Outdoor-Based Therapeutic Recreation Programs Among Military Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Assessing the Evidence

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). Washington: American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Baiocchi, D. (2013). Measuring army deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. Retrieved from http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR145.html.
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin, C., Persing, J., & Magnuson, D. (2004). The role of theory, research, and evaluation in adventure education. Journal of Experiential Education, 26(3), 167–183. doi:10.1177/105382590402600307
   Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the Beck depression inventory-II. San Antonio, TX.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, J. L., Piatt, J. A., & Van Puymbroeck, M. (2017). Outcomes of a therapeutic fly-fishing program for veterans with combat-related disabilities: A community-based rehabilitation initiative. Community Mental Health Journal, 53(7), 756–765. doi:10.1007/s10597-017-0124-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bettmann, J. E., Gillis, H. L., Speelman, E. A., Parry, K. J., & Case, J. M. (2016). A meta-analysis of wilderness therapy outcomes for private pay clients. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(9), 2659–2673. doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0439-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blais, R. K., & Renshaw, K. D. (2013). Stigma and demographic correlates of help-seeking intentions in returning service members. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(1), 77–85. doi:10.1002/jts.21772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Britt, T., Bennett, E. A., Crabtree, M., Pusilo, C., Oliver, K., McFadden, A., & Pury, C. (2011). The theory of planned behavior and reserve component veteran treatment seeking. Military Psychology, 23(1):82–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., Korotitsch, W., & Barlow, D. H. (1997). Psychometric properties of the depression anxiety stress scales (DASS) in clinical samples. Behav Res Ther, 35(1), 79–89. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(96)00068-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley, R. C., & Brough, P. (2017). Nature, eco, and adventure therapies for mental health and chronic disease. Frontiers in Public Health, 5, 220. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2017.00220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley, R. C., Brough, P., & Westaway, D. (2018). Bringing outdoor therapies into mainstream mental health. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 119. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2018.00119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burdett, H., Woodhead, C., Iversen, A. C., Wessely, S., Dandeker, C., & Fear, N. T. (2013). “Are you a veteran?” understanding of the term “veteran” among UK ex-service personnel. A Research Note. Armed Forces & Society, 39(4), 751–759. doi:10.1177/0095327x12452033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caddick, N., & Smith, B. (2014). The impact of sport and physical activity on the well-being of combat veterans: A systematic review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(1), 9–18. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.09.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardena, E., Koopman, C., Classen, C., Waelde, L. C., & Spiegel, D. (2000). Psychometric properties of the Stanford acute stress reaction questionnaire (SASRQ): A valid and reliable measure of acute stress. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13(4), 719–734. doi:10.1023/A:1007822603186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, B. E., Gima, K., Bertenthal, D., Kim, S., Marmar, C. R., & Seal, K. H. (2010). Mental health diagnoses and utilization of VA non-mental health medical services among returning Iraq and Afghanistan veterans. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 25(1), 18–24. doi:10.1007/s11606-009-1117-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385–396. doi:10.2307/2136404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, J. M., Dinnen, S., O'Donnell, C., Bernardy, N., Rosenheck, R., & Hoff, R. (2013). Iraq and Afghanistan veterans: National findings from VA residential treatment programs. Psychiatry, 76(1), 18–31. doi:10.1521/psyc.2013.76.1.18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford, R., Spitzer, S., Aragon, N., & Shelton, D. (2016). The impact of ocean therapy on veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses.
   Google Scholar
• Curran, S. L., Andrykowski, M. A., & Studts, J. L. (1995). Short form of the profile of mood states (POMS-SF): Psychometric information. Psychological Assessment, 7(1), 80–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currier, J. M., Holland, J. M., & Drescher, K. D. (2014). Residential treatment for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: Identifying trajectories of change and predictors of treatment response. PLoS One, 9(7), e101741. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101741
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Veterans Affairs. (2015). Health information management clinical coding program procedures. (VHA Handbook 1907.01). Washington, DC: Department of Veterans Affairs Veterans Health Administration.
   Google Scholar
• Derogatis, L. R. (2000). BSI-18: Administration, scoring and procedures manual. Minneapolis, MN.
   Google Scholar
• Dietrich, Z. C., Joye, S. W., & Garcia, J. A. (2015). Natural medicine. Journal of Experiential Education, 38(4), 394–406. doi:10.1177/1053825915596431
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dustin, D., Bricker, N., Arave, J., Wall, W., & Wendt, G. (2011). The promise of river running as a therapeutic medium for veterans coping with post-traumatic stress disorder. Therapeutic recreation journal, 45(4), 326–340.
   Google Scholar
• Duvall, J., & Kaplan, R. (2014). Enhancing the well-being of veterans using extended group-based nature recreation experiences. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 51(5), 685–696. doi:10.1682/JRRD.2013.08.0190
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Effective Public Health Practice Project. (1998). Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. Retrieved from http://www.ephpp.ca/tools.htmlU.S.
   Google Scholar
• Fang, S. C., Schnurr, P. P., Kulish, A. L., Holowka, D. W., Marx, B. P., Keane, T. M., & Rosen, R. (2015). Psychosocial functioning and health-related quality of life associated with posttraumatic stress disorder in male and female Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans: The VALOR registry. J Womens Health (Larchmt), 24(12), 1038–1046. doi:10.1089/jwh.2014.5096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, H. (2015). A Guide to U.S. Military Casualty Statistics: Operation Freedom’s Sentinel, Operation Inherent Resolve, Operation New Dawn, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Operation Enduring Freedom. Congress of the United States. Retrieved from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RS22452.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Foa, E., Cashman, L., Jaycox, L., & Perry, K. (1997). The validation of a self-report measures of PTSD: The PTSD diagnostic scale (PDS). Psychological Assessment, 9(4), 445–451. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.9.4.445
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelkopf, M., Hasson-Ohayon, I., Bikman, M., & Kravetz, S. (2013). Nature adventure rehabilitation for combat-related posttraumatic chronic stress disorder: A randomized control trial. Psychiatry Research, 209(3), 485–493. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.01.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grieger, T. A., Cozza, S. J., Ursano, R. J., Hoge, C., Martinez, P. E., Engel, C. C., & Wain, H. J. (2006). Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in battle-injured soldiers. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1777–1783. doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.10.1777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 23(1), 56–62. doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hans, P. (2016). The Success of Recreation Therapy for Veterans. Retrieved from https://www.va.gov/HEALTH/NewsFeatures/2016/February/The-Success-of-Recreation-Therapy-for-Veterans.asp
   Google Scholar
• Hawkins, B. L., Cory, A. L., & Crowe, B. M. (2011). Effects of participation in a paralympic military sports camp on injured service members: Implications for theraputic recreation. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 45(4), 309–325.
   Google Scholar
• Hawkins, B. L., Townsend, J. A., & Garst, B. A. (2016). Nature-based recreational therapy for military service members: A strengths approach. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 50(1), 55–74. doi:10.18666/TRJ-2016-V50-I1-6793
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoge, C. W., Auchterlonie, J. L., & Milliken, C. S. (2006). Mental health problems, use of mental health services, and attrition from military service after returning from deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan. JAMA, 295(9), 1023–1032. doi:10.1001/jama.295.9.1023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoge, C. W., Castro, C. A., Messer, S. C., McGurk, D., Cotting, D. I., & Koffman, R. L. (2004). Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. New England Journal of Medicine, 351(1), 13–22. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa040603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004). A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: Results from two population-based studies. Research on Aging, 26(6), 655–672. doi:10.1177/0164027504268574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyer, L., Boyd, S., Scurfield, R., Smith, D., & Burke, J. (1996). Effects of outward bound experience as an adjunct to inpatient PTSD treatment of war veterans. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 52(3), 263–278. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199605)52:3<263::AID-JCLP3>3.0.CO;2-T
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine. (2012). Treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder in military and veteran populations initial assessment. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine. (2013). Returning home from Iraq and Afghanistan: Assessment of readjustment needs of veterans, service members, and their families. Washington, D.C: The National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, N., & Waters, E. Guidelines for Systematic Reviews in Health, P., & Public Health, T. (2005). Criteria for the systematic review of health promotion and public health interventions. Health Promotion International, 20(4), 367–374. doi:10.1093/heapro/dai022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keane, T. M., Caddell, J. M., & Taylor, K. L. (1988). Mississippi scale for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: Three studies in reliability and validity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(1), 85–90. doi:10.1037//0022-006X.56.1.85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp, J., & Bossarte, R. (2013). Suicide data report: 2012. Washington,DC
   Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., & Nelson, C. B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the national comorbidity survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52(12), 1048–1060. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimerling, R., Street, A. E., Pavao, J., Smith, M. W., Cronkite, R. C., Holmes, T. H., & Frayne, S. M. (2010). Military-related sexual trauma among veterans health administration patients returning from Afghanistan and Iraq. American Journal of Public Health, 100(8), 1409–1412. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.171793
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kravetz, S., Florian, V., & Wright, G. N. (1985). The development of multifaceted measure of rehabilitation effectiveness: Theoretical rational and scale construction. Rehabilitation Psychology, 30(4), 195–207. doi:10.1037/h0091031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulesza, M., Pedersen, E. R., Corrigan, P. W., & Marshall, G. N. (2015). Help-seeking stigma and mental health treatment seeking among young adult veterans. Military Behavioral Health, 3(4), 230–239. doi:10.1080/21635781.2015.1055866
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lancaster, C. L., Teeters, J. B., Gros, D. F., & Back, S. E. (2016). Posttraumatic stress disorder: Overview of evidence-based assessment and treatment. J Clin Med, 5(11), 105. doi:10.3390/jcm5110105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, R. M., & Robbins, S. B. (1995). Measuring belongingness: The social connectedness and the social assurance scales. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42(2), 232–241. doi:10.1037//0022-0167.42.2.232
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, H., Wang, L., Shi, Z., Zhang, Y., Wu, K., & Liu, P. (2010). Diagnostic utility of the PTSD checklist in detecting PTSD in Chinese earthquake victims. Psychological Reports, 107(3), 733–739. doi:10.2466/03.15.20.PR0.107.6.733-739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundberg, N., Bennett, J., & Smith, S. (2011). Outcomes of adaptive sports and recreation participation among veterans returning from combat with acquired disability. Therapeutic recreation journal, 45(2), 105–120.
   Google Scholar
• Lundberg, N., Taniguchi, S., McGovern, R., & Smith, S. (2016). Female veterans’ involvement in outdoor sports and recreation: A theoretical sample of recreation opportunity structures. Journal of Leisure Research, 48(5), 413–430. doi:10.18666/JLR-2016-V48-I5-6897
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maller, C., Townsend, M., Pryor, A., Brown, P., & St Leger, L. (2006). Healthy nature healthy people: 'Contact with nature' as an upstream health promotion intervention for populations. Health Promotion International, 21(1), 45–54. doi:10.1093/heapro/dai032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marx, B. (2010). Development and validation of a PTSD-related impairment scale.
   Google Scholar
• McClernon, F. J., Calhoun, P. S., Hertzberg, J. S., Dedert, E. A., & Beckham, J. C. (2013). Associations between smoking and psychiatric comorbidity in U.S. Iraq- and Afghanistan-Era veterans. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27(4), 1182–1188. doi:10.1037/a0032014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & Group, T. P. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mowatt, R. A., & Bennett, J. (2011). War narratives: Veteran stories, PTSD effects, and therapeutic fly-fishing. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 45(4), 286–308.
   Google Scholar
• Norton, C. L., Tucker, A., Russell, K. C., Bettmann, J. E., Gass, M. A., Gillis, H. L. L., & Behrens, E. (2014). Adventure therapy with youth. Journal of Experiential Education, 37(1), 46–59. doi:10.1177/1053825913518895
   Google Scholar
• Oh, B., Lee, K. J., Zaslawski, C., Yeung, A., Rosenthal, D., Larkey, L., & Back, M. (2017). Health and well-being benefits of spending time in forests: Systematic review. Environ Health Prev Med, 22(1), 71. doi:10.1186/s12199-017-0677-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrakis, I. L., Rosenheck, R., & Desai, R. (2011). Substance use comorbidity among veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder and other psychiatric illness. The American Journal on Addictions, 20(3), 185–189. doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2011.00126.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pietrzak, R. H., Johnson, D. C., Goldstein, M. B., Malley, J. C., & Southwick, S. M. (2009). Psychological resilience and postdeployment social support protect against traumatic stress and depressive symptoms in soldiers returning from operations enduring freedom and Iraqi freedom. Depression and Anxiety, 26(8), 745–751. doi:10.1002/da.20558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulsen, D. V., Stigsdotter, U. K., Djernis, D., & Sidenius, U. (2016). ‘Everything just seems much more right in nature’: How veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder experience nature-based activities in a forest therapy garden. Health Psychology Open, 3(1). doi:10.1177/2055102916637090
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Revell, S., Duncan, E., & Cooper, M. (2014). Helpful aspects of outdoor therapy experiences: An online preliminary investigation. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 14(4), 281–287. doi:10.1080/14733145.2013.818159
   Google Scholar
• Richardson, J. D., Elhai, J. D., & Pedlar, D. J. (2006). Association of PTSD and depression with medical and specialist care utilization in modern peacekeeping veterans in Canada with health-related disabilities. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(08), 1240–1245. doi:10.4088/JCP.v67n0810
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rogers, C. M., Mallinson, T., & Peppers, D. (2014). High-intensity sports for posttraumatic stress disorder and depression: Feasibility study of ocean therapy with veterans of operation enduring freedom and operation Iraqi freedom. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68(4), 395–404. doi:10.5014/ajot.2014.011221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rytwinski, N. K., Scur, M. D., Feeny, N. C., & Youngstrom, E. A. (2013). The co-occurrence of major depressive disorder among individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(3), 299–309. doi:10.1002/jts.21814
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandweiss, D. A., Slymen, D. J., Leardmann, C. A., Smith, B., White, M. R., Boyko, E. J. … Millennium Cohort Study, T. (2011). Preinjury psychiatric status, injury severity, and postdeployment posttraumatic stress disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68(5), 496–504. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seal, K. H., Maguen, S., Cohen, B., Gima, K. S., Metzler, T. J., Ren, L., …., Marmar, C. R. (2010). VA mental health services utilization in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans in the first year of receiving new mental health diagnoses. J Trauma Stress, 23(1), 5–16. doi:10.1002/jts.20493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selim, A. J., Rogers, W., Fleishman, J. A., Qian, S. X., Fincke, B. G., Rothendler, J. A., & Kazis, L. E. (2009). Updated U.S. population standard for the Veterans RAND 12-item health survey (VR-12). Quality of Life Research, 18(1), 43–52. doi:10.1007/s11136-008-9418-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seymour, V. (2016). The human-nature relationship and its impact on health: A critical review. Front Public Health, 4, 260. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2016.00260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman, M. D., Larsen, J., & Borden, L. M. (2015). Broadening the focus in supporting reintegrating Iraq and Afghanistan veterans: Six key domains of functioning. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 46(5), 355–365. doi:10.1037/pro0000043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., Gibbon, M., & First, M. B. (1992). The structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R (SCID). I: History, rationale, and description. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49(8), 624–629. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820080032005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stecker, T., Fortney, J., Hamilton, F., Sherbourne, C. D., & Ajzen, I. (2010). Engagement in mental health treatment among veterans returning from Iraq. Patient Preference and Adherence, 4, 45–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenkamp, M. M., & Litz, B. T. (2013). Psychotherapy for military-related posttraumatic stress disorder: Review of the evidence. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(1), 45–53. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, R. W., Tuerk, P. W., Metzger, I. W., Davidson, T. M., & Young, J. (2016). A decision-tree approach to the assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder: Engineering empirically rigorous and ecologically valid assessment measures. Psychol Serv, 13(1), 1–9. doi:10.1037/ser0000069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straits-Tröster, K. A., Brancu, M., Goodale, B., Pacelli, S., Wilmer, C., Simmons, E. M., & Kudler, H. (2011). Developing community capacity to treat post-deployment mental health problems: A public health initiative. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 3(3), 283–291. doi:10.1037/a0024645
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanielian, T., & Jaycox, L. (2008). Invisible wounds of war: Psychological and cognitive injuries, their consequences, and services to assist recovery. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• The Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). (2018). Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account: Prototype Statistics for 2012-2016. Retrieved from https://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/industry/orsa/2018/pdf/orsa0218.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, B. H., Ciliska, D., Dobbins, M., & Micucci, S. (2004). A process for systematically reviewing the literature: Providing the research evidence for public health nursing interventions. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 1(3), 176–184. doi:10.1111/j.1524-475X.2004.04006.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomsen, J. M., Powell, R. B., & Monz, C. (2018). A systematic review of the physical and mental health benefits of wildland recreation. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 36(1), 123–148. doi:10.18666/JPRA-2018-V36-I1-8095
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townsend, J., Hawkins, B. L., Bennett, J. L., Hoffman, J., Martin, T., Sotherden, E., & Bridges, W. (2018). Preliminary long-term health outcomes associated with recreation-based health and wellness programs for injured service members. Cogent Psychology, 5(1), 1–17. doi:10.1080/23311908.2018.1444330
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, J., Pietrzak, R. H., Hoff, R. A., & Harpaz-Rotem, I. (2016). Accuracy of screening for posttraumatic stress disorder in specialty mental health clinics in the U.S. veterans affairs healthcare system. Psychiatry Res, 240, 157–162. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vella, E. J., Milligan, B., & Bennett, J. L. (2013). Participation in outdoor recreation program predicts improved psychosocial well-being among veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder: A pilot study. Military Medicine, 178(3), 254–260. doi:10.7205/MILMED-D-12-00308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau. (2015). Veterans Status: 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates. Retrieved from https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=CF
   Google Scholar
• Vogt, D. (2011). Mental health-related beliefs as a barrier to service use for military personnel and veterans: A review. Psychiatric Services, 62(2), 135–142. doi:10.1176/ps.62.2.pss6202_0135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh, R. (2011). Lifestyle and mental health. Am Psychol, 66(7), 579–592. doi:10.1037/a0021769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers, F., Litz, B., Herman, D., Huska, J., & Keane, T. (1993). The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Weathers, F., Litz, B., Huska, J., & Keane, T. (1994). PTSD checklist-military version. Boston: National Center for PTSD:
   Google Scholar
• WHOQOL Group. (1998). The world health organization quality of life assessment (WHOQOL): Development and general psychometric properties. Social Science and Medicine, 46(12), 1569–1585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinzow, H. M., Britt, T. W., McFadden, A. C., Burnette, C. M., & Gillispie, S. (2012). Connecting active duty and returning veterans to mental health treatment: Interventions and treatment adaptations that may reduce barriers to care. Clin Psychol Rev, 32(8), 741–753. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.09.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar