Risk and liberal peace: democratisation as risk management

References

• Aradau, C., and R. van Munster. 2007. “Governing Terrorism Through Risk: Taking Precautions, (Un)Knowing the Future.” European Journal of International Relations 13 (1): 89–115. doi:10.1177/1354066107074290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atwood, R., and R. Moncrieff. 2010. “West African Elections: There’s Too Much at Stake.” International Crisis Group. October 19. Accessed May 1, 2013. http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/africa/west-africa/op-eds/west-african-elections-theres-too-much-at-stake.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Barkawi, T., and M. Laffey. 1999. “The Imperial Peace: Democracy, Force and Globalization.” European Journal of International Relations 5 (4): 403–434. doi:10.1177/1354066199005004001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, U. 2002. “The Terrorist Threat: World Risk Society Revisited.” Theory, Culture and Society 19 (4): 39–55. doi:10.1177/0263276402019004050.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, U. 2007. World at Risk. Cambridge: Polity.
   Google Scholar
• Bhuta, N. 2008. “Against State-Building.” Constellations 15 (4): 517–542. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8675.2008.00505.x.
   Google Scholar
• Bogaards, M., M. Basedau, and C. Hartmann. 2010. “Ethnic Party Bans in Africa: An Introduction.” Democratization 17 (4): 599–617. doi:10.1080/13510347.2010.491183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brancati, D., and J. L. Snyder. 2011. “Rushing to the Polls: The Causes of Premature Postconflict Elections.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 55 (3): 469–492.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carothers, T. 2007. “The ‘Sequencing’ Fallacy.” Journal of Democracy 18 (1): 12–27. doi:10.1353/jod.2007.0002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandler, D. 2006. Empire in Denial: The Politics of Statebuilding. London: Pluto.
   Google Scholar
• Clapton, W. 2009. “Risk and Hierarchy in International Society.” Global Change, Peace and Security 21 (1): 19–35. doi:10.1080/14781150802659267.
   Google Scholar
• Clapton, W. 2011. “Risk in International Relations.” International Relations 25 (3): 280–295. doi:10.1177/0047117811415480.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clapton, W., and S. Hameiri. 2012. “The Domestic Politics of International Hierarchy: Risk Management and the Reconstitution of International Society.” International Politics 49 (1): 59–77. doi:10.1057/ip.2011.33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean, M. 1999. “Risk, Calculable and Incalculable.” In Risk and Sociocultural Theory: New Directions and Perspectives, edited by D. Lupton, 131–159. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Douglas, M. 1985. Risk Acceptability According to the Social Sciences. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Doyle, A. 2007. “Introduction: Trust, Citizenship and Exclusion in the Risk Society.” In Risk and Trust: Including or Excluding Citizens?, edited by Law Commission of Canada, 7–22. Winnipeg: Fernwood.
   Google Scholar
• Doyle, M. 1983a. “Kant, Liberal Legacies and Foreign Affairs (Part 1).” Philosophy and Public Affairs 12 (3): 205–235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle, M. 1983b. “Kant, Liberal Legacies and Foreign Affairs (Part 2).” Philosophy and Public Affairs 12 (4): 323–357.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle, M. 1986. “Liberalism and World Politics.” American Political Science Review 80 (4): 1151–1169. doi:10.2307/1960861.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffield, M. 2001a. “Governing the Borderlands: Decoding the Power of Aid.” Disasters 25 (4): 308–320. doi:10.1111/1467-7717.00180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffield, M. 2001b. Global Governance and the New Wars: The Merging of Development and Security. London: Zed.
   Google Scholar
• Dupuy, K., and H. M. Binningsbo. 2007. “Power-Sharing and Peace-Building in Sierra Leone: Power-Sharing Agreements, Negotiations and Peace Processes.” Policy Brief. Center for the Study of Civil War. Accessed May 1, 2013. http://file.prio.no/Publication_files/Prio/Dupuy%20and%20Binningsb%C3%B8%20%282008%29%20Power-sharing%20and%20Peacebuilding%20in%20Sierra%20Leone%20%28CSCW%20Paper%29.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Dzihic, V., and D. Segert. 2012. “Lessons from ‘Post-Yugoslav’ Democratization: Functional Problems of Stateness and the Limits of Democracy.” East European Politics and Societies 26 (2): 239–253. doi:10.1177/0888325411406436.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewald, F. 1991. “Insurance and Risks.” In The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality, edited by G. Burchell, C. Gordon, and P. Miller, 197–210. London: Harvester/Wheatsheaf.
   Google Scholar
• Fukuyama, F. 2004. State-Building: Governance and the World Order in the 21st Century. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Giddens, A. 1991. Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Grimm, S., and J. Leininger. 2012. “Not All Good Things Go Together: Conflicting Objectives in Democracy Promotion.” Democratization 19 (3): 391–414. doi:10.1080/13510347.2012.674355.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hameiri, S. 2011. “State Transformation, Territorial Politics and the Management of Transnational Risk.” International Relations 25 (3): 381–397. doi:10.1177/0047117811416290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harbeson, J. W. 1998. “Elections and Democratization in Post-Mengistu Ethiopia.” In Postconflict Elections, Democratization and International Assistance, edited by K. Kumar, 111–131. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, D. 1999. “From ‘Warlord’ to ‘Democratic’ President: How Charles Taylor Won the 1997 Liberian Elections.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 37 (3): 431–455. doi:10.1017/S0022278X99003109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heng, Y.-K. 2006. “The ‘Transformation of War’ Debate: Through the Looking Glass of Ulrich Beck’s World Risk Society.” International Relations 20 (1): 69–91. doi:10.1177/0047117806060929.
   Google Scholar
• Hobson, C. 2012. “Liberal Democracy and Beyond: Extending the Sequencing Debate.” International Political Science Review 33 (4): 441–454. doi:10.1177/0192512111432563.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoglund, K. 2008. “Violence in War-To-Democracy Transitions.” In From War to Democracy: Dilemmas of Peacebuilding, edited by A. K. Jarstad and T. D. Sisk, 80–101. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Howard, R. 2003. “International Media Assistance: A Review of Donor Activities and Lessons Learned.” CRU Working Paper 19. Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’ Conflict Resolution Unit. Accessed May 1, 2013. http://www.clingendael.nl/publications/2003/20030600_cru_working_paper_19.pdf
   Google Scholar
• ISFFI (Institute for the Studies on Free Flow of Information). 2004. The Role of Media in Peace-Building and Reconciliation: Central Sulawesi, Maluku and North Maluku. Final Draft Report. Jakarta: The Institute for the Studies on Free Flow of Information. http://www.i-m-s.dk/files/publications/ISAI-IMS%20Media%20Assessment%20Report%20%2830%20July%2004%29.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Jahn, B. 2007a. “The Tragedy of Liberal Diplomacy: Democratization, Intervention, Statebuilding (Part I).” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 1 (1): 87–106. doi:10.1080/17502970601075931.
   Google Scholar
• Jahn, B. 2007b. “The Tragedy of Liberal Diplomacy: Democratization, Intervention, Statebuilding (Part II).” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 1 (2): 211–229. doi:10.1080/17502970701302847.
   Google Scholar
• Jarstad, A. K. 2008a. “Dilemmas of War-To-Democracy Transitions: Theories and Concepts.” In From War to Democracy: Dilemmas of Peacebuilding, edited by A. K. Jarstad and T. D. Sisk, 17–36. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jarstad, A. K. 2008b. “Power Sharing: Former Enemies in Joint Government.” In From War to Democracy: Dilemmas of Peacebuilding, edited by A. K. Jarstad and T. D. Sisk, 105–133. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jarstad, A. K., and T. D. Sisk. 2008. “Introduction.” In From War to Democracy: Dilemmas of Peacebuilding, edited by A. K. Jarstad and T. D. Sisk, 1–13. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jarvis, D. S. L., and M. Griffiths. 2007. “Risk and International Relations: A New Research Agenda?.” Global Society 21 (1): 1–4. doi:10.1080/13600820601116427.
   Google Scholar
• Jung, J. K. 2012. “Power-Sharing and Democracy Promotion in Post-Civil War Peace-Building.” Democratization 19 (3): 486–506. doi:10.1080/13510347.2012.674359.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kant, I. 1983. Perpetual Peace. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.
   Google Scholar
• Krasner, S. D., and C. Pascual. 2005. “Addressing State Failure.” Foreign Affairs 84 (4): 153–163. doi:10.2307/20034427.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn, F. P. 2011. “Securing Uncertainty: Sub-State Security Dilemma and the Risk of Intervention.” International Relations 25 (3): 363–380. doi:10.1177/0047117811416289.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, K. 1998. “Postconflict Elections and International Assistance.” In Postconflict Elections, Democratization and International Assistance, edited by K. Kumar, 5–14. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
   Google Scholar
• Leininger, J. 2006. “Democracy and UN Peace-Keeping – Conflict Resolution through State-Building and Democracy Promotion in Haiti.” Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Online 10: 465–530. doi:10.1163/138946306783559977.
   Google Scholar
• Lobo-Guerrero, L. 2010. “The International Political Sociology of Risk.” In The International Studies Encyclopedia, edited by R. A. Denemark, 4418–4436. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Lupton, D. 1999. Risk. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lynch, G., and G. Crawford. 2011. “Democratization in Africa 1990–2010: An Assessment.” Democratization 18 (2): 275–310. doi:10.1080/13510347.2011.554175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons, T. 2004. “Transforming the Institutions of War: Postconflict Elections and the Reconstruction of Failed States.” In When States Fail: Causes and Consequences, edited by R. I. Rotberg, 269–301. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mehler, A. 2009a. “Introduction: Power-Sharing in Africa.” Africa Spectrum 44 (3): 2–10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehler, A. 2009b. “Peace and Power Sharing in Africa: A Not So Obvious Relationship.” African Affairs 108 (432): 453–473. doi:10.1093/afraf/adp038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta, U. S. 1999. Liberalism and Empire: A Study in Nineteenth Century British Liberal Thought. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moroff, A. 2010. “Party Bans in Africa – An Empirical Overview.” Democratization 17 (4): 618–641. doi:10.1080/13510347.2010.491184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OSCE (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe). n.d. “OSCE Mission in Kosovo: Overview.” Accessed February 19, 2014. http://www.osce.org/kosovo/43378
   Google Scholar
• Paris, R. 2002. “International Peacebuilding and the ‘Mission Civilisatrice’.” Review of International Studies 28 (4): 637–656. doi:10.1017/S026021050200637X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paris, R. 2004. At War’s End: Building Peace after Civil Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Paris, R. 2011. “Critiques of Liberal Peace.” In A Liberal Peace? the Problems and Practices of Peacebuilding, edited by S. Campbell, D. Chandler, and M. Sabaratnam, 31–51. London: Zed.
   Google Scholar
• Park, A. S. J. 2010. “Peacebuilding, the Rule of Law and the Problem of Culture: Assimilation, Multiculturalism, Deployment.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 4 (4): 413–432. doi:10.1080/17502971003700977.
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, M. V. 2006. The Risk Society at War: Terror, Technology and Strategy in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ray, J. L. 1997. “The Democratic Path to Peace.” Journal of Democracy 8 (2): 49–64. doi:10.1353/jod.1997.0031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly, B. 2006. “Political Engineering and Party Politics in Conflict-Prone Societies.” Democratization 13 (5): 811–827. doi:10.1080/13510340601010719.
   Google Scholar
• Reilly, B. 2008. “Post-War Elections: Uncertain Turning Points of Transition.” In From War to Democracy: Dilemmas of Peacebuilding, edited by A. K. Jarstad and T. D. Sisk, 157–181. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rotberg, R. I. 2004. “The Failure and Collapse of Nation-States: Breakdown, Prevention, and Repair.” In When States Fail: Causes and Consequences, edited by R. I. Rotberg, 1–49. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rummel, R. J. 1997. Power Kills: Democracy As a Method of Nonviolence. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
   Google Scholar
• Sangmpam, S. N. 2007. “Politics Rules: the False Primacy of Institutions in Developing Countries.” Political Studies 55: 201–224. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00650.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savun, B., and D. C. Tirone. 2011. “Foreign Aid, Democratization, and Civil Conflict: How Does Democracy Aid Affect Civil Conflict?.” American Journal of Political Science 55 (2): 233–246. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00501.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, J., and K. Ballentine. 1996. “Nationalism and the Marketplace of Ideas.” International Security 21 (2): 5–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sriram, C. L., and M. J. Zahar. 2009. “The Perils of Power-Sharing: Africa and Beyond.” Africa Spectrum 44 (3): 11–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Törnquist, O. 2011. “Dynamics of Peace and Democratization. The Aceh Lessons.” Democratization 18 (3): 823–846. doi:10.1080/13510347.2011.563118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wai, Z. 2011. “Elections As a Strategy for Democratization and Conflict Transformation? Liberal Peace and the 1996 Elections in Sierra Leone.” African Journal of Political Science and International Relations 5 (4): 229–244.
   Google Scholar