A Ten-Year Review of Treating Active Duty Military Service Members in a Gold-Standard Western Region Military Intensive Outpatient Program

References

• Baer, R. (2003). Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10 (2), 125–143. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bpg015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barclay, T. H., & Barclay, R. D. (2014). A clinical trial of cranial electrotherapy stimulation for anxiety and comorbid depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 164, 171–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlow, S. H. (2008). Group psychotherapy specialty practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 39 (2), 240–344. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.39.2.240
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beidel, D. C., Frueh, B. C., Neer, S. M., & Lejuez, C. W. (2017). The efficacy of Trauma Management Therapy: A controlled pilot investigation of a three-week intensive outpatient program for combat-related PTSD. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 50, 23–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beutler, L. E., & Forrester, B. (2014). What needs to change: Moving from "research informed" practice to "empirically effective" practice. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 24 (3), 168–177. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037587
   Google Scholar
• Bledin, K. (2003). Migration, identity and group analysis. Group Analysis, 36 (1), 97–110. https://doi.org/10.1177/0533316403036001206
   Google Scholar
• Blum, D. (2004). Love at Goon Park: Harry Harlow and the science of affection. Perseus Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Bohus, M., Haaf, B., Simms, T., Limberger, M. F., Unckel, C., Lieb, K., & Linehan, M. M. (2004). Effectiveness of inpatient dialectical behavioral therapy for borderline personality disorder: A controlled trial. Behavior Research and Therapy, 6(5), 487–499.
   Google Scholar
• Bohus, M., Kleindienst, N., Hahn, C., Müller-Engelmann, M., Ludäscher, P., Steil, R., Fydrich, T., Kuehner, C., Resick, P. A., Stiglmayr, C., Schmahl, C., & Priebe, K. (2020). Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (DBT-PTSD) Compared with Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) in Complex Presentations of PTSD in women survivors of childhood abuse: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(12), 1235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohus, M., Schmahl, C., Fydrich, T., Steil, R., Müller-Engelmann, M., Herzog, J., Ludäscher, P., Kleindienst, N., & Priebe, K. (2019). A research programme to evaluate DBT-PTSD, a modular treatment approach for Complex PTSD after childhood abuse. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation, 6, 7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burlingame, G., Fuhriman, A., & Mosier, J. (2003). The differential effectiveness of group psychotherapy: A meta-analytic perspective. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 7(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2699.7.1.3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Card, P. (2017). VA/DOD clinical practice guideline for the management of posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder. https://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/MH/ptsd/VADoDPTSDCPGFinal010818.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Chard, K. M., Resick, P. A., Monson, C. M., & Kattar, K. A. (2009). Cognitive processing therapy therapist group manual: Veteran/military version. Department of Veterans’ Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Choudhar, S., & Thapa, K. (2012). Dialectical behavior therapy for managing interpersonal relationships. Psychological Study, 57(1), 46–54. https://doi.org/10.107/S12646-011-0132-8
   Google Scholar
• Conner, K. R., McCarthy, M. D., Bajorska, A., Caine, E. D., Tu, X. M., & Knox, K. L. (2012). Mood, anxiety, and substance-use disorders and suicide risk in a military population cohort. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 42 (6), 699–708. doi: 10.111/j.1943-278X.2012.00125.x
   Google Scholar
• Cox, D. W., Westwood, M. J., Hoover, S. M., Chan, E. K., Kivari, C. A., Dadson, M. R., & Zumbo, B. D. (2014). Evaluation of a group intervention for veterans who experienced military-related trauma. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 64(3), 367–380. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijgp.2014.64.3.367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crain, J. A., Larson, G. E., Highfill-McRoy, R. M., & Schmied, E. A. (2011). Post combat outcomes among marines with preexisting mental diagnoses. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24 (6), 671–679. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crum-Cianflone, N. F., Powell, T. M., LeardMann, C. A., Russell, D. W., & Boyko, E. J. (2016). Mental health and comorbidities in U.S. military members. Military Medicine, 181 (6), 537–545. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-15-00187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denckla, C. A., Bailey, R., Jackson, C., Tatarakis, J., & Chen, C. K. (2015). A novel adaptation of distress tolerance skills training among military veterans: Outcomes in suicide-related events. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 22(4), 450–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2014.04.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earles, J. L., Vernon, L. L., & Yetz, J. P. (2015). Equine-assisted therapy for anxiety and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 28(2), 149–152. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, C. C., Peterson, M., Bufford, R., & Benson, J. (2014). The importance of group cohesion in inpatient treatment of combat-related PTSD. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 64(2), 208–226. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijgp.2014.64.2.208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engel, C. (2007). Yoga nidra as an adjunctive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: A feasibility study. Study presented at Samueli Institute and Walter Reed Army Medical Center.
   Google Scholar
• Federici, A., & Wisniewski, L. (2013). An intensive DBT program for patients with multidiagnostic eating disorder presentations: A case series analysis. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 46 (4), 322–331. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat22112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer, H. (2015). A guide to US military casualty statistics: operation freedom’s sentinel, operation inherent resolve, operation new dawn, operation Iraqi freedom, and operation enduring freedom. Congressional Research Service, 7, 5700.
   Google Scholar
• Fishman, J., Reynolds, T., & Riedel, E. (1999). A retrospective investigation of an intensive outpatient substance abuse treatment program. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 25(2), 185–196. https://doi.org/10.1081/ADA-100101854
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2007). Prolonged Exposure therapy for PTSD: Emotional processing of traumatic experiences therapist guide. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B., & Meadows, E. A. (1997). Psychosocial treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: A critical review. Annual Review of Psychology, 28, 449–480.
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg, S. B., & Hoyt, W. T. (2015). Group as social microcosm: Within-group interpersonal style is congruent with outside group relational tendencies. Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill.), 52 (2), 195–204. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, M., Banthin, D., Blair, N. J., Mascitelli, K. A., Wilsnack, J., Chen, J., … Goetz, R. R. (2016). A randomized trial of dialectical behavior therapy in high-risk suicidal veterans. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 77(12), e1591–e1600. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harned, M. S., Korslund, K. E., Foa, E. B., & Linehan, M. M. (2012). Treating PTSD in suicidal and self-injuring women with borderline personality disorder: Development and preliminary evaluation of a Dialectical Behavior Therapy Prolonged Exposure Protocol. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50 (6), 381–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2012.02.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey, M. M., Petersen, T. J., Sager, J. C., Makhija-Graham, N. J., Wright, E. C., Clark, E. L., Laifer, L. M., Richards, L. K., Chow, L. K., Sylvia, L. G., Lento, R. M., Harward, L. K., Clowes, J., Brathwaite, V., Lakin, L. K., Silverberg, N. D., Iverson, G. L., Bui, E., & Simon, N. M. (2019). An intensive outpatient program for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 26(2), 323–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2018.07.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoge, C. W., Lesikar, S. E., Guevara, R., Lange, J., Brundage, J. F., Engel, C. C., Messer, S. C., & Orman, D. T. (2002). Mental disorders among U.S. military personnel in the 1990s: Association with high levels of health care utilization and early military attrition. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(9), 1576–1583. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.9.1576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoge, C. W., Lee, D. J., & Castro, C. A. (2017). Refining trauma-focused treatments for service members and veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: progress and ongoing challenges. JAMA Psychiatry, 74(1), 13–14. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyt, T., Barry, D., Kwon, S., Capron, C., De Guzman, N., Gilligan, J., & Edwards-Stewart, A. (2018). Preliminary evaluation of treatment outcomes at a military intensive outpatient program. Psychological Services, 15(4), 510–519. https://doi.org/10.1037/ser0000190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, J. E. (2010). Cohesion in cognitive-behavioral group therapy for anxiety disorders and major depression. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 60 (1), 153–158. https://doi.org/10.1521/ijgp.2010.60.1.153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karterud, S., & Wilberg, T. (2007). From general day hospital treatment to specialized treatment programmes. International Review of Psychiatry, 19(1), 39–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260601080821
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoury, B., Lecomte, T., Gaudiano, B. A., & Paquin, K. (2013). Mindfulness interventions for psychosis: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 150(1), 176–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2013.07.055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, P. Y., Britt, T. W., Klocko, R. P., Riviere, L. A., & Adler, A. B. (2011). Stigma, negative attitudes about treatment, and utilization of mental health care among soldiers. Military Psychology, 23(1), 65–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2011.534415
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirke, C. (2010). Military cohesion, culture, and social psychology. Defense & Security Analysis, 26 (2), 143–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/14751798.2010.488856
   Google Scholar
• Koons, C. R., Robins, C. J., Lindsey Tweed, J., Lynch, T. R., Gonzalez, A. M., Morse, J. Q., Bishop, G. K., Butterfield, M. I., & Bastian, L. A. (2001). Efficacy of dialectical behavior therapy in women veterans with borderline personality disorder. Behavior Therapy, 32(2), 371–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(01)80009-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, J. M., Minami, T., Greenwald, D., Li, C., Reinhardt, K., & Khalsa, S. B. (2015). Yoga for military service personnel with PTSD: A single arm study. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 7(6), 555–558. https://doi.org/10.103/tra0000051
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lande, R. G., Banks Williams, L., Francis, J. L., Gragnani, C., & Morin, M. L. (2011). Characteristics and effectiveness of an intensive military outpatient treatment program for PTSD. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 20(5), 530–538.
   Google Scholar
• Lazar, S. G. (2014). The mental health needs of military service members and veterans. Psychodynamic Psychiatry, 42(3), 459–478. https://doi.org/10.1521/pdps.2014.42.3.459
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Linehan, M. M. (1993). Skills training manual for treatment of borderline personality disorder. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lynch, T. R., Trost, W. T., Salsman, N., & Linehan, M. M. (2007). Dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 3, 181–205. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maio, J., & Jorgensen-Wagers, K. (2018). Efficacy of group cognitive processing therapy in an intensive outpatient trauma program for active duty service members with posttraumatic stress disorder. Best Practices in Mental Health, 14(2), 64–85.
   Google Scholar
• Manglesdorff, A. D. (1999). Preface to the special issue. Military Psychology, 11 (1), 1–3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning, F. J. (1991). Morale, cohesion, and spirit de corps. In Gal, R., & Manglesdorff, A.D. (Eds.), Handbook of military psychology (pp.453–470). Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Masson, J., Bernoussi, A., Mience, M. C., & Thomas, F. (2013). Complex trauma and borderline personality disorder. Open Journal of Psychiatry, 03 (04), 403–407. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpsych.2013.34044
   Google Scholar
• McCann, R. A., Ball, E. M., & Ivanoff, A. (2000). DBT with an inpatient forensic population: The CMHIP forensic model. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 7(4), 447–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1077-1229(00)80056-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyers, L. L., Landes, S. J., & Thuras, P. (2014). Veterans' service utilization and associated costs following participation in dialectical behavior therapy: A preliminary investigation. Military Medicine, 179(11), 1368–1373. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-14-00248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monson, C. M., Schnurr, P. P., Resick, P. A., Friedman, M. J., Young-Xu, Y., & Stevens, S. P. (2006). Cognitive processing therapy for veterans with military-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(5), 898–907. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.74.5.898
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morin, C. M., Belleville, G., Belanger, L., & Ivers, H. (2011). The Insomnia Severity Index: Psychometic indicators to detect insomnia cases and evaluate treatment response. Sleep, 24 (5), 601–608.
   Google Scholar
• Najavits, L. M. (2015). The problem of dropout from “gold standard” PTSD therapies. F1000prime Reports, 7, 43. https://doi.org/10.12703/P7-43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neuhaus, E. C. (2006). Fixed values and a flexible partial hospital program model. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 14(1), 1–14. DOI:10.1080/10673220500519706 https://doi.org/10.1080/10673220500519706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention. (2019). 2019 National Veteran Suicide Prevention Annual Report (pp. 1–32). https://www.mentalhealth.va.gov/docs/data-sheets/2019/2019_National_Veteran_Suicide_Prevention_Annual_Report_508.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Overcash, S. J. (1999). Cranial electrotherapy stimulation in patients suffering from acute anxiety disorders. American Journal of Electromedicine, 16 (1), 49–51.
   Google Scholar
• Pietrzak, R. H., Johnson, D. C., Goldstein, M. B., Malley, J. C., & Southwick, S. M. (2009). Perceived stigma and barriers to mental health care utilization among OEF-OIF veterans. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 60(8), 1118–1122. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2009.60.8.1118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter, K. (1980). Combined individual and group psychotherapy: A review of the literature 1965-1978. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 30(1), 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207284.1981.11491671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resick, P. A., LoSavio, S. T., Wachen, J. S., Dillon, K. H., Nason, E. E., Dondanville, K. A., Young-McCaughan, S., Peterson, A. L., Yarvis, J. S., Mintz, J., & For the STRONG STAR Consortium. (2020). Predictors of treatment outcome in group or individual cognitive processing therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder among active duty military. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 44(3), 611–620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10085-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resick, P. A., Wachen, J. S., Dondanville, K. A., Pruiksma, K. E., Yarvis, J. S., Peterson, A. L., Mintz, J., Borah, E. V., Brundige, A., Hembree, E. A., Litz, B. T., Roache, J. D., Young-McCaughan, S., & STRONG STAR Consortium. (2017). Effect of group vs individual cognitive processing therapy in active-duty military seeking treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 74(1), 28–36. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resick, P. A., Wachen, J. S., Mintz, J., Young-McCaughan, S., Roache, J. D., Borah, A. M., Borah, E. V., Dondanville, K. A., Hembree, E. A., Litz, B. T., & Peterson, A. L. (2015). A randomized clinical trial of group cognitive processing therapy compared with group present-centered therapy for PTSD among active duty military personnel. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 83(6), 1058–1068. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritschel, L. A., Cheavens, J. S., & Nelson, J. (2012). Dialectical behavior therapy in an intensive outpatient program with a mixed-diagnostic sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68(3), 221–235. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosik, C. (2011). Long-term outcomes of an intensive outpatient program for missionaries and clergy. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 30(3), 175–183.
   Google Scholar
• Sareen, J., Henriksen, C. A., Bolton, S.-L., Afifi, T. O., Stein, M. B., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2013). Adverse childhood experiences in relation to mood and anxiety disorders in a population-based sample of active military personnel. Psychological Medicine, 43 (1), 73–84. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171200102X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, W. L., & Thyer, B. A. (2000). Partial hospitalization treatment for clinical depression: A pilot evaluation. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 3(2), 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1300/J137v03n02_02
   Google Scholar
• Schwartze, D., Barkowski, S., Strauss, B., Knaevelsrud, C., & Rosendahl, J. (2019). Efficacy of group psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychotherapy Research: Journal of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, 29(4), 415–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2017.1405168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siebold, G. L. (2007). The essence of military group cohesion. Armed Forces & Society, 33 (2), 286–295. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X06294173
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, G. W., Ruiz-Sancho, A., & Gunderson, J. G. (2001). An intensive outpatient program for patients with borderline personality disorder. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 52(4), 532–533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spoont, M. R., Sayer, N. A., Thuras, P., Erbes, C., & Winston, E. (2003). Practical psychotherapy: Adaptation of dialectical behavior therapy by a VA Medical Center. Psychiatric Services (Washington, D.C.), 54(5), 627–629. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.54.5.627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stankovic, L. (2011). Transforming trauma: A qualitative feasibility study of integrative restoration (iRest) yoga nidra on combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder. International Journal of Yoga Therapy, 21(1), 23–37. https://doi.org/10.17761/ijyt.21.1.v823454h5v57n160
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steenkamp, M., & Litz, B. (2013). Psychotherapy for military-related posttraumatic stress disorder: Review of the evidence. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(1), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenkamp, M. M., Litz, B. T., Hoge, C. W., & Marmar, C. R. (2015). Psychotherapy for military-related PTSD: A review of randomized clinical trials. JAMA, 314(5), 489–500. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.8370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surís, A., Link-Malcolm, J., Chard, K., Ahn, C., & North, C. (2013). A randomized clinical trial of cognitive processing therapy for veterans with PTSD related to military sexual trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(1), 28–37. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Telles, S., Singh, N., & Balkrishna, A. (2012). Managing mental health disorders resulting from trauma through yoga: A review. Depression Research and Treatment, 2012, 401513–401519. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/401513
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tran, K., Moulton, K., Santesso, N., Rabb, D. (2016). Cognitive processing therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK362346/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK362346.pdf
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Army Medical Command. (2015). Behavioral health related intensive outpatient program standardization and implementation (MEDCOM OPORD 15–18). Author.
   Google Scholar
• VA Research on Mental Health. (2019). August 28). VA Research on Mental Health. https://www.reserach.va.gov/topics/mental_health.cfm
   Google Scholar
• Veterans (2019). Veterans. https://www.thenationalcouncil.org/topics/veterans/.
   Google Scholar
• Wachen, J. S., Dondanville, K. A., Pruiksma, K. E., Molino, A., Carson, C. S., Blankenship, A. E., Wilkinson, C., Yarvis, C. O. L J. S., Resick, P. A., & STRONG STAR Consortium. (2016). Implementing cognitive processing therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder with active duty US military personnel: Special considerations and case examples. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 23(2), 133–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2015.08.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins, K., Pincus, H., Smith, B., Paddock, S., Mannle, T., Jr, Woodroffe, A., Solomon, J., Sorbero, M. E., Farmer, C. M., Hepner, K. A., Adamson, D. M., Forrest, L., & Call, C. (2011). The Cost and Quality of VA Mental Health Services., RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB9594.html
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, E., & Coll, J. E. (2011). The influence of military culture and veteran worldviews on mental health treatment: Practice implications for combat veteran help-seeking and wellness. International Journal of Health, Wellness & Society, 1(2), 75–86.
   Google Scholar
• Wise, E. A. (2003). Empirical validation of a mental health intensive outpatient program in a private practice setting. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 73(4), 405–410. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.73.4.405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wise, E. A. (2005). Effectiveness of intensive outpatient programming in private practice: integrating practice, outcomes, and business. The American Psychologist, 60(8), 885–995. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.8.885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, J., Brown, J. M., Bray, R. M., Anderson Goodell, E. M., Rae Olmsted, K., & Adler, A. B. (2016). Unit cohesion, resilience, and mental health of soldiers in basic combat training. Military Psychology, 28(4), 241–250. https://doi.org/10.1037/mil0000120
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, W. (2014). Group psychotherapy’s impact on trust in veterans with PTSD: A pilot study. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 78 (4), 335–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda, R., Vermetten, E., McFarlane, A., & Lehrner, A. (2014). PTSD in the military: Special considerations for understanding prevalence, pathophysiology, and treatment following deployment. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(1), 25322–25327. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.25322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zalta, A. K., Held, P., Smith, D. L., Klassen, B. J., Lofgreen, A. M., Normand, P. S., Brennan, M. B., Rydberg, T. S., Boley, R. A., Pollack, M. H., & Karnik, N. S. (2018). Evaluating patterns and predictors of symptom change during a three-week intensive outpatient treatment for veterans with PTSD. BMC Psychiatry, 18(1), 242. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1816-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zlotnik, C., Warshaw, M., Shea, M. T., Allsworth, J., Pearlstein, T., & Keller, M. B. (1999). Chronicity in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and predictors of course of comorbid PTSD in patients with anxiety disorders. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12 (1), 89–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zlotnik, C., Warshaw, M., Shea, M. T., & Keller, M. B. (1997). Trauma and chronic depression among patients with anxiety disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65 (2), 333–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zylowska, L., Ackerman, D. L., Yang, M. H., Futrell, J. L., Horton, N. L., Hale, T. S., Pataki, C., & Smalley, S. L. (2008). Mindfulness meditation training in adults and adolescents with ADHD: A feasibility study. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11(6), 737–746. doi: 10.1177/1081054707308502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar