Genetic diversity of the Pneumococcal CbpA: Implications for next-generation vaccine development

References

• Hausdorff WP, Feikin DR, Klugman KP. Epidemiological differences among pneumococcal serotypes. Lancet Infect Dis 2005; 5: 83-93; PMID:15680778; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(05)01280-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullers JA, Tuomanen EI. Molecular pathogenesis of pneumococcal pneumonia. Front Biosci 2001; 6: D877-89; PMID:11502489; http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/McCullers
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ring A, Weiser JN, Tuomanen EI. Pneumococcal trafficking across the blood-brain barrier. Molecular analysis of a novel bidirectional pathway. J Clin Invest 1998; 102: 347-60; PMID:9664076; http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI2406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien KL, Wolfson LJ, Watt JP, Henkle E, Deloria-Knoll M, McCall N, Lee E, Mulholland K, Levine OS, Cherian T. Burden of disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children younger than 5 years: global estimates. Lancet 2009; 374: 893-902; PMID:19748398; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61204-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogaert D, Groot R, De Hermans PW. Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation: the key to pneumococcal disease. Lancet Infect Dis 2004; 4: 144-54; PMID:14998500; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(04)00938-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdullahi O, Nyiro J, Lewa P, Slack M, Scott JA. The descriptive epidemiology of streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae nasopharyngeal carriage in children and adults in kilifi district, kenya. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008; 27: 59-64; PMID:18162940; http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e31814da70c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mook-Kanamori BB, Geldhoff M, van der Poll T, van de Beek D. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of pneumococcal meningitis. Clinl Microbiol Rev 2011; 24: 557-91; PMID:21734248; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00008-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr AR, Paterson GK, McCluskey J, Iannelli F, Oggioni MR, Pozzi G, Mitchell TJ. The contribution of PspC to pneumococcal virulence varies between strains and is accomplished by both complement evasion and complement-independent mechanisms. Infect Immun 2006; 74: 5319-24; PMID:16926426; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00543-06
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orihuela CJ, Mahdavi J, Thornton J, Mann B, Wooldridge KG, Abouseada N, Oldfield NJ, Self T, Ala'Aldeen DA, Tuomanen EI. Laminin receptor initiates bacterial contact with the blood brain barrier in experimental meningitis models. J Clin Invest 2009; 119: 1638-46; PMID:19436113; http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI36759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orihuela CJ, Gao G, Francis KP, Yu J, Tuomanen EI. Tissue-specific contributions of pneumococcal virulence factors to pathogenesis. J Infect Dis 2004; 190: 1661-9; PMID:15478073; http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/424596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo R, Mann B, Lewis WS, Rowe A, Heath R, Stewart ML, Hamburger AE, Sivakolundu S, Lacy ER, Bjorkman PJ, et al. Solution structure of choline binding protein A, the major adhesin of Streptococcus pneumoniae. EMBO J 2005; 24: 34-43; PMID:15616594; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.emboj.7600490
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gosink KK, Mann ER, Guglielmo C, Tuomanen EI, Masure HR. Role of novel choline binding proteins in virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect Immun 2000; 68: 5690-5; PMID:10992472; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.68.10.5690-5695.2000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quin LR, Moore QC, 3rd, Thornton JA, McDaniel LS. Peritoneal challenge modulates expression of pneumococcal surface protein C during bacteremia in mice. Infect Immun 2008; 76: 1122-7; PMID:18160474; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01066-07
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bergmann S, Hammerschmidt S. Versatility of pneumococcal surface proteins. Microbiology 2006; 152: 295-303; PMID:16436417; http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.28610-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao J, Chen D, Xu W, Chen T, Xu S, Luo J, Zhao Q, Liu B, Wang D, Zhang X, et al. Enhanced protection against pneumococcal infection elicited by immunization with the combination of PspA, PspC, and ClpP. Vaccine 2007; 25: 4996-5005; PMID:17524530; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.04.069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glover DT, Hollingshead SK, Briles DE. Streptococcus pneumoniae surface protein PcpA elicits protection against lung infection and fatal sepsis. Infect Immun 2008; 76: 2767-76; PMID:18391008; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01126-07
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gor DO, Ding X, Briles DE, Jacobs MR, Greenspan NS. Relationship between surface accessibility for PpmA, PsaA, and PspA and antibody-mediated immunity to systemic infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Infect Immun 2005; 73: 1304-12; PMID:15731027; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.73.3.1304-1312.2005
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wortham C, Grinberg L, Kaslow DC, Briles DE, McDaniel LS, Lees A, Flora M, Snapper CM, Mond JJ. Enhanced protective antibody responses to PspA after intranasal or subcutaneous injections of PspA genetically fused to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor or interleukin-2. Infect Immun 1998; 66: 1513-20; PMID:9529075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann B, Thornton J, Heath R, Wade KR, Tweten RK, Gao G, El Kasmi K, Jordan JB, Mitrea DM, Kriwacki R, et al. Broadly protective protein-based pneumococcal vaccine composed of pneumolysin toxoid-CbpA peptide recombinant fusion protein. J Infect Dis 2014; 209: 1116-25; PMID:24041791; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Beato AR, Lopez R, Garcia JL. Molecular characterization of PcpA: a novel choline-binding protein of Streptococcus pneumoniae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1998; 164: 207-14; PMID:9675866; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1998.tb13087.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iannelli F, Oggioni MR, Pozzi G. Allelic variation in the highly polymorphic locus pspC of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Gene 2002; 284: 63-71; PMID:11891047; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00896-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser C, Hanage WP, Spratt BG. Recombination and the nature of bacterial speciation. Science 2007; 315: 476-80; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1127573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanage WP, Fraser C, Tang J, Connor TR, Corander J. Hyper-recombination, diversity, and antibiotic resistance in pneumococcus. Science 2009; 324: 1454-7; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1171908
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks-Walter A, Briles DE, Hollingshead SK. The pspC gene of Streptococcus pneumoniae encodes a polymorphic protein, PspC, which elicits cross-reactive antibodies to PspA and provides immunity to pneumococcal bacteremia. Infect Immun 1999; 67: 6533-42; PMID:10569772
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajima F. Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism. Genetics 1989; 123: 585-95; PMID: 2513255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GAVI-Alliance. GAVI alliance commits further support for Vaccines against pneumonia and meningitis. GAVI Alliance progress report, 2008. http://www.gavi.org/Library/Publications/GAVI-Progress-reports/GAVI-Alliance-Progress-Report-2008/
   Google Scholar
• Progress in introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine-worldwide, 2000-2008. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2008; 57: 1148-51; PMID:18946462
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brueggemann AB, Pai R, Crook DW, Beall B. Vaccine escape recombinants emerge after pneumococcal vaccination in the United States. PLoS Pathog 2007; 3: e168; PMID:18020702; http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.0030168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golubchik T, Brueggemann AB, Street T, Gertz RE, Jr., Spencer CC, Ho T, Giannoulatou E, Link-Gelles R, Harding RM, Beall B, et al. Pneumococcal genome sequencing tracks a vaccine escape variant formed through a multi-fragment recombination event. Nat Genet 2012; 44: 352-5; PMID:22286217; http://dx.doi.or/10.1038/ng.1072
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barocchi MA, Ries J, Zogaj X, Hemsley C, Albiger B, Kanth A, Dahlberg S, Fernebro J, Moschioni M, Masignani V, et al. A pneumococcal pilus influences virulence and host inflammatory responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103: 2857-62; PMID:16481624; http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0511017103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regev-Yochay G, Hanage WP, Trzcinski K, Rifas-Shiman SL, Lee G, Bessolo A, Huang SS, Pelton SI, McAdam AJ, Finkelstein JA, et al. Re-emergence of the type 1 pilus among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Massachusetts, USA. Vaccine 2010; 28: 4842-6; PMID:20434550; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basset A, Thompson CM, Hollingshead SK, Briles DE, Ades EW, Lipsitch M, Malley R. Antibody-independent, CD4+ T-cell-dependent protection against pneumococcal colonization elicited by intranasal immunization with purified pneumococcal proteins. Infect Immun 2007; 75: 5460-4; PMID:17698570; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00773-07
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blue CE, Paterson GK, Kerr AR, Berge M, Claverys JP, Mitchell TJ. ZmpB, a novel virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumoniae that induces tumor necrosis factor a production in the respiratory tract. Infect Immun 2003; 71: 4925-35; PMID:12933834; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.71.9.4925-4935.2003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulohoma BW, Gray K, Kamng'ona A, Cornick J, Bentley SD, Heyderman RS, Everett DB. Piliation of Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates in the Era before Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Introduction in Malawi. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2013; 20: 1729-35; PMID:24027261; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00403-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann B, Orihuela C, Antikainen J, Gao G, Sublett J, Korhonen TK, Tuomanen E. Multifunctional role of choline binding protein G in pneumococcal pathogenesis. Infect Immun 2006; 74: 821-9; PMID:16428724; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/IAI.74.2.821-829.2006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenow C, Ryan P, Weiser JN, Johnson S, Fontan P, Ortqvist A, Masure HR. Contribution of novel choline-binding proteins to adherence, colonization and immunogenicity of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mol Microbiol 1997; 25: 819-29; PMID:9364908; http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.1997.mmi494.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCool TL, Cate TR, Moy G, Weiser JN. The immune response to pneumococcal proteins during experimental human carriage. J Exp Med 2002; 195: 359-65; PMID:11828011; http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20011576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen MV, Cosentino S, Rasmussen S, Friis C, Hasman H, Marvig RL, Jelsbak L, Sicheritz-Pontén T, Ussery DW, Aarestrup FM, et al. Multilocus sequence typing of total-genome-sequenced bacteria. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50: 1355-61; PMID:22238442; http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JCM.06094-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edgar RC. MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Nucleic Acids Res 2004; 32: 1792-97; PMID:15034147; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkh340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guindon S, Gascuel O. A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood. Syst Biol 2003; 52: 696-704; PMID:14530136; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10635150390235520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felsenstein J. An alternating least squares approach to inferring phylogenies from pairwise distances. Syst Biol 1997; 46: 101-11; PMID:11975348; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/46.1.101
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kallberg M, Wang H, Wang S, Peng J, Wang Z, Lu H, et al. Template-based protein structure modeling using the RaptorX web server. Nat Protoc 2012; 7: 1511-22; PMID:22814390; http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2012.085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose PW, Bi C, Bluhm WF, Christie CH, Dimitropoulos D, Dutta S, Green RK, Goodsell DS, Prlic A, Quesada M, et al. The RCSB Protein Data Bank: new resources for research and education. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41: D475-82; PMID:23193259; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gks1200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies MN, Guan P, Blythe MJ, Salomon J, Toseland CP, Hattotuwagama C, Walshe V, Doytchinova IA, Flower DR. Using databases and data mining in vaccinology. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2007; 2: 19-35; PMID:23496035; http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/17460441.2.1.19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doytchinova IA, Flower DR. VaxiJen: a server for prediction of protective antigens, tumour antigens and subunit vaccines. BMC Bioinformatics 2007; 8: 4; PMID:17207271; http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-8-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doytchinova IA, Flower DR. Identifying candidate subunit vaccines using an alignment-independent method based on principal amino acid properties. Vaccine 2007; 25: 856-66; PMID:17045707; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.09.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martelli PL, Fariselli P, Krogh A, Casadio R. A sequence-profile-based HMM for predicting and discriminating b barrel membrane proteins. Bioinformatics 2002; 18 Suppl 1: S46-53; PMID:12169530; http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/18.suppl_1.S46
   PubMedGoogle Scholar