818
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Climate migration and the politics of causal attribution: a case study in Mongolia

Pages 234-253 | Received 11 Nov 2014, Accepted 23 Feb 2015, Published online: 02 Apr 2015

References

  • Badarch, D., Batsukh, N., & Batmunkh, S. (2003). The impacts of industrialization in Mongolia. In D. Badarch, R. A. Zilinskas, & P. J. Balint (Eds.), Mongolia today: Science, culture, environment and development (pp. 3–20). Richmond: Curzon.
  • Barfield, T. J. (1993). The nomadic alternative. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Batima, P., Natsagdorj, L., Gombluudev, P., & Erdenetsetseg, B. (2005, June). Observed climate change in Mongolia. (AIACC Working Paper No. 12). Ulaanbaatar: Assessments of Impacts and Adaptations of Climate Change.
  • Batjargal, Z. (2001). Lessons learnt from the Dzud 1999–2000. Ulaanbaatar: UNDP and Government of Mongolia.
  • Batjargal, Z., & Enkhjargal, B. (2013). Interference impact of global warming and globalization on the society and ecosystem in Mongolia. In N. Yamamura, N. Fujita, & A. Maekawa (Eds.), The Mongolian ecosystem network environmental issues under climate and social changes (pp. 295–313). Tokyo: Springer.10.1007/978-4-431-54052-6
  • Bawden, C. R. (1968). The modern history of Mongolia. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
  • Betts, A. (2013). Survival migration: Failed governance and the crisis of displacement. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Bradsher, H. S. (1972). The Sovietization of Mongolia. Foreign Affairs, 50, 545–553.10.2307/20037928
  • Bruun, O. (2006). Nomadic herders and the urban attraction. In O. Bruun & L. Narangoa (Eds.), Mongols from country to city: Floating boundaries, pastoralism and city life in the Mongol lands (pp. 162–184). Copenhagen: NIAS Press.
  • Campi, A. (2006). The rise of cities in nomadic Mongolia. In O. Bruun & L. Narangoa (Eds.), Mongols from country to city: Floating boundaries, pastoralism and city life in the Mongol lands (pp. 21–55). Copenhagen: NIAS Press.
  • Dagvadorj, D. (2010). Mongolia second national communication under the United Nations framework convention on climate change. Ulaanbaatar: Ministry of Environment, UNEP.
  • Douglas Jackson, W. A. (1962). Russo-Chinese borderlands. New York, NY: D. Van Nostrand.
  • Dulamsuren, C., Hauck, M., & Leuschner, C. (2010). Recent drought stress leads to growth reductions in Larix sibirica in the western Khentey, Mongolia. Global Change Biology, 16, 3024–3035.
  • Fang, J.-Q., & Liu, G. (1992). Relationship between climatic change and the nomadic southward migrations in Eastern Asia during historical times. Climatic Change, 22, 151–168.10.1007/BF00142964
  • Farkas, O., & Kempf, B. (2002). Reinventing the ‘Dzud’: Livestock famine and twenty-first-century Mongolia. In M. Gervers & W. Schlepp (Eds.), Continuity and change in central and inner Asia (p. 127). Toronto: University of Toronto.
  • Fernández-Giménez, M. E. (2002). Spatial and social boundaries and the paradox of pastoral land tenure: A case study from postsocialist Mongolia. Human Ecology, 30, 49–78.10.1023/A:1014562913014
  • Fernandez-Gimenez, M. E. (1999). Sustaining the Steppes: A Geographical History of Pastoral Land Use in Mongolia. Geographical Review, 89, 315–342.10.2307/216154
  • Fernandez-Gimenez, M., Kamimura, A., & Batjav, B. (2008). Implementing Mongolia’s land law: Progress and issues: Final report. Nagoya: Nagoya University.
  • Field, C. B., & IPCC. (2012). Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation. A special report of working groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Florémont, F. (2012). Migratory issues in climate adaptation policies: A new conceptualisation of population displacements? Forum for Development Studies, 39, 31–49.10.1080/08039410.2011.635382
  • Fujita, N., & Amartuvshin, N. (2013). Distribution patterns of vegetation as a fundamental factor in Mongolian ecosystems. In N. Yamamura, N. Fujita, & A. Maekawa (Eds.), The Mongolian ecosystem network environmental issues under climate and social changes (pp. 23–29). Tokyo: Springer.10.1007/978-4-431-54052-6
  • Griffin, K. (2001a). Poverty and the transition to a market economy in Mongolia. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.
  • Griffin, K. (2001b). Urban to rural migration and involution of the livestock sector. In K. Griffin (Ed.), A strategy for poverty reduction in Mongolia (pp. 75–94). Ulaanbaatar: UNDP.
  • Hardin, G. (1968). The tragedy of the commons. Science, 162, 1243–1248.
  • Hart, H. L. A., & Honoré, T. (1985). Causation in the law (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198254744.001.0001
  • Hitchcock, C. (2008). Causation. In S. Psillos & M. Curd (Eds.), The Routledge companion to philosophy of science (pp. 317–326). London: Routledge.
  • Humphrey, C. (1978). Pastoral nomadism in Mongolia: The role of herdsmen’s cooperatives in the national economy. Development and Change, 9, 133–160.10.1111/dech.1978.9.issue-1
  • Humphrey, C., & Sneath, D. (1999). The end of nomadism? Society, state, and the environment in inner Asia. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
  • Huntington, E. (1924). Civilization and climate. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Hvistendahl, M. (2012). Roots of empire. Science, 337, 1596–1599.10.1126/science.337.6102.1596
  • Janzen, J. (2005). Mobile livestock-keeping in Mongolia: Present problems, spatial organization, interactions between mobile and sedentary population groups and perspectives for pastoral development. In K. Ikeya & E. Fratkin (Eds.), Pastoralists and their neighbors in Asia and Africa (pp. 69–97). Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology.
  • Jenkins, G. (1974). A note on climatic cycles and the rise of Chinggis Khan. Central Asiatic Journal, XVIII, 217–226.
  • Kamimura, A. (2013). Pastoral mobility and pastureland possession in Mongolia: Environmental issues under climate and social changes. In N. Yamamura, N. Fujita, & A. Maekawa (Eds.), The Mongolian ecosystem network (pp. 187–203). Tokyo: Springer.10.1007/978-4-431-54052-6
  • Khazanov, A. M. (1978). Characteristics features of nomadic communities in Eurasian Steppes. In W. Weissleder (Ed.), The nomadic alternative (pp. 119–126). The Hague: Mouton.
  • Kingdon, J. W. (1995). Agendas, alternatives, and public policies (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Harper Collins College.
  • Konagaya, Y., & Maekawa, A. (2013). Characteristics and transformation of the pastoral system in Mongolia. In N. Yamamura, N. Fujita, & A. Maekawa (Eds.), The Mongolian ecosystem network environmental issues under climate and social changes (pp. 9–21). Tokyo: Springer.10.1007/978-4-431-54052-6
  • Lamb, H. H. (1995). Climate, history and the modern world (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
  • Lansdell, H. (1885). Russian Central Asia, including Kuldja, Bokhara, Khiva and Merv. London: S. Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington.
  • Lkhagvadorj, D., Hauck, M., Dulamsuren, C., & Tsogtbaatar, J. (2013). Pastoral nomadism in the forest-steppe of the Mongolian Altai under a changing economy and a warming climate. Journal of Arid Environments, 88, 82–89.10.1016/j.jaridenv.2012.07.019
  • Maasri, A., & Gelhaus, J. (2011). The new era of the livestock production in Mongolia: Consequences on streams of the Great Lakes Depression. Science of The Total Environment, 409, 4841–4846.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.08.005
  • Maekawa, A. (2013). The cash in cashmere: Herders’ incentives and strategies to increase the goat population in post-socialist Mongolia. In N. Yamamura, N. Fujita, & A. Maekawa (Eds.), The Mongolian ecosystem network environmental issues under climate and social changes (pp. 233–245). Tokyo: Springer.10.1007/978-4-431-54052-6
  • Marin, A. (2010). Riders under storms: Contributions of nomadic herders’ observations to analysing climate change in Mongolia. Global Environmental Change, 20, 162–176.10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.10.004
  • Mayer, B. (2014). State responsibility and climate change governance: A light through the storm. Chinese Journal of International Law, 13, 539–575.10.1093/chinesejil/jmu030
  • Mayer, B., Boas, I., Ewing, J., Baillat, A., & Das, U. K. (2013). Governing environmentally-related migration in Bangladesh: Responsibilities, security and the causality problem. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 22, 177–198.10.1177/011719681302200202
  • McKinley, T. (2001). The national development strategy and aid coordination. In K. Griffin (Ed.), A strategy for poverty reduction in Mongolia (pp. 174–193). Ulaanbaatar: UNDP.
  • Mearns, R. (1993). Territoriality and land tenure among Mongolian pastoralists: Variation, continuity and change. Nomadic Peoples, 33, 73–103.
  • Medvedeva, T. (1996). Medical services and health issues in rural areas of inner Asia. In C. Humphrey & D. Sneath (Eds.), Culture and environment in inner Asia (Vol. II, pp. 176–204). Cambridge: White Horse.
  • Mongolia. (2009). Assessment report on climate change 2009. Ulaanbaatar: Ministry of Environment, Nature and Tourism, UNEP.
  • Mori, S. (2013). Marketability of dairy products in relation to distance in Northern Mongolia. In N. Yamamura, N. Fujita, & A. Maekawa (Eds.), The Mongolian ecosystem network: Environmental issues under climate and social changes (pp. 247–253). Tokyo: Springer.10.1007/978-4-431-54052-6
  • Morris, E., & Bruun, O. (2005). Promoting employment opportunities in rural Mongolia. Bangkok: ILO.
  • Myadar, O. (2009). Nomads in fenced land: Land reform in post-socialist Mongolia. Asian-Pacific Law and Policy Journal, 11, 161–203.
  • National Statistical Office. (2013). Retrieved from http://en.nso.mn/
  • Natsagdorj, A. S. (1967). The economic basis of feudalism in Mongolia. Modern Asian Studies, 1, 265–281.10.1017/S0026749X00002493
  • Nicholson, C. (2014). Climate change and the politics of causal reasoning: The case of climate change and migration. The Geographical Journal, 180, 151–160.10.1111/geoj.2014.180.issue-2
  • Ojima, D., & Chuluun, T. (2008). Policy changes in Mongolia: Implications for land use and landscapes. In K. A. Galvin, R. S. Reid, R. H. Behnke Jr., & N. T. Hobbs (Eds.), Fragmentation in semi-arid and arid landscapes (pp. 179–193). Dordrecht: Springer.10.1007/978-1-4020-4906-4
  • Piguet, E., & Laczko, F. (2014). People on the move in a changing climate – The regional impact of environmental change on migration. Dordrecht: Springer.10.1007/978-94-007-6985-4
  • Raleigh, C. (2010). Political marginalization, climate change, and conflict in African Sahel states. International Studies Review, 12, 69–86.10.1111/misr.2010.12.issue-1
  • Rayfuse, R., & Scott, S. V. (2012). Mapping the impact of climate change on international law. In R. Rayfuse & S. V. Scott (Eds.), International law in the era of climate change (pp. 3–25). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.10.4337/9781781006085
  • Saizen, I. (2013). Change in livestock species and their spatial distribution. In N. Yamamura, N. Fujita, & A. Maekawa (Eds.), The Mongolian ecosystem network: Environmental issues under climate and social changes (pp. 215–232). Tokyo: Springer.10.1007/978-4-431-54052-6
  • Salzman, P. C. (2004). Pastoralists: Equality, hierarchy, and the state. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • Sneath, D. (2003). Land use, the environment and development in post-socialist Mongolia. Oxford Development Studies, 31, 441–459.10.1080/1360081032000146627
  • Sneath, D. (2006). The rural and the urban in pastoral Mongolia. In O. Bruun & L. Narangoa (Eds.), Mongols from country to city: Floating boundaries, pastoralism and city life in the Mongol lands (pp. 140–161). Copenhagen: NIAS Press.
  • Sneath, D. (2012). The ‘age of the market’ and the regime of debt: The role of credit in the transformation of pastoral Mongolia 1. Social Anthropology, 20, 458–473.10.1111/j.1469-8676.2012.00223.x
  • Spencer, J. H. (2014). Globalization and urbanization: The global urban ecosystem. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Sternberg, T. (2008). Environmental challenges in Mongolia’s dryland pastoral landscape. Journal of Arid Environments, 72, 1294–1304. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2007.12.016
  • Sternberg, T. (2010). Unravelling Mongolia's extreme winter disaster of 2010. Nomadic Peoples, 14, 72–86.10.3167/np.2010.140105
  • Sternberg, T., Thomas, D., & Middleton, N. (2011). Drought dynamics on the Mongolian steppe, 1970–2006. International Journal of Climatology, 31, 1823–1830.10.1002/joc.v31.12
  • Suzuki, Y. (2013). Conflict between mining development and Nomadism in Mongolia. In N. Yamamura, N. Fujita, & A. Maekawa (Eds.), The Mongolian ecosystem network environmental issues under climate and social changes (pp. 269–294). Tokyo: Springer.10.1007/978-4-431-54052-6
  • Templer, G., Swift, J., & Payne, P. (1993). The changing significance of risk in the Mongolian pastoral economy. Nomadic Peoples, 33, 105–122.
  • Tsogtbaatar, J. (2013). Deforestation and reforestation of degraded forestland in Mongolia. In N. Yamamura, N. Fujita, & A. Maekawa (Eds.), The Mongolian ecosystem network: Environmental issues under climate and social changes (pp. 83–98). Tokyo: Springer.10.1007/978-4-431-54052-6
  • UNDP. (2011). Human development report 2011: From vulnerability to sustainability, environment and sustainable development. Ulaanbaatar: UNDP and Mongolia.
  • World Bank. (2014). Retrieved from data.worldbank.org
  • Yamamura, N. (2013). Ecosystem networks as social–ecological systems. In N. Yamamura, N. Fujita, & A. Maekawa (Eds.), The Mongolian ecosystem network: Environmental issues under climate and social changes (pp. 3–7). Tokyo: Springer.10.1007/978-4-431-54052-6
  • Zhang, D. D., Zhang, J., Lee, H. F., & He, Y. (2007). Climate change and war frequency in Eastern China over the last millennium. Human Ecology, 35, 403–414.10.1007/s10745-007-9115-8

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.