappl G, Nowak M, Schmidt-Wolf IH, Hombach AA, Abken H. T cells that target carcinoembryonic antigen eradicate orthotopic pancreatic carcinomas without inducing autoimmune colitis in mice. Gastroenterology. 2012;143(4):1095–1107. e2. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2012.06.037.
  • Katz SC, Burga RA, McCormack E, Wang LJ, Mooring W, Point GR, Khare PD, Thorn M, Ma Q, Stainken BF, et al. Phase I hepatic immunotherapy for metastases study of intra-arterial chimeric antigen receptor-modified T-cell therapy for CEA+ liver metastases. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21(14):3149–3159. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-1421.
  • Kujawski M, Burga RA, McCormack E, Wang LJ, Mooring W, Point GR, Khare PD, Thorn M, Ma Q, Stainken BF et al. Potent immunomodulatory effects of an anti-CEA-IL-2 immunocytokine on tumor therapy and effects of stereotactic radiation. OncoImmunology. 2020;9(1):1724052. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2020.1724052.
  • He Z, Ma J, Wang R, Zhang J, Huang Z, Wang F, Sen S, Rothenberg EV, Sun Z. A two-amino-acid substitution in the transcription factor RORgammat disrupts its function in TH17 differentiation but not in thymocyte development. Nat Immunol. 2017;18(10):1128–1138. doi:10.1038/ni.3832.
  • Neumaier M, Shively L, Chen FS, Gaida FJ, Ilgen C, Paxton RJ, Shively JE. Cloning of the genes for T84.66, an antibody that has a high specificity and affinity for carcinoembryonic antigen, and expression of chimeric human/mouse T84.66 genes in myeloma and Chinese hamster ovary cells. Cancer Res. 1990;50(7):2128–2134.
  • Murad JP, Kozlowska AK, Lee HJ, Ramamurthy M, Chang WC, Yazaki P, Colcher D, Shively J, Cristea M, Forman SJ, et al. Effective targeting of TAG72(+) peritoneal ovarian tumors via regional delivery of CAR-engineered t cells. Front Immunol. 2018;9:2268. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02268.
  • Brown CE, Aguilar B, Starr R, Yang X, Chang W-C, Weng L, Chang B, Sarkissian A, Brito A, Sanchez JF, et al. Optimization of IL13Rα2-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T cells for improved anti-tumor efficacy against glioblastoma. Molecular Therapy. 2018;26(1):31–44. doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.10.002.
  • Priceman SJ, Tilakawardane D, Jeang B, Aguilar B, Murad JP, Park AK, Chang WC, Ostberg JR, Neman J, Jandial R, et al. Regional delivery of chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T cells effectively targets HER2(+) breast cancer metastasis to the brain. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24(1):95–105. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-2041.
  • Donnelly MLL, Luke G, Mehrotra A, Li X, Hughes LE, Gani D, Ryan MD. Analysis of the aphthovirus 2A/2B polyprotein ‘cleavage’ mechanism indicates not a proteolytic reactionbut a novel translational effect: a putative ribosomal ‘skip’. J Gen Virol. 2001;82(Pt 5):1013–1025.
  • Clarke P,Mann J, Simpson JF, Rickard-Dickson K, Primus FJ.  Mice transgenic for human carcinoembryonic antigen as a model for immunotherapy. Cancer Res. 1998;58(7):1469–1477.
  • Yazaki PJ, Wu AM, Tsai SW, Williams LE, Ikle DN, Wong JYC, Shively JE, Raubitschek AA. Tumor targeting of radiometal labeled anti-cea recombinant t84.66 diabody and t84.66 minibody: Comparison to radioiodinated fragments. Bioconjug Chem. 2001;12(2):220–228. doi:10.1021/bc000092h.
  • Crouch ML,Knowels G, Stuppard R, Ericson NG, Bielas JH, Marcinek DJ, Syrjala KL. Cyclophosphamide leads to persistent deficits in physical performance and in vivo mitochondria function in a mouse model of chemotherapy late effects. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0181086. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181086.
  • Jafarzadeh L,Masoumi E, Fallah-Mehrjardi K, Mirzaei HR, Hadjati J. Prolonged persistence of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell in adoptive cancer immunotherapy: Challenges and ways forward. Front Immunol. 2020;11:702. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00702.
  • Gattinoni L, Finkelstein SE, Klebanoff CA, Antony PA, Palmer DC, Spiess PJ, Hwang LN, Yu Z, Wrzesinski C, Heimann DM, et al. Removal of homeostatic cytokine sinks by lymphodepletion enhances the efficacy of adoptively transferred tumor-specific CD8+ T cells. J Exp Med. 2005;202(7):907–912. doi:10.1084/jem.20050732.
  • Bracci L, oschella F, Sestili P, La Sorsa V, Valentini M, Canini I, Baccarini S, Maccari S, Ramoni C, Belardelli F, et al. Cyclophosphamide enhances the antitumor efficacy of adoptively transferred immune cells through the induction of cytokine expression, B-cell and T-cell homeostatic proliferation, and specific tumor infiltration. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13(2 Pt 1):644–653. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-1209.
  • Xu J, Wang Y, Shi J, Liu J, Li Q, Chen L. Combination therapy: a feasibility strategy for CAR-T cell therapy in the treatment of solid tumors. Oncol Lett. 2018;16(2):2063–2070. doi:10.3892/ol.2018.8946.
  • Vierboom MP,Bos GM, Ooms M, Offringa R, Melief CJ. Cyclophosphamide enhances anti-tumor effect of wild-type p53-specific CTL. Int J Cancer. 2000;87(2):253–260. doi:10.1002/1097-0215(20000715)87:2<253::AID-IJC17>3.0.CO;2-A.
  • Alizadeh D,Trad M, Hanke NT, Larmonier CB, Janikashvili N, Bonnotte B, Katsanis E, Larmonier N. Doxorubicin eliminates myeloid-derived suppressor cells and enhances the efficacy of adoptive T-cell transfer in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2014;74(1):104–118. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-1545.
  • Peng KW,Myers R, Greenslade A, Mader E, Greiner S, Federspiel MJ, Dispenzieri A, Russell SJ. Using clinically approved cyclophosphamide regimens to control the humoral immune response to oncolytic viruses. Gene Ther. 2013;20(3):255–261. doi:10.1038/gt.2012.31.
  • Lutsiak ME,Semnani RT, De Pascalis R, Kashmiri SV, Schlom J, Sabzevari H. Inhibition of CD4(+)25+ T regulatory cell function implicated in enhanced immune response by low-dose cyclophosphamide. Blood. 2005;105(7):2862–2868. doi:10.1182/blood-2004-06-2410.
  • Myers CE,Hoelzinger DB, Truong TN, Chew LA, Myles A, Chaudhuri L, Egan JB, Liu J, Gendler SJ, Cohen PA. Chemotherapy can induce weight normalization of morbidly obese mice despite undiminished ingestion of high fat diet. Oncotarget. 2017;8(3):5426–5438. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.14576.
  • Eftekhar E, Naghibalhossaini F. Carcinoembryonic antigen expression level as a predictive factor for response to 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancer. Mol Biol Rep. 2014;41(1):459–466. doi:10.1007/s11033-013-2880-0.
  • Majzner RG, Mackall CL. Tumor antigen escape from CAR T-cell therapy. Cancer Discov. 2018;8(10):1219–1226.
  • Maude SL, Teachey DT, Rheingold SR, Shaw PA, Aplenc R, Barrett DM, Barker CS, Callahan C, Frey NV, Nazimuddin F, et al. 2016. Sustained remissions with CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells in children with relapsed/refractory ALL. Vol. 34( 15_suppl): 3011.
  • Sotillo E, Barrett DM, Black KL, Bagashev A, Oldridge D, Wu G, Sussman R, Lanauze C, Ruella M, Gazzara MR, et al. Convergence of acquired mutations and alternative splicing of CD19 enables resistance to CART-19 immunotherapy. Cancer Discov. 2015;5(12):1282–1295. doi:10.1158/2159-8290.CD-15-1020.
  • Orlando EJ, Han X, Tribouley C, Wood PA, Leary RJ, Riester M, Levine JE, Qayed M, Grupp SA, Boyer M, et al. Genetic mechanisms of target antigen loss in CAR19 therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nat Med. 2018;24(10):1504–1506. doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0146-z.
  • Shalabi H, Kraft IL, Wang HW, Yuan CM, Yates B, Delbrook C, Zimbelman JD, Giller R, Stetler-Stevenson M, Jaffe ES, et al. Sequential loss of tumor surface antigens following chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Haematologica. 2018;103(5):e215–e218. e215-e218. doi:10.3324/haematol.2017.183459.
  • Qin H, Dong Z, Wang X, Cheng WA, Wen F, Xue W, Sun H, Walter M, Wei G, Smith DL, et al. CAR T cells targeting BAFF-R can overcome CD19 antigen loss in B cell malignancies. Sci Transl Med. 2019;11(511):eaaw9414. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw9414.
  • Klein C, Waldhauer I, Nicolini VG, Freimoser-Grundschober A, Nayak T, Vugts DJ, Dunn C, Bolijn M, Benz J, Stihle M, et al. Cergutuzumab amunaleukin (CEA-IL2v), a CEA-targeted IL-2 variant-based immunocytokine for combination cancer immunotherapy: overcoming limitations of aldesleukin and conventional IL-2-based immunocytokines. Oncoimmunology. 2017;6(3):e1277306. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2016.1277306.
  • Ribba B, Boetsch C, Nayak T, Grimm HP, Charo J, Evers S, Klein C, Tessier J, Charoin JE, Phipps A, et al. Prediction of the optimal dosing regimen using a mathematical model of tumor uptake for immunocytokine-based cancer immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24(14):3325–3333. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-2953.
  • Van Brummelen EMJ, Huisman MC, de Wit-van der Veen LJ, Nayak TK, Stokkel MPM, Mulder ER, Hoekstra OS, Vugts DJ, Van Dongen G, Verheul HM, et al. (89)Zr-labeled CEA-targeted IL-2 variant immunocytokine in patients with solid tumors: CEA-mediated tumor accumulation and role of IL-2 receptor-binding. Oncotarget. 2018;9(37):24737–24749. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.25343.
  • Shively JE, Beatty JD. CEA-related antigens: molecular biology and clinical significance. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 1985;2:355–399.
  • Hammarstrom S. The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) family: structures, suggested functions and expression in normal and malignant tissues. Semin Cancer Biol. 1999;9(2):67–81. doi:10.1006/scbi.1998.0119.
  • Coutelier JP, Godfraind C, Dveksler GS, Wysocka M, Cardellichio CB, Noël H, Holmes KV. B lymphocyte and macrophage expression of carcinoembryonic antigen-related adhesion molecules that serve as receptors for murine coronavirus. Eur J Immunol. 1994;24(6):1383–1390. doi:10.1002/eji.1830240622.
  • Kammerer R, Hahn S, Singer BB, Luo JS, von Kleist S. Biliary glycoprotein (CD66a), a cell adhesion molecule of the immunoglobulin superfamily, on human lymphocytes: structure expression and involvement in T cell activation. Eur J Immunol. 1998;28(11):3664–3674.
  • Tchoupa AK, Schuhmacher T, Hauck CR. Signaling by epithelial members of the CEACAM family - mucosal docking sites for pathogenic bacteria. Cell Commun Signal. 2014;12(1):27. doi:10.1186/1478-811X-12-27.
  • Katz SC, Point GR, Cunetta M, Thorn M, Guha P, Espat NJ, Boutros C, Hanna N, Junghans RP. Regional CAR-T cell infusions for peritoneal carcinomatosis are superior to systemic delivery. Cancer Gene Ther. 2016;23(5):142–148. doi:10.1038/cgt.2016.14.
  • SorrentoTherapeutics I. Sorrento Therapeutics anti-CEA CAR-t demonstrates promising clinical activity and safety in phase Ib clinical trial. 2017.
  • SorrentoTherapeutics I. Sorrento therapeutics autologous anti-CEA CAR-T cell therapy for liver metastases demonstrates therapeutic activity in stage iv pancreas cancer in a phase 1b HITM-SURE Trial (NCT02850536). GlobeNewswire; 2018.
  • Lo AS, Lo AS, Ma Q, Liu DL, Junghans RP. Anti-GD3 chimeric sFv-CD28/T-cell receptor zeta designer T cells for treatment of metastatic melanoma and other neuroectodermal tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16(10):2769–2780. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-0043.
  • Junghans RP, Ma Q, Rathore R, Gomes EM, Bais AJ, Lo ASY, Abedi M, Davies RA, Cabral HJ, Al-Homsi AS, et al. Phase I Trial of Anti-PSMA Designer CAR-T Cells in Prostate Cancer: possible Role for Interacting Interleukin 2-T Cell Pharmacodynamics as a Determinant of Clinical Response. Prostate. 2016;76(14):1257–1270.
  • Chmielewski M, Abken H. CAR T cells releasing IL-18 Convert to T-Bet(high) FoxO1(low) effectors that exhibit augmented activity against advanced solid tumors. Cell Rep. 2017;21(11):3205–3219. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.11.063.
  • Wagener C, Clark BR, Rickard KJ, Shively JE. Monoclonal antibodies for carcinoembryonic antigen and related antigens as a model system: determination of affinities and specificities of monoclonal antibodies by using biotin-labeled antibodies and avidin as precipitating agent in a solution phase immunoassay. J Immunol. 1983;130(5):2302–2307.
  • Esteban JM, Felder B, Ahn C, Simpson JF, Battifora H, Shively JE. Prognostic relevance of carcinoembryonic antigen and estrogen receptor status in breast cancer patients. Cancer. 1994;74(5):1575–1583. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19940901)74:5<1575::aid-cncr2820740513>3.0.co;2-w.
  • Shively JE,  Spayth V, Chang FF, Metter GE, Klein L, Presant CA, Todd CW. Serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen and a tumor-extracted carcinoembryonic antigen-related antigen in cancer patients. Cancer Res. 1982;42(6):2506.
  • Beatty JD, Duda RB, Williams LE, Sheibani K, Paxton RJ, Beatty BG, Philben VJ, Werner JL, Shively JE, Vlahos WG, et al. Preoperative imaging of colorectal carcinoma with 111in-labeled anticarcinoembryonic antigen monoclonal antibody. Cancer Res. 1986;46(12 Part 1):6494–6502.
  • Yazaki PJ, Lee B, Channappa D, Cheung CW, Crow D, Chea J, Poku E, Li L, Andersen JT, Sandlie I, et al. A series of anti-CEA/anti-DOTA bispecific antibody formats evaluated for pre-targeting: comparison of tumor uptake and blood clearance. Protein Eng Des Sel. 2013;26(3):187–193. doi:10.1093/protein/gzs096.
  • Nittka S,  Krueger MA, Shively JE, Boll H, Brockmann MA, Doyon F, Pichler BJ, Neumaier M. Radioimmunoimaging of liver metastases with PET using a 64Cu-labeled CEA antibody in transgenic mice. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e106921. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106921.
  • Wu AM, Yazaki PJ, Tsai S, Nguyen K, Anderson AL, McCarthy DW, Welch MJ, Shively JE, Williams LE, Raubitschek AA, et al. High-resolution microPET imaging of carcinoembryonic antigen-positive xenografts by using a copper-64-labeled engineered antibody fragment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97(15):8495–8500. doi:10.1073/pnas.150228297.
  • Parkhurst MR, Yang JC, Langan RC, Dudley ME, Nathan DA, Feldman SA, Davis JL, Morgan RA, Merino MJ, Sherry RM, et al. T cells targeting carcinoembryonic antigen can mediate regression of metastatic colorectal cancer but induce severe transient colitis. Mol Ther. 2011;19(3):620–626. doi:10.1038/mt.2010.272.
  • Dudley ME, Wunderlich JR, Robbins PF, Yang JC, Hwu P, Schwartzentruber DJ, Topalian SL, Sherry R, Restifo NP, Hubicki AM, et al. Cancer regression and autoimmunity in patients after clonal repopulation with antitumor lymphocytes. Science. 2002;298(5594):850–854. doi:10.1126/science.1076514.
  • Robbins PF, Dudley ME, Wunderlich J, El-Gamil M, Li YF, Zhou J, Huang J, Powell DJ, Jr., Rosenberg SA. Cutting edge: persistence of transferred lymphocyte clonotypes correlates with cancer regression in patients receiving cell transfer therapy. J Immunol. 2004;173(12):7125–7130. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.173.12.7125.
  • Hege KM, Bergsland EK, Fisher GA, Nemunaitis JJ, Warren RS, McArthur JG, Lin AA, Schlom J, June CH, Sherwin SA. Safety, tumor trafficking and immunogenicity of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells specific for TAG-72 in colorectal cancer. J Immunother Cancer. 2017;5(1):22. doi:10.1186/s40425-017-0222-9.
  • Wu J, Waxman DJ. Metronomic cyclophosphamide eradicates large implanted GL261 gliomas by activating antitumor Cd8(+) T-cell responses and immune memory. Oncoimmunology. 2015;4(4):e1005521. doi:10.1080/2162402X.2015.1005521.