Parenting, the other oldest profession in the world – a cross-sectional study of parenting and child outcomes in South Africa and Malawi

References

• Adewuya, A. O., Ola, B. A., & Afolabi, O. O. (2006). Validity of the patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) as a screening tool for depression amongst Nigerian university students. Journal of Affective Disorders, 96(1–2), 89–93. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2006.05.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Areepattamannil, S. (2010). Parenting practices, parenting style, and children’s school achievement. [Peer Reviewed]. Psychological Studies, 55(4). doi:10.1007/s12646-010-0043-0
   Google Scholar
• Barber, B. K., Stolz, H. E., & Olsen, J. A. (2005). Parental support, psychological control, and behavioral control: assessing relevance across time, culture, and method. [Comparative Study Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t]. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 70(4), 1–13. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2005.00365.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berens, A. E., & Nelson, C. A. (2015). The science of early adversity: Is there a role for large institutions in the care of vulnerable children? The Lancet, 386(9991), 388–398. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61131-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernier, A., Carlson, S. M., Deschenes, M., & Matte-Gagne, C. (2012). Social factors in the development of early executive functioning: A closer look at the caregiving environment. Developmental Science, 15(1), 12–24. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01093.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bornstein, M. H., Putnick, D. L., & Lansford, J. E. (2011). Parenting attributions and attitudes in cross-cultural perspective. Parenting, 11(2–3), 214–237. doi: 10.1080/15295192.2011.585568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briere, J. (1996). Trauma symptom checklist for children, 00253–00258. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
   Google Scholar
• Bryanton, J., Beck, C. T., & Montelpare, W. (2013). Postnatal parental education for optimizing infant general health and parent–infant relationships. [Meta-AnalysisResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t Review]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11, CD004068. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004068.pub4
   Google Scholar
• Carlo, G., McGinley, M., Hayes, R., Batenhorst, C., & Wilkinson, J. (2007). Parenting styles or practices? Parenting, sympathy, and prosocial behaviors among adolescents. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 168(2), 147–176. doi: 10.3200/GNTP.168.2.147-176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carreteiro, R. M., Justo, J. M., & Figueira, A. P. (2016). Reading processes and parenting styles. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 45(4), 901–914. doi: 10.1007/s10936-015-9381-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casale, M. (2015). The importance of family and community support for the health of HIV-affected populations in Southern Africa: What do we know and where to from here? British Journal of Health Psychology, 20(1), 21–35. doi: 10.1111/bjhp.12127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chi, P., Li, X., Tam, C. C., Du, H., Zhao, G., & Zhao, J. (2015). Parenting mediates the impact of caregivers’ distress on children’s well-being in families affected by HIV/AIDS. AIDS and Behavior, 19(11), 2130–2139. doi: 10.1007/s10461-015-1104-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chibanda, D., Benjamin, L., Weiss, H. A., & Abas, M. (2014). Mental, neurological, and substance use disorders in people living with HIV/AIDS in low- and middle-income countries. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 67(Suppl. 1), S54–67. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cluver, L., & Gardner, F. (2006). The psychological well-being of children orphaned by AIDS in Cape Town, South Africa. Annals of General Psychiatry, 5, 8. doi:10.1186/1744-859X-5-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Conger, R. D., Schofield, T. K., Conger, K. J., & Neppl, T. K. (2010). Economic pressure, parent personality and child development: An interactionist analysis. Historische Sozialforschung = Historical Social Research, 35(2), 169–194.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cuevas, K., Deater-Deckard, K., Kim-Spoon, J., Watson, A. J., Morasch, K. C., & Bell, M. A. (2014). What’s mom got to do with it? Contributions of maternal executive function and caregiving to the development of executive function across early childhood. Developmental Science, 17(2), 224–238. doi: 10.1111/desc.12073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deater-Deckard, K., Lansford, J. E., Malone, P. S., Alampay, L. P., Sorbring, E., Bacchini, D., … Zelli, A. O. H. O. O. (2011). The association between parental warmth and control in thirteen cultural groups. [Peer Reviewed]. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(5). doi: 10.1037/a0025120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dessie, Y., Berhane, Y., & Worku, A. (2014). High parental monitoring prevents adolescents from engaging in risky sexual practices in Harar, Ethiopia. [ Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t]. Global Health Action, 7, 25724. doi:10.3402/gha.v7.25724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duggan, M. B. (2014). Prevention of childhood malnutrition: Immensity of the challenge and variety of strategies. Paediatrics and International Child Health, 34(4), 271–278. doi: 10.1179/2046905514Y.0000000139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, S. Z., Simons, L. G., & Simons, R. L. (2016). Factors that influence trajectories of delinquency throughout adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 45(1), 156–171. doi: 10.1007/s10964-014-0197-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, T., Whittingham, K., Sanders, M., Colditz, P., & Boyd, R. N. (2014). Are parenting interventions effective in improving the relationship between mothers and their preterm infants? Infant Behavior and Development, 37(2), 131–154. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2013.12.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner, F., Montgomery, P., & Knerr, W. (2016). Transporting evidence-based parenting programs for child problem behavior (age 3–10) between countries: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 45(6), 749–762. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2015.1015134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerhardt, S. (2004). Why love matters: How affection shapes a baby’s brain. Brunner-Routledge: New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Goodman, R. (1997). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38(5), 581–586. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grantham-McGregor, S., Cheung, Y. B., Cueto, S., Glewwe, P., Richter, L., & Strupp, B. (2007). Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries. The Lancet, 369(9555), 60–70. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60032-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, D., & Goodenough, F. L. (1963). Children’s drawings as measures of intellectual maturity. San Diego: Harcourt, Brace & World.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hosegood, V., & Madhavan, S. (2010). Data availability on men’s involvement in families in sub-Saharan Africa to inform family-centred programmes for children affected by HIV and AIDS. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 13(Suppl. 2), S5, 1–7. doi:10.1186/1758-2652-13-S2-S5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kellerman, S. E., & Sugandhi, N. (2013). Pediatric AIDS in the elimination agenda. PLoS Medicine, 10(8), e1001503. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, P., Ho, S. S., Evans, G. W., Liberzon, I., & Swain, J. E. (2015). Childhood social inequalities influences neural processes in young adult caregiving. Developmental Psychobiology, 57(8), 948–960. doi: 10.1002/dev.21325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovacs, M. (1992). Children’s depression inventory. New York: Multi-Health System North Tonawanda.
   Google Scholar
• Krauss, B. J., Godfrey, C. C., O'Day, J., & Freidin, E. (2006). Hugging my uncle: The impact of a parent training on children’s comfort interacting with persons living with HIV. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 31(9), 891–904. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsj099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kvalevaag, A. L., Ramchandani, P. G., Hove, O., Assmus, J., Eberhard-Gran, M., & Biringer, E. (2013). Paternal mental health and socioemotional and behavioral development in their children. Pediatrics, 131(2), e463–e469. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-0804
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madge, E. M., v. d. B. A., & Robinson M. (1985). Manual for the Junior South African Individual Scales (JSAIS). Pretoria: Human Science Research Council.
   Google Scholar
• Meinck, F., Cluver, L. D., & Boyes, M. E. (2015). Household illness, poverty and physical and emotional child abuse victimisation: Findings from South Africa’s first prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health, 15, 219–232. doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-1792-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meinck, F., Cluver, L. D., Boyes, M. E., & Mhlongo, E. L. (2015). Risk and protective factors for physical and sexual abuse of children and adolescents in Africa: A review and implications for practice. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 16(1), 81–107. doi: 10.1177/1524838014523336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menna, T., Ali, A., & Worku, A. (2014). Prevalence of “HIV/AIDS related” parental death and its association with sexual behavior of secondary school youth in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A cross sectional study. BMC Public Health, 14, 105–113. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, S., Maguire, L. K., & Macdonald, G. (2011). Home-based child development interventions for preschool children from socially disadvantaged families. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12, CD008131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monahan, P. O., Shacham, E., Reece, M., Kroenke, K., Ong’or, W. O., Omollo, O., … Ojwang, C. (2009). Validity/reliability of PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 depression scales among adults living with HIV/AIDS in western Kenya. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 24(2), 189–197. doi: 10.1007/s11606-008-0846-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, J., Pikhart, H., Ruiz, M., & Goldblatt, P. (2014). Systematic review of parenting interventions in European countries aiming to reduce social inequalities in children’s health and development. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t Review]. BMC Public Health, 14, 627. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller, J., Alie, C., Jonas, B., Brown, E., & Sherr, L. (2011). A quasi-experimental evaluation of a community-based art therapy intervention exploring the psychosocial health of children affected by HIV in South Africa. Tropical Medicine & International Health: TM & IH, 16(1), 57–66. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02682.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, L., Cooper, P., & Fearon, P. (2014). Parenting difficulties and postnatal depression: Implications for primary healthcare assessment and intervention. Community Practitioner: The Journal of the Community Practitioners’ & Health Visitors’ Association, 87(11), 34–38.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nyangara, F., O’Donnell, K., Murphy, R., & Nyberg, B. (2009). Child status index: A tool for assessing the well-being of orphans and vulnerable children. Washington: USAID.
   Google Scholar
• O'Connor, T. G., & Scott, S. (2007). Parenting and outcomes for children. York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• O’Donnell, K., Nyangara, F., Murphy, R., Cannon, M., & Nyberg, B. (2013). Child status index: A tool for assessment the well-being of orphans and vulnerable children (Manual 2nd ed.). Washington: USAID.
   Google Scholar
• Omoro, S. A. O., Fann, J. R., Weymuller, E. A., Macharia, I. M., & Yueh, B. (2006). Swahili translation and validation of the patient health questionnaire-9 depression scale in the Kenyan head and neck cancer patient population. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 36(3), 367–381. doi: 10.2190/8W7Y-0TPM-JVGV-QW6M
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantelic, M., Shenderovich, Y., Cluver, L., & Boyes, M. (2015). Predictors of internalised HIV-related stigma: A systematic review of studies in sub-Saharan Africa. Health Psychology Review, 9(4), 469–490. doi: 10.1080/17437199.2014.996243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panter-Brick, C., Burgess, A., Eggerman, M., McAllister, F., Pruett, K., & Leckman, J. F. (2014). Practitioner review: Engaging fathers – recommendations for a game change in parenting interventions based on a systematic review of the global evidence. [Review]. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(11), 1187–1212. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sabin, L., Tsoka, M., Brooks, M. I., & Miller, C. (2011). Measuring vulnerability among orphans and vulnerable children in rural Malawi: Validation study of the child status index tool. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 58(1), e1–e10. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3182254298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schilling, E. A., Aseltine, R. H., Jr., & Gore, S. (2007). Adverse childhood experiences and mental health in young adults: A longitudinal survey. [Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research support, Non-U.S. Gov’t]. BMC Public Health, 7, 164. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt, D. P., & Allik, J. (2005). Simultaneous administration of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale in 53 nations: Exploring the universal and culture-specific features of global self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(4), 623–642. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.4.623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherr, L., Cluver, L. D., Betancourt, T. S., Kellerman, S. E., Richter, L. M., & Desmond, C. (2014). Evidence of impact: Health, psychological and social effects of adult HIV on children. AIDS, 28 (Suppl. 3), S251–259. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherr, L., Hensels, I. S., Skeen, S., Tomlinson, M., Roberts, K. J., & Macedo, A. (2016). Exposure to violence predicts poor educational outcomes in young children in South Africa and Malawi. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t]. International Health, 8(1), 36–43. doi:10.1093/inthealth/ihv070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherr, L., Varrall, R., Mueller, J., Members, J. W., Richter, L., Wakhweya, A., … Desmond, C. (2008). A systematic review on the meaning of the concept “AIDS Orphan”: Confusion over definitions and implications for care. AIDS Care, 20(5), 527–536. doi: 10.1080/09540120701867248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shonkoff, J. P., & Fisher, P. A. (2013). Rethinking evidence-based practice and two-generation programs to create the future of early childhood policy. Development and Psychopathology, 25(4 Pt 2), 1635–1653. doi: 10.1017/S0954579413000813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sitnick, S. L., Shaw, D. S., Gill, A., Dishion, T., Winter, C., Waller, R., … Wilson, M. (2015). Parenting and the family check-up: Changes in observed parent–child interaction following early childhood intervention. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 44(6), 970–984. doi:10.1080/15374416.2014.940623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skeen, S., Macedo, A., Tomlinson, M., Hensels, I. S., & Sherr, L. (2016). Exposure to violence and psychological well-being over time in children affected by HIV/AIDS in South Africa and Malawi. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t]. AIDS Care, 28(Suppl. 1), 16–25. doi:10.1080/09540121.2016.1146219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snider, L., & Dawes, A. (2006). Psychosocial vulnerability and resilience measures for national-level monitoring of orphans and other vulnerable children: Recommendations for revision of the UNICEF psychological indicator. Cape Town: UNICEF.
   Google Scholar
• Sroufe, L. A. (2005). Attachment and development: A prospective, longitudinal study from birth to adulthood. [Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural]. Attachment & Human Development, 7(4), 349–367. doi:10.1080/14616730500365928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, A., Desmond, C., Garbarino, J., Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Barbarin, O., Black, M. M., … Richter, L. M. (2014). Predicting long-term outcomes for children affected by HIV and AIDS: Perspectives from the scientific study of children’s development. AIDS, 28(Suppl. 3), S261–S268. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000328
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stein, A., Krebs, G., Richter, L., Tomkins, A., Rochat, T., & Bennish, M. L. (2005). Babies of a pandemic. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 90(2), 116–118. doi: 10.1136/adc.2004.049361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, J. A., Borelli, J. L., & Smiley, P. A. (2015). Assessing parental empathy: A role for empathy in child attachment [Clinical study]. Attachment & Human Development, 17(1), 1–22. doi:10.1080/14616734.2014.969749
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straus, M. A. (1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence: The conflict tactics (CT) scales. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41(1), 75–88. doi: 10.2307/351733
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlinson, M., Cooper, P., & Murray, L. (2005). The mother-infant relationship and infant attachment in a South African peri-urban settlement. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t]. Child Development, 76(5), 1044–1054. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00896.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlinson, M., Solomon, W., Singh, Y., Doherty, T., Chopra, M., Ijumba, P., … Jackson, D. (2009). The use of mobile phones as a data collection tool: A report from a household survey in South Africa. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 9, 1–5. doi: 10.1186/1472-6947-9-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsivos, Z. L., Calam, R., Sanders, M. R., & Wittkowski, A. (2015). Interventions for postnatal depression assessing the mother-infant relationship and child developmental outcomes: A systematic review. [ Review]. International Journal of Womens Health, 7, 429–447. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S75311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varni, J. W., Seid, M., & Kurtin, P. S. (2001). PedsQL™ 4.0: Reliability and validity of the pediatric quality of life inventory™ Version 4.0 generic core scales in healthy and patient populations. Medical Care, 39(8), 800–812. doi: 10.1097/00005650-200108000-00006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadsworth, M. E., Rindlaub, L., Hurwich-Reiss, E., Rienks, S., Bianco, H., & Markman, H. J. (2013). A longitudinal examination of the adaptation to poverty-related stress model: Predicting child and adolescent adjustment over time. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 42(5), 713–725. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2012.755926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, S. P., Chang, S. M., Powell, C. A., & Grantham-McGregor, S. M. (2005). Effects of early childhood psychosocial stimulation and nutritional supplementation on cognition and education in growth-stunted Jamaican children: Prospective cohort study. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t]. The Lancet, 366(9499), 1804–1807. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67574-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winskell, K., Miller, K. S., Allen, K. A., & Obong'o, C. O. (2016). Guiding and supporting adolescents living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: The development of a curriculum for family and community members. Children and Youth Services Review, 61, 253–260. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.12.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar