A cross-national and longitudinal analysis of handwashing and its predictors during the COVID-19 pandemic in France and Belgium

References

• Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I., & Schmidt, P. (2020). Changing behavior using the theory of planned behavior. In M. S. Hagger, L. D. Cameron, K. Hamilton, N. Hankonen, & T. Lintunen (Eds.), The handbook of behavior change (pp. 17–31). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108677318.002
   Google Scholar
• Asmundson, G. J., & Taylor, S. (2020). Coronaphobia: Fear and the 2019-nCoV outbreak. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 70, 102196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigot, A., Banse, E., Cordonnier, A., & Luminet, O. (2021). Sociodemographic, cognitive, and emotional determinants of two health behaviors during SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: An online study among French-speaking Belgian responders during the spring lockdown. Psychologica Belgica, 61(1), 63–78. https://doi.org/10.5334/pb.712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brauner, J. M., Mindermann, S., Sharma, M., Johnston, D., Salvatier, J., Gavenčiak, T., Stephenson, A. B., Leech, G., Altman, G., Mikulik, V., Norman, A. J., Monrad, J. T., Besiroglu, T., Ge, H., Hartwick, M. A., Teh, Y. W., Chindelevitch, L., Gal, Y., & Kulveit, J. (2021). Inferring the effectiveness of government interventions against COVID-19. Science, 371(6531), eabd9338. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd9338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broers, V. J. V., Van den Broucke, S., Taverne, C., & Luminet, O. (2019a). Investigating the conditions for the effectiveness of nudging: Cue-to-action nudging increases familiar vegetable choice. Food Quality and Preference, 71, 366–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2018.08.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broers, V. J. V., Van den Broucke, S., Taverne, C., & Luminet, O. (2019b). Default-name and tasting nudges increase salsify soup choice without increasing overall soup choice. Appetite, 138, 204–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.03.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center for Disease Control and Prevention – CDC. (2020). Scientific brief: SARS-CoV-2 transmission. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/science-briefs/sars-cov-2-transmission.html
   Google Scholar
• Center for Disease Control and Prevention – CDC. (2021). When and how to wash your hands. https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/when-how-handwashing.html#keyTimes
   Google Scholar
• Christner, N., Sticker, R. M., Söldner, L., Mammen, M., & Paulus, M. (2020). Prevention for oneself or others? Psychological and social factors that explain social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Health Psychology, 27(6), 1342–1353. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105320980793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clemens, K. S., Matkovic, J., Faasse, K., & Geers, A. L. (2021). The role of attitudes, affect, and income in predicting COVID-19 behavioral intentions. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 3654. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567397
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Bruin, W. B., & Bennett, D. (2020). Relationships between initial COVID-19 risk perceptions and protective health behaviors: A national survey. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 59(2), 157–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2020.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaudreau, P., Sanchez, X., & Blondin, J. P. (2006). Positive and negative affective states in a performance-related setting. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 22(4), 240–249. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.22.4.240
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagger, M. S., & Hamilton, K. (2020). Changing behavior using integrated theories. In M. S. Hagger, L. D. Cameron, K. Hamilton, N. Hankonen, & T. Lintunen (Eds.), The handbook of behavior change (pp. 208–224). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108677318.015
   Google Scholar
• Hagger, M. S., Smith, S. R., Keech, J. J., Moyers, S. A., & Hamilton, K. (2020). Predicting social distancing intention and behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: An integrated social cognition model. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 54(10), 713–727. https://doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaaa073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale, T., Angrist, N., Goldszmidt, R., Kira, B., Petherick, A., Phillips, T., Webster, S., Cameron-Blake, E., Hallas, L., Majumdar, S., & Tatlow, H. (2021). A global panel database of pandemic policies (Oxford COVID-19 government response tracker). Nature Human Behaviour, 5(4), 529–538. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01079-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton, K., Smith, S. R., Keech, J. J., Moyers, S. A., & Hagger, M. S. (2020). Application of the health action process approach to social distancing behavior during COVID-19. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 12(4), 1244–1269. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004). A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: Results from two population-based studies. Research on Aging, 26(6), 655–672. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027504268574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, D. A., Hwong, A. R., Stafford, D., Hughes, D. A., O’Malley, A. J., Fowler, J. H., & Christakis, N. A. (2015). Social network targeting to maximise population behaviour change: A cluster randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 386(9989), 145–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60095-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y.-J., Cho, J., & Kang, S.-W. (2020). Study on the relationship between leisure activity participation and wearing a mask among Koreans during COVID-19 crisis: Using TPB model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(20), 7674. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, N., & Roberts, K. R. (2020). Using the theory of planned behavior to predict food safety behavioral intention: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 90, 102612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102612
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Q., Qin, C., Liu, M., & Liu, J. (2021). Effectiveness and safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in real-world studies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 10(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-021-00915-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martela, F., Hankonen, N., Ryan, R. M., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2021). Motivating voluntary compliance to behavioural restrictions: Self-determination theory–based checklist of principles for COVID-19 and other emergency communications. European Review of Social Psychology, 32(2), 1–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2020.1857082.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morton, J. S., Rimé, B., Bourguignon, D., Herman, G., Mikolajczak, M., Luminet, O., Avalosse, H., Vancorenland, S., & Verniest, R. (2020). Social participation, psychosocial well-being & health. Manuscript in preparation. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344451014_Social_Participation_Psychosocial_well-being_Health
   Google Scholar
• Motivation Barometer. (2021). Reports. https://motivationbarometer.com/en/rapporten-2/
   Google Scholar
• Our World in Data. (2021). COVID-19 data explorer. https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/coronavirus-data-explorer
   Google Scholar
• Our World in Data. (2022). Coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccinations (Belgium). https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations?country=BEL
   Google Scholar
• Pakpour, A. H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 and its role in preventive behaviors. Journal of Concurrent Disorders, 2(1), 58–63. https://doi.org/10.54127/WCIC8036
   Google Scholar
• Pavela Banai, I., Banai, B., & & Mikloušić, I. (2021). Beliefs in COVID-19 conspiracy theories, compliance with the preventive measures, and trust in government medical officials. Current Psychology, 40(5), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01898-y.
   Google Scholar
• Pilowsky, I. (1967). Dimensions of hypochondriasis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 113(494), 89–93. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.113.494.89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pogrebna, G., & Kharlamov, A. (2020). The impact of cross-cultural differences in handwashing patterns on the COVID-19 outbreak magnitude. Regulation and Governance, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.23764.96649.
   Google Scholar
• Reuters. (2020). Europe is epicenter of coronavirus pandemic: WHO. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-who/europe-is-epicenter-of-coronavirus-pandemic-who-idUSKBN2102Q0
   Google Scholar
• Rimal, R. N., & Storey, J. D. (2020). Construction of meaning during a pandemic: The forgotten role of social norms. Health Communication, 35(14), 1732–1734. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1838091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudert, S. C., Gleibs, I. H., Gollwitzer, M., Häfner, M., Hajek, K. V., Harth, N. S.…Schneider, D., et al. (2021). Us and the virus: Understanding the COVID-19 pandemic through a social psychological lens. European Psychologist, 26(4), 259–271. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000457
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunders-Hastings, P., Crispo, J. A. G., Sikora, L., & Krewski, D. (2017). Effectiveness of personal protective measures in reducing pandemic influenza transmission: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemics, 20, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2017.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitz, M., Luminet, O., Klein, O., Morbée, S., Van den Bergh, O., Van Oost, P., Waterschoot, J., Yzerbyt, V., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2022). Predicting vaccine uptake during COVID-19 crisis: A motivational approach. Vaccine, 40(2), 288–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.11.068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitz, M., Wollast, R., Bigot, A., & Luminet, O. (2022). Predicting health behaviors across Belgium and France during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Health Psychology, 1–9.https://doi.org/10.1177/13591053221083819.
   Google Scholar
• Sciensano. (2021). Reports, publications, and resources for you. https://www.sciensano.be/en/reports-publications-and-resources-you
   Google Scholar
• Segrin, C., & Passalacqua, S. A. (2010). Functions of loneliness, social support, health behaviors, and stress in association with poor health. Health Communication, 25(4), 312–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410231003773334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegrist, M., Luchsinger, L., & Bearth, A. (2021). The impact of trust and risk perception on the acceptance of measures to reduce COVID-19 cases. Risk Analysis, 41(5), 787–800. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.13675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talic, S., Shah, S., Wild, H., Gasevic, D., Maharaj, A., Ademi, Z., Li, X., Xu, W., Mesa-Eguiagaray, I., Rostron, J., Theodoratou, E., Zhang, X., Motee, A., Liew, D., & Ilic, D. (2021). Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of Covid-19, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and Covid-19 mortality: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 375, e068302. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2021-068302
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Bavel, J. J., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M.…Willer, R. (2020). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(5), 460–471. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Linden, M., d’Acremont, M., Zermatten, A., Jermann, F., Larøi, F., Willems, S., Juillerat, A. C., & Bechara, A. (2006). A French adaptation of the UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 22(1), 38–42. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.22.1.38
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Oost, P., Yzerbyt, V., Schmitz, M., Vansteenkiste, M., Luminet, O., Morbée, S., Van den Bergh, O., Waterschoot, J., & Klein, O. (2022). The relation between conspiracism, government trust, and COVID-19 vaccination intentions: The key role of motivation. Social Science & Medicine, 301, 114926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West, R., Michie, S., Rubin, J., & Amlôt, R. (2020). Applying principles of behavior change to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(5), 451–459. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0887-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteside, S. P., Lynam, D. R., Miller, J. D., & Reynolds, S. K. (2005). Validation of the UPPS impulsive behaviour scale: A four-factor model of impulsivity. European Journal of Personality, 19(7), 559–574. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.556
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wollast, R., Schmitz, M., Bigot, A., & Luminet, O. (2021). The theory of planned behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: A comparison of health behaviors between Belgian and French residents. PloS one, 16(11), e0258320. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wollast, R., Schmitz, M., Bigot, A., Speybroek, N., de la Sablonnière, R., Lacourse, R., & Luminet, O. (2022). The dynamics of health behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal analysis of handwashing, mask wearing, social contacts limitation, and physical distancing, and their mental health consequences. Manuscript submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, W. (2017). Habit in personality and social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 21(4), 389–403. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868317720362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization – WHO. (2021a). Advice for the public: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). WHO. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization – WHO. (2021b). Shortage of personal protective equipment endangering health workers worldwide. https://www.who.int/news/item/03-03-2020-shortage-of-personal-protective-equipment-endangering-health-workers-worldwide
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, M., Li, Q., Du, X., Zuo, D., Ding, Y., Tan, X., & Liu, Q. (2020). Health behavior toward COVID-19: The role of demographic factors, knowledge, and attitude among Chinese college students during the quarantine period. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 32(8), 533–535. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539520951408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar