Understanding and responding to remote mental health help-seeking by gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) in the U.K. and Republic of Ireland: a mixed-method study conducted in the context of COVID-19

References

• Atkins, L., Francis, J., Islam, R., O’Connor, D., Patey, A., Ivers, N., … Grimshaw, J. M. (2017). A guide to using the theoretical domains framework of behaviour change to investigate implementation problems. Implementation Science, 12(1), 77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bavinton, B. R., Chan, C., Hammoud, M. A., Maher, L., Haire, B., Degenhardt, L., … Prestage, G. P. (2022). Increase in depression and anxiety among Australian Gay and bisexual men during COVID-19 restrictions: Findings from a prospective online cohort study. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51, 355–364. doi:10.1007/s10508-021-02276-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradford, S., & Rickwood, D. (2014). Adolescent's preferred modes of delivery for mental health services. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 19(1), 39–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2013). Successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners sage. London: Sage Publications Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Cane, J., O’Connor, D., & Michie, S. (2012). Validation of the theoretical domains framework for use in behaviour change and implementation research. Implementation Science, 7(1), 37. doi:10.1186/1748-5908-7-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheesmond, N. E., Davies, K., & Inder, K. J. (2019). Exploring the role of rurality and rural identity in mental health help-seeking behavior: A systematic qualitative review. Journal of Rural Mental Health, 43(1), 45–59. doi:10.1037/rmh0000109
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, S. J., Stevelink, S. A. M., Hatch, S. L., Denny, J. A., & Greenberg, N. (2017). Stigma-related barriers and facilitators to help seeking for mental health issues in the armed forces: A systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative literature. Psychological Medicine, 47(11), 1880–1892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collin, P. J., Metcalf, A. T., Stephens-Reicher, J. C., Blanchard, M. E., Herrman, H. E., Rahilly, K., & Burns, J. M. (2011). Reachout. Com: The role of an online service for promoting help-seeking in young people. Advances in Mental Health, 10(1), 39–51.
   Google Scholar
• Dean, E. (2017). Scotland's new mental health strategy. Mental Health Practice (2014), 20(9), 10.
   Google Scholar
• Divin, N., Harper, P., Curran, E., et al. (2018). Help-seeking measures and their use in adolescents: A systematic review. Adolescent Resarch Review, 3, 113–122. doi:10.1007/s40894-017-0078-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firth, J., Torous, J., Nicholas, J., Carney, R., Pratap, A., Rosenbaum, S., & Sarris, J. (2017b). The efficacy of smartphone-based mental health interventions for depressive symptoms: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. World Psychiatry, 16, 287–298. doi:10.1002/wps.20472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firth, J., Torous, J., Nicholas, J., Carney, R., Rosenbaum, S., & Sarris, J. (2017a). Can smartphone mental health interventions reduce symptoms of anxiety? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Affective Disorders, 218, 15–22. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankis, J., Strongylou, D., & Kincaid, R. (2020). How has Covid-19 social distancing amplified the mental health vulnerabilities of gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (GBM)? COV/GCU/20/10, Rapid Research in Covid-19 programme (RARC-19). https://www.cso.scot.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/COVGCU2010-1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gál, É, Ștefan, S., & Cristea, I. A. (2021). The efficacy of mindfulness meditation apps in enhancing users’ well-being and mental health related outcomes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Affective Disorders, 279, 131–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galdas, P. M., Cheater, F., & Marshall, P. (2005). Men and health help-seeking behaviour: Literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 49(6), 616–623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H. (2010). Perceived barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking in young people: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 10(1), 1–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoffberg, A. S., Stearns-Yoder, K. A., & Brenner, L. A. (2020). The effectiveness of crisis line services: A systematic review. Frontiers in Public Health, 7, 399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holloway, I. W., Garner, A., Tan, D., Ochoa, A. M., Santos, G. M., & Howell, S. (2021). Associations between physical distancing and mental health, sexual health and technology use among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Homosexuality, 68(4), 692–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kauer, S. D., Mangan, C., & Sanci, L. (2014). Do online mental health services improve help-seeking for young people? A systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16(3), e66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levis, B., Benedetti, A., Thombs, B. D., & DEPRESsion Screening Data (DEPRESSD) Collaboration. (2019). Accuracy of patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for screening to detect major depression: Individual participant data meta-analysis. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 365, l1476. doi:10.1136/bmj.l1476
   Google Scholar
• Manea, L., Gilbody, S., & McMillan, D. (2015). A diagnostic meta-analysis of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) algorithm scoring method as a screen for depression. General Hospital Psychiatry, 37(1), 67–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDaid, L., Flowers, P., Ferlatte, O., McAloney, K., Gilbert, M., & Frankis J. (2020) Informing theoretical development of salutogenic, asset-based health improvement to reduce syndemics among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men: Empirical evidence from secondary analysis of multi-national, online cross-sectional surveys. Social Science and Medicine: Population Health, 10(4). doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100519
   Google Scholar
• McDermott, E. (2015). Asking for help online: Lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans youth, self-harm and articulating the ‘failed’self. Health, 19(6), 561–577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGarty, A., McDaid, L., Flowers, P., Riddell, J., Pachankis, J., & Frankis, J. (2021). Mental health, potential minority stressors and resilience: Evidence from a cross-sectional survey of gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men within the Celtic nations. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michie, S., Atkins, L., & West, R. (2014). The behaviour change wheel. A guide to designing interventions (1st ed.). Great Britain: Silverback Publishing. p. 1003–1010
   Google Scholar
• Michie, S., Richardson, M., Johnston, M., Abraham, C., Francis, J., Hardeman, W., … Wood, C. E. (2013). The behavior change technique taxonomy (v1) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: Building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 46(1), 81–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, S. E., Wierenga, K. L., Prince, D. M., Gillani, B., & Mintz, L. J. (2021). Disproportionate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on perceived social support, mental health and somatic symptoms in sexual and gender minority populations. Journal of Homosexuality, 68(4), 577–591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, M. P. (2020). COVID-19 and emergency eLearning: Consequences of the securitization of higher education for post-pandemic pedagogy. Contemporary Security Policy, 41(3), 492–505.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), 533–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, Z. D., Vaughan, E. L., & Carver, D. N. (2020, October 5). Sexual identity and psychological reactions to COVID-19. Traumatology. Advance Online Publication, doi:10.1037/trm0000283
   Google Scholar
• Pierce, B. S., Perrin, P. B., Tyler, C. M., McKee, G. B., & Watson, J. D. (2021). The COVID-19 telepsychology revolution: A national study of pandemic-based changes in U.S. Mental health care delivery. American Psychologist, 76(1), 14–25. doi:10.1037/amp0000722
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Planey, A. M., Smith, S. M., Moore, S., & Walker, T. D. (2019). Barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking among African American youth and their families: A systematic review study. Children and Youth Services Review, 101, 190–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prestage, G., Hammoud, M., Jin, F., Degenhardt, L., Bourne, A., & Maher, L. (2018). Mental health, drug use and sexual risk behavior among gay and bisexual men. International Journal of Drug Policy, 55, 169–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pretorius, C., Chambers, D., & Coyle, D. (2019). Young people’s online help-seeking and mental health difficulties: Systematic narrative review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 21(11), e13873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rathbone, A. L., Clarry, L., & Prescott, J. (2017). Assessing the efficacy of mobile health apps using the basic principles of cognitive behavioral therapy: Systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(11), e399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Read, J., & Cain, A. (2013). A literature review and meta-analysis of drug company–funded mental health websites. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 128(6), 422–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reavley, N. J., & Jorm, A. F. (2011). The quality of mental disorder information websites: A review. Patient Education and Counseling, 85(2), e16–e25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickwood, D., Deane, F., Wilson, C., & Ciarrochi, J. (2005). Young people’s help-seeking for mental health problems. Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 4(3), 3–34.
   Google Scholar
• Rickwood, D., Thomas, K., Bradford, S., & The Sax Institute. (2012). Help-seeking measures in mental health: A rapid review. https://www.saxinstitute.org.au/wp-content/uploads/02_Help-seeking-measures-in-mental-health.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, M. A., Lemmen, K., Kramer, R., Mann, J., & Chopra, V. (2017). Internet-delivered health interventions that work: Systematic review of meta-analyses and evaluation of website availability. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(3), e7111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suen, Y. T., Chan, R. C., & Wong, E. M. Y. (2020). Effects of general and sexual minority-specific COVID-19-related stressors on the mental health of lesbian, gay, and bisexual people in Hong Kong. Psychiatry Research, 292, 113365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West, R., & Michie, S. (2020). A brief introduction to the COM-B Model of behaviour and the PRIME theory of motivation [v1]. Qeios.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, C. Y., & Lee, M. B. (2021). Suicidality, self-efficacy and mental health help-seeking in lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender adults in Taiwan: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 30(15-16), 2270–2278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Z., Huang, F., Kösters, M., Staiger, T., Becker, T., Thornicroft, G., & Rüsch, N. (2018). Effectiveness of interventions to promote help-seeking for mental health problems: Systematic review and metaanalysis. Psychological Medicine, 48, 2658–2667. doi:10.1017/S0033291718001265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zay, H., Tam, M. K., Au, C. L., Yeoh, S. Y., Tan, G., Lee, M. M., … V, V. (2021). Barriers and facilitators to professional mental health help-seeking behavior: Perspective of Malaysian LGBT individuals. Journal of LGBTQ Issues in Counseling, 15(1), 38–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar