Persistence of hepatitis B immune memory until 9–10 years of age following hepatitis B vaccination at birth and DTaP-IPV-HB-PRP∼T vaccination at 2, 4 and 6 months

References

• Dhillon S. DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib Vaccine (Infanrix hexa): A review of its use as primary and booster vaccination. Drugs. 2010;70(8):1021–58. doi:10.2165/11204830-000000000-00000. PMID:20481658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zepp F, Schmitt HJ, Cleerbout J, Verstraeten T, Schuerman L, Jacquet JM. Review of 8 years of experience with Infanrix hexa (DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib hexavalent vaccine). Expert Rev Vaccines. 2009;8(6):663–78. doi:10.1586/erv.09.32. PMID:19485747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldo V, Bonanni P, Castro M, Gabutti G, Franco E, Marchetti F, et al. Combined hexavalent diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-hepatitis B-inactivated poliovirus-Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine; Infanrix hexa: twelve years of experience in Italy. Human Vaccines Immunotherapeutics. 2014;10(1):129–37. doi:10.4161/hv.26269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyseng-Williams KA, McCormack PL. DTaP-IPV-Hep B-Hib vaccine (Hexyon®/Haxacima®): a guide to its use in the primary and booster vaccination of infants and toddlers in Europe. Drugs Therapy Perspectives. 2013;29(11):329–35. doi:10.1007/s40267-013-0078-0.
   Google Scholar
• McCormack PL. DTaP-IPV-Hep B-Hib vaccine (Hexaxim®): a review of its use in primary and booster vaccination. Paediatric Drugs. 2013;15(1):59–70. doi:10.1007/s40272-013-0007-7. PMID:23338932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunes MC, Madhi SA. Review of a new fully liquid, hexavalent vaccine: Hexaxim. Expert Opinion Biol Therapy. 2013;13(4):575–93. doi:10.1517/14712598.2013.774368. PMID:23441818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos-Lima E, B'Chir S, Lane A. Combined immunogenicity data for a new DTaP-IPV-Hep B-PRP-T vaccine (Hexaxim) following primary series administration at 2, 4, 6 months of age in Latin America. Vaccine. 2013;31(9):1255–8. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.087. PMID:23246307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. WHO prequalified vaccines 2017. Available from: https://extranet.who.int/gavi/PQ_Web/ ( accessed 15 November 2017).
   Google Scholar
• Plotkin SA, Liese J, Madhi SA, Ortiz E. A DTaP-IPV//PRP∼T vaccine (Pentaxim): a review of 16 years' clinical experience. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2011;10(7):981–1005. doi:10.1586/erv.11.72. PMID:21749196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidor E, Plotkin SA. Immunogenicity of a two-component (PT & FHA) acellular pertussis vaccine in various combinations. Hum Vaccines. 2008;4(5):328–40. doi:10.4161/hv.4.5.6008. PMID:18398308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tregnaghi MW, Voelker R, Santos-Lima E, Zambrano B. Immunogenicity and safety of a novel yeast Hansenula polymorpha-derived recombinant Hepatitis B candidate vaccine in healthy adolescents and adults aged 10–45 years. Vaccine. 2010;28(20):3595–601. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.049. PMID:20189492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aquino AG, Brito MG, Doniz CE, Herrera JF, Macias M, Zambrano B, Plennevaux E, Santos-Lima E. A fully liquid DTaP-IPV-Hep B-PRP-T hexavalent vaccine for primary and booster vaccination of healthy Mexican children. Vaccine. 2012;30(45):6492–500. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.07.040. PMID:22863658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceyhan M, Yildirim I, Tezer H, Devrim I, Feroldi E. A fully liquid DTaP-IPV-HB-PRP-T hexavalent vaccine for primary and booster vaccination of healthy Turkish infants and toddlers. Turkish J Medical Sci. 2017;47:1247–56. doi:10.3906/sag-1609-62. PMID:29156870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chhatwal J, Lalwani S, Vidor E. Immunogenicity and safety of a liquid hexavalent vaccine in Indian infants. Indian Pediatrics. 2017;54:15–20. doi:10.1007/s13312-017-0989-2. PMID:27889711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosalaraksa P, Thisyakorn U, Benjaponpitak S, Chokephaibulkit K, Santos-Lima E. Immunogenicity and safety study of a new DTaP-IPV-Hep B-PRP-T combined vaccine compared to a licensed DTaP-IPV-Hep B//PRP-T comparator, both concomitantly administered with a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine at 2, 4, and 6 months of age in Thai infants. Int J Infect Dis. 2011;15(4):e249–56. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2010.12.004. PMID:21334243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanata C, Zambrano B, Ecker L, Amemiya I, Gil A, Santos-Lima E. Immunogenicity and safety of a fully liquid DTaP-IPV-Hep B-PRP-T vaccine at 2-4-6 months of age in Peru. Vaccines Vaccination. 2012;3:128. doi:10.4172/2157-7560.1000128.
   Google Scholar
• López P, Mohs A, Vásquez A, Consuelo-Miranda M, Feroldi E, Noriega F, Jordanov E, B Chir S, Zambrano B. A randomized, controlled study of a fully liquid DTaP-IPV-HB-PRP-T hexavalent vaccine for primary and booster vaccinations of healthy infants and toddlers in Latin America. Pediatric Infect Dis J. 2017;36(11):e272–e282. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000001682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macias M, Lanata CF, Zambrano B, Gil AI, Amemiya I, Mispireta M, Ecker L, Santos-Lima E. Safety and immunogenicity of an investigational fully liquid hexavalent DTaP-IPV-Hep B-PRP-T vaccine at two, four and six months of age compared with licensed vaccines in Latin America. Pediatric Infect Dis J. 2012;31(8):e126–32. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e318258400d.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhi SA, Koen A, Cutland C, Groome M, Santos-Lima E. Antibody persistence and booster vaccination of a fully liquid hexavalent vaccine coadministered with measles/mumps/rubella and varicella vaccines at 15–18 months of age in healthy South African infants. Pediatric Infect Dis J. 2013;32(8):889–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhi SA, Mitha I, Cutland C, Groome M, Santos-Lima E. Immunogenicity and safety of an investigational fully liquid hexavalent combination vaccine versus licensed combination vaccines at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age in healthy South African infants. Pediatric Infect Dis J. 2011;30(4):e68–74. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e31820b93d2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tregnaghi M, Zambrano B, Santos-Lima E. Antibody persistence after a primary series of a new DTaP-IPV-Hep B-PRP-T combined vaccine or separate DTaP-IPV//PRP-T and hepatitis B vaccines at 2, 4, and 6 months of age and the effect of a subsequent DTaP-IPV//PRP-T booster vaccination at 18 months of age in healthy Argentinean infants. Pediatric Infect Dis J. 2012;31(1):e24–30. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e318242460a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tregnaghi MW, Zambrano B, Santos-Lima E. Immunogenicity and safety of an investigational hexavalent diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-inactivated poliovirus-hepatitis B-Haemophilus influenzae B conjugate combined vaccine in healthy 2-, 4-, and 6-month-old Argentinean infants. Pediatric Infect Dis J. 2011;30(6):e88–96. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e318212eb80. PMID:21372751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vesikari T, Borrow R, Da Costa X, Richard P, Eymin C, Boisnard F, Lockhart S. Concomitant administration of a fully liquid, ready-to-use DTaP-IPV-HB-PRP-T hexavalent vaccine with a meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccine in infants. Vaccine. 2017;35(3):452–8. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.053. PMID:27939054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vesikari TS, Silfverdal SA, Jordanov E, Feroldi E. A randomized, controlled study of DTaP-IPV-HB-PRP-T, a fully liquid hexavalent vaccine, administered in a 3, 5 and 11–12 month schedule. Pediatric Infect Dis J. 2017;36(1):87–93. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000001358. PMID:27753797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Consensus Group on Hepatitis B Immunity. Are booster immunisations needed for lifelong hepatitis B immunity? European Consensus Group on Hepatitis B Immunity. Lancet. 2000;355(9203):561–5. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)07239-6. PMID:10683019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Hepatitis B vaccines: WHO position paper – July 2017. Weekly Epidemiological Record. 2017;92(27):369–92. PMID:28685564.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lao TT. Immune persistence after hepatitis B vaccination in infancy – fact or fancy? Hum Vaccines Immunotherapeutics. 2016;12(5):1172–6. doi:10.1080/21645515.2015.1130195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lao TT. Long-term persistence of immunity after hepatitis B vaccination: is this substantiated by the literature? Hum Vaccines Immunotherapeutics. 2017;13(4):918–20. doi:10.1080/21645515.2016.1267084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trevisan A. Long-term persistence of immunity after hepatitis B vaccination: a fact, not a fancy. Hum Vaccines Immunotherapeutics. 2017;13(4):916–7. doi:10.1080/21645515.2016.1257451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poovorawan Y, Chongsrisawat V, Theamboonlers A, Bock HL, Leyssen M, Jacquet JM. Persistence of antibodies and immune memory to hepatitis B vaccine 20 years after infant vaccination in Thailand. Vaccine. 2010;28(3):730–6. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.074. PMID:19892043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poovorawan Y, Chongsrisawat V, Theamboonlers A, Crasta PD, Messier M, Hardt K. Long-term anti-HBs antibody persistence following infant vaccination against hepatitis B and evaluation of anamnestic response: a 20-year follow-up study in Thailand. Hum Vaccines Immunotherapeutics. 2013;9(8):1679–84. doi:10.4161/hv.24844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Meeren O, Bleckmann G, Crasta PD. Immune memory to hepatitis B persists in children aged 7–8 years, who were vaccinated in infancy with 4 doses of hexavalent DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib (Infanrix hexa) vaccine. Hum Vaccines Immunotherapeutics. 2014;10(6):1682–7. doi:10.4161/hv.28480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poovorawan Y, Chongsrisawat V, Theamboonlers A, Leroux-Roels G, Crasta PD, Hardt K. Persistence and immune memory to hepatitis B vaccine 20 years after primary vaccination of Thai infants, born to HBsAg and HBeAg positive mothers. Human Vaccines Immunotherapeutics. 2012;8(7):896–904. doi:10.4161/hv.19989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carollo M, Palazzo R, Bianco M, Pandolfi E, Chionne P, Fedele G, Tozzi AE, Carsetti R, Romanò L, Ausiello CM, et al. Hepatitis B specific T cell immunity induced by primary vaccination persists independently of the protective serum antibody level. Vaccine. 2013;31(3):506–13. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.029. PMID:23174200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosado MM, Scarsella M, Pandolfi E, Cascioli S, Giorda E, Chionne P, et al. Switched memory B cells maintain specific memory independently of serum antibodies: the hepatitis B example. European J Immunol. 2011;41(6):1800–8. doi:10.1002/eji.201041187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanetti A, Desole MG, Romano L, d'Alessandro A, Conversano M, Ferrera G, et al. Safety and immune response to a challenge dose of hepatitis B vaccine in healthy children primed 10 years earlier with hexavalent vaccines in a 3, 5, 11-month schedule: an open-label, controlled, multicentre trial in Italy. Vaccine. 2017;35(32):4034–40. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.047. PMID:28624307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanetti A, Parlato A, Romano L, Desole MG, Ferrera G, Giurdanella F, Zuliani M, Richard P, Thomas S, Fiquet A. Challenge with a hepatitis B vaccine in two cohorts of 4-7-year-old children primed with hexavalent vaccines: an open-label, randomised trial in Italy. Vaccine. 2012;30(39):5770–5. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.078. PMID:22789511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanetti AR, Romano L, Giambi C, Pavan A, Carnelli V, Baitelli G, Malchiodi G, Valerio E, Barale A, Marchisio MA, et al. Hepatitis B immune memory in children primed with hexavalent vaccines and given monovalent booster vaccines: an open-label, randomised, controlled, multicentre study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10(11):755–61. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70195-X. PMID:20884297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Medicines Agency. European Medicines Agency recommends suspension of Hexavac 2005. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Press_release/2009/12/WC500017695.pdf ( accessed 15 November 2017).
   Google Scholar
• European Medicines Agency. Scientific conclusions and grounds for the suspension of the marketing authorisation of Hexavac presented by the EMEA. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Scientific_Conclusion/human/000298/WC500074684.pdf ( accessed 15 November 2017).
   Google Scholar
• Thisyakorn U, Montellano, M., Lane A. Routine newborn hepatitis B immunization: a review of schedules. Infect Dis Clin Practice. 2011;19(5):326. doi:10.1097/IPC.0b013e31822b7dda.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson CL, Remschmidt C, Drobnitzky FP, Falkenhorst G, Zimmermann R, Wichmann O, Harder T. Hepatitis B immune status in adolescents vaccinated during infancy: a retrospective cohort study from a pediatric practice in Germany. Hum Vaccines Immunotherapeutics. 2016;12(3):779–84. doi:10.1080/21645515.2015.1105414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avdicova M, Prikazsky V, Hudeckova H, Schuerman L, Willems P. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a novel hexavalent DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib vaccine compared to separate concomitant injections of DTPa-IPV/Hib and HBV vaccines, when administered according to a 3, 5 and 11 month vaccination schedule. Eur J Pediatrics. 2002;161(11):581–7. doi:10.1007/s00431-002-1079-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce MG, Bruden D, Hurlburt D, Zanis C, Thompson G, Rea L, Toomey M, Townshend-Bulson L, Rudolph K, Bulkow L, et al. Antibody levels and protection after hepatitis B vaccine: results of a 30-year follow-up study and response to a booster dose. J Infect Dis. 2016;214(1):16–22. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiv748. PMID:26802139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilca V, De Serres G, Boulianne N, Murphy D, De Wals P, Ouakki M, Trudeau G, Massé R, Dionne M. Antibody persistence and the effect of a booster dose given 5, 10 or 15 years after vaccinating preadolescents with a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine. Vaccine. 2013;31(3):448–51. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.037. PMID:23206974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Middleman AB, Baker CJ, Kozinetz CA, Kamili S, Nguyen C, Hu DJ, Spradling PR. Duration of protection after infant hepatitis B vaccination series. Pediatrics. 2014;133(6):e1500–7. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2940. PMID:24843060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Meeren O, Behre U, Crasta P. Immunity to hepatitis B persists in adolescents 15–16 years of age vaccinated in infancy with three doses of hepatitis B vaccine. Vaccine. 2016;34(24):2745–9. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.04.013. PMID:27095043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braeckman T, Van Herck K, Jilg W, Bauer T, Van Damme P. Two decades of hepatitis B vaccination in mentally retarded patients: effectiveness, antibody persistence and duration of immune memory. Vaccine. 2012;30(32):4757–61. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.05.044. PMID:22652400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudu SA, Malik YA, Niazlin MT, Harmal NS, Adnan A, Alshrari AS, Sekawi Z. Antibody and immune memory persistence post infant hepatitis B vaccination. Patient Preference Adherence. 2013;7:981–6. doi:10.2147/PPA.S49776. PMID:24101865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saffar H, Saffar MJ, Ajami A, Khalilian AR, Shams-Esfandabad K, Mirabi AM. Long-term T-cell-mediated immunologic memory to hepatitis B vaccine in young adults following neonatal vaccination. Hepatitis Monthly. 2014;14(9):e22223. doi:10.5812/hepatmon.22223. PMID:25368659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon BJ, Bulkow LR, Singleton RJ, Williams J, Snowball M, Homan C, Parkinson AJ. Elimination of hepatocellular carcinoma and acute hepatitis B in children 25 years after a hepatitis B newborn and catch-up immunization program. Hepatology. 2011;54(3):801–7. doi:10.1002/hep.24442. PMID:21618565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendy M, Peterson I, Hossin S, Peto T, Jobarteh ML, Jeng-Barry A, Sidibeh M, Jatta A, Moore SE, Hall AJ, et al. Observational study of vaccine efficacy 24 years after the start of hepatitis B vaccination in two Gambian villages: no need for a booster dose. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58029. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058029. PMID:23533578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avdicova M, Crasta PD, Hardt K, Kovac M. Lasting immune memory against hepatitis B following challenge 10–11 years after primary vaccination with either three doses of hexavalent DTPa-HBV-IPV/Hib or monovalent hepatitis B vaccine at 3, 5 and 11–12 months of age. Vaccine. 2015;33(23):2727–33. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.06.070. PMID:24962750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto M, Dawar M, Krajden M, Naus M, Scheifele DW. Will infant hepatitis B vaccination protect into adulthood?: Extended Canadian experience after a 2-, 4- and 6-month immunization schedule. Pediatric Infect Dis J. 2017;36(6):609–15. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000001543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thisyakorn U, Chokephaibulkit K, Kosalaraksa P, Benjaponpitak S, Pancharoen C, Chuenkitmongkol S. Immunogenicity and safety of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine as a booster dose in 12- to 18-month-old children primed with 3 doses of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Hum Vaccines Immunotherapeutics. 2014;10(7):1859–65. doi:10.4161/hv.28642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newcombe RG. Two-sided confidence intervals for the single proportion: comparison of seven methods. Statistics Med. 1998;17(8):857–72. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19980430)17:8%3c857::AID-SIM777%3e3.0.CO;2-E.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar