165
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Article

Pilot Study: The Effects of a Mountain Wilderness Experience on Combat Veteran Psychosocial Wellness

ORCID Icon, &

References

  • Berman, M. G., Jonides, J., & Kaplan, S. (2008). The cognitive benefits of interacting with nature. Psychological Science, 19(12), 1207–1212. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02225.x
  • Berto, R. (2005). Exposure to restorative environments helps restore attentional capacity. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25(3), 249–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2005.07.001
  • Bettmann, J. E., Prince, K. C., Ganesh, K., Rugo, K. F., Bryan, A. O., Bryan, C. J., Rozek, D. C., & Leifker, F. R. (2021). The effect of time outdoors on veterans receiving treatment for PTSD. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 77(9), 2041–2056. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23139
  • Bird, K. (2015). Research evaluation of an Australian peer outdoor support therapy program for contemporary veterans’ wellbeing. International Journal of Mental Health, 44(1–2), 46–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207411.2015.1009752
  • Britvic, D., Anticevic, V., Kaliterna, M., Lusic, L., Beg, A., Brajevic-Gizdic, I., Kudric, M., Stupalo, Z., Krolo, V., & Pivac, N. (2015). Comorbidities with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder among combat veterans: 15 years postwar analysis. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology : IJCHP, 15(2), 81–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2014.11.002
  • Caldwell, L. (2005). Leisure and health: Why is leisure therapeutic? British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 33(1), 7–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069880412331335939
  • Charney, M. E., & Marx, B. P. (2012). Promoting a positive quality of life posttrauma. In R. A. McMackin, E. Newman, J. M. Fogler, & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Trauma therapy in context: The science and craft of evidence-based practice (pp. 247–264). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/13746-012
  • Coleman, D., & Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1993). Leisure and health: The role of social support and self-determination. Journal of Leisure Research, 25(2), 111–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1993.11969913
  • Davis-Berman, J., Berman, D., & Berman, N. (2018). Outdoor programs as treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder in veterans: Issues and evidence. Best Practices in Mental Health, 14(2), 9–20. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2019-02787-002
  • Derogatis, L. R. (2000). BSI-18: Administration, scoring and procedures manual. National Computer Systems.
  • Derogatis, L. R. (2001). Brief Symptom Inventory 18 (BSI-18) manual. NCS Assessments.
  • Forbes, D., Creamer, M., & Biddle, D. (2001). The validity of the PTSD checklist as a measure of symptomatic change in combat-related PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39(8), 977–986. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(00)00084-x
  • Georgiev, G. Z. (2020). Sample size calculator. https://www.gigacalculator.com/calculators/power-sample-size-calculator.php
  • Gilbert, K. S., Kark, S. M., Gehrman, P., & Bogdanova, Y. (2015). Sleep disturbances, TBI, and PTSD: Implications for treatment and recovery. Clinical Psychology Review, 40, 195–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2015.05.008
  • Greer, M., & Vin-Raviv, N. (2019). Outdoor-based therapeutic recreation programs among military veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Assessing the evidence. Military Behavioral Health, 7(3), 286–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/21635781.2018.1543063
  • Hartig, T., Evans, G. W., Jamner, L. D., Davis, D. S., & Garling, T. (2003). Tracking restoration in natural and urban settings. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(2), 109–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(02)00109-3
  • IBM Corp. (2017). IBM SPSS statistics for windows, version 25.0.
  • Iso-Ahola, S. E., & Park, C. J. (1996). Leisure-related social support and self-determination as buffers of stress-illness relationship. Journal of Leisure Research, 28(3), 169–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1996.11949769
  • Jakupcak, M., Conybeare, D., Phelps, L., Hunt, S., Holmes, H. A., Felker, B., Klevens, M., & McFall, M. E. (2007). Anger, hostility, and aggression among Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans reporting PTSD and subthreshold PTSD. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(6), 945–954. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20258
  • Kaplan, S. (1995). The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrated framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15(3), 169–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-4944(95)90001-2
  • Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593–602. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
  • Kitchiner, N. J., Lewis, C., Roberts, N. P., & Bisson, J. I. (2019). Active duty and ex-servicing military personnel with post-traumatic stress disorder treated with psychological therapies: Systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1684226. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1684226
  • Lundberg, N., Bennett, J., & Smith, S. (2011). Outcomes of adaptive sports and recreation participation among veterans returning from combat with acquired disability. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 45(2), 105–120. https://js.sagamorepub.com/trj/article/view/1342/1310
  • Mayer, F. S., Frantz, C. M., Bruehlman-Senecal, E., & Dolliver, K. (2009). Why is nature beneficial? The role of connectedness to nature. Environment and Behavior, 41(5), 607–643. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916508319745
  • National Center for PTSD. (2018, September 24). How common is PTSD in veterans? U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. https://www.ptsd.va.gov/understand/common/common_veterans.asp.
  • National Institutes of Mental Health. (2020). Posttraumatic stress disorder. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH Publication No. 20-MH-8124.
  • O’Toole, B. I., Outram, S., Catts, S. V., & Pierse, K. R. (2010). The mental health of partners of Australian Vietnam veterans three decades after the war and its relation to veteran military service, combat, and PTSD. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198(11), 841–845. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181f98037
  • Torres, F. (2020, January). What is posttraumatic stress disorder? American Psychiatric Association. https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/ptsd/what-is-ptsd.
  • Townsend, J., Hawkins, B. L., Bennett, J. L., Hoffman, J., Martin, T., Sotherden, E., & Bridges, W. (2018). Preliminary long-term health outcomes associated with recreation-based health and wellness programs for injured service members. Cogent Psychology, 5(1), 1444330. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2018.1444330
  • Vacha-Haase, T., & Thompson, B. (2004). How to estimate and interpret various effect sizes. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(4), 473–481. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.51.4.473
  • Vella, E. J., Milligan, B., & Bennett, J. L. (2013). Participation in outdoor recreation program predicts improved psychosocial well-being among veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder: A pilot study. Military Medicine, 178(3), 254–260. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-12-00308
  • Walker, R. A. J., Smith, P. M., Limbert, C., & Colclough, M. (2020). The psychosocial effects of physical activity on military veterans that are wounded, injured, and/or sick: A narrative synthesis systematic review of quantitative evidence. Military Behavioral Health, 8(3), 292–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/21635781.2020.1746445
  • Walter, K. H., Otis, N. P., Del Re, A. C., Kohen, C. B., Glassman, L. H., Ober, K. M., & Hose, M. K. (2021). The national veterans summer sports clinic: Change and duration of psychosocial outcomes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 55, 101939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101939
  • Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1994). The PANAS-X: Manual for the positive and negative affect schedule—expanded form. The University of Iowa.
  • Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Keane, T. M., Palmieri, P. A., Marx, B. P., & Shnurr, P. P. (2013). The PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)—standard. National Center for PTSD. https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/adult-sr/ptsd-checklist.asp
  • Weathers, F., Litz, B., Herman, D., Huska, J., & Keane, T. (1993, October). The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX.
  • Wilkins, K. C., Lang, A. J., & Norman, S. B. (2011). Synthesis of the psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL) military, civilian, and specific versions. Depression and Anxiety, 28(7), 596–606. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20837
  • Yehuda, R. (2018). Neuroendocrinology of PTSD. In C. B. Nemeroff & C. R. Marmar (Eds.), Post-traumatic stress disorder (pp. 353–373). Oxford University Press.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.